Background: The nurse is responsible for all care concerning the patient. The care must be person-centered with a focus on the creation of interpersonal relationships. With sympathy for the patient, the relationship can become more meaningful and humor is allowed to be introduced. Can humor be a contributing factor to a more beneficial care? Aim: The purpose was to describe how humor can be used in nursing in the relationship between nurse and patient. Method: A literature review where we examined 13 qualitative and quantitative research articles published between the years of 2000-2021. These were analyzed with thematic analysis. Results: Five main themes were identified for the results, which were: relationship building, humor as a tool, individuality, humor as a management strategy and a feeling of context. The main themes were divided into eight subthemes. All of these themes were based on the use of humor. The results showed that the use of humor facilitated the lives of patients, reduced their anxiety and gave them a sense of maintained quality of life despite the circumstances they faced. Conclusion: Humor has proven helpful for most purposes in a caring situation, for both patients and nursing staff. Given individual factors and how they affect how humor is received, the phenomenon would be valuable to be able to take part of already in the basic education for nurses.

The people who service the physical needs of university populations and maintain their built environment are barely acknowledged in the research into university life. An observed dissonance between university staff encountered on the ground and those appearing in the literature prompted this research into the work experience of university catering, caretaking and security staff. This thesis is based on a case study which investigated perceptions of this experience in an English university. Consideration was given to the contribution of these staff to the social and learning aspects of the institution. The research was positioned within the theoretical tension between the structural nature of the social determinants of work, and individual subjective responses to working practices. The format of the study was guided by Paul Edwards’ consideration of the components of a useful labour process analysis. The research strategy was an inductive single case study, drawing on ethnographic traditions of observation and conversation, supplemented by the perusal of documents. A first phase of familiarisation was followed by a second stage of interviews, participant and non-participant observation. Forty-five staff were directly engaged with the research with informal observations and conversations with others. Thematic analysis was used to consider data across the case study. English universities have been subject to structural change which have created large, fragmented and dispersed populations and impacted on the ways that the built environment is used. The formal work activities of these staff enabled the University to open and operate securely. They contributed to the social processes of the institution through their interactions with staff, students, customers and visitors. It is argued that they also had a valuable role in establishing a friendly, welcoming, supportive environment for students through discretionary, activity during frequent encounters. The work of these staff was closely structured as to time, place and task. These everyday social interactions provided an autonomous opportunity to craft their work environment and develop relationships whose significance is insufficiently explored in the current literature on low paid and low status work.

Bakgrund: Akutmottagningen är dit akut sjuka eller skadade människor söker sig med sina symtom. Det kan vara allt från en traumatisk- till en livshotande situation. Patienter triageras efter standardiserade metoder där patienter bedöms efter sina symtom. God kommunikation och information har en stor betydelse för tillfrisknandet, välbefinnandet och hälsan. Bemötandet och omhändertagandet räknas som en av de grundläggande aspekterna där patienters initiala behov av vård tillgodoses. Trots det fick Inspektionen för vård och omsorg under år 2015, 515 anmälningar beträffande bemötande. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av sjuksköterskors bemötande på akutmottagningen. Metod: En litteraturöversikt där totalt elva artiklar inkluderats, varav nio artiklar med en kvalitativ utgångspunkt och två med en kvantitativ utgångspunkt. Resultat: Sammanställs i fyra övergripande kategorier; Information och kommunikation mellan sjuksköterska och patient, patienters erfarenhet beträffande väntetiderna, patienters erfarenhet av sjuksköterskors bemötande och känslan av att vara ett objekt. Konklusion: Information- och kommunikationsbristen ligger till grund för patienters negativa inställning till akutmottagningen och bör belysas fortsättningsvis i framtida studier. / Background: The emergency department is where people with acute and non-urgent care goes to with their symptoms. It can include everything from trauma- to a life threatening situation. Patients goes through the triage by standardized methods in which the patients are assessed for their symptoms. Good communication and information are important for the patient’s recovery, well-being and health. The encounter and caretaking is considered as one of the basic aspects where the patient’s initial needs of care have to be satisfied. However, during 2015 the health and social care inspectorate (IVO) got 515 reports concerning encounter and treatment. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe Patients’ experiences of the nurse’s encounter at emergency departments Method: A literature review was made containing eleven scientific articles with both a qualitative and a quantitative basis. Nine of these had a qualitative basis and two had a quantitative basis. Results: The results are compiled in four categories: Information and communication between nurse and patient, patient’s experiences regarding waiting times, patient’s experiences of nurses encounter and the feeling of beeing an object. Conclusion: The lack of information and communication is the foundation of patient’s negative attitude towards the acute care.

Bakgrund: Sexuella övergrepp är en traumatisk händelse och en av de värsta kränkningar en människa kan utsättas för. Det är större chans att tonåringen polisanmäler händelsen, kommer på återbesök och positivt bearbetar krisen om tonåringen upplever sig ha blivit väl omhändertagen av vårdpersonalen under den akuta fasen och känner sig trodd. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av vilket psykosocialt stöd som finns i det akuta skedet för tonåringar som söker vård efter sexuella övergrepp på en akutmottagning för barn och ungdom samt en akutmottagning för våldtagna och vad de anser kan behöva förbättras. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med åtta sjukvårdpersonal som arbetar på akutmottagning och med erfarenhet av att möta tonåringar som har utsatts för sexuella övergrepp. Resultat: Fem huvudkategorier framkom utifrån vårdpersonalens erfarenheter: Finnas där och vara närvarande, samtala om det som hänt, känslomässigt stöd – nödvändigt men svårt, identifiera känsloyttringar hos tonåringar och mer utbildning behövs. Samt tio underkategorier som beskrev innehållet. Slutsats: I studien framkom olikheter mellan enheterna om arbetssätt, samtal, uppföljning och patientgrupper. Sexuella övergrepp kommer aldrig att kunna stoppas helt, därför behöver sjukvården göra sitt allra bästa för att dem utsatta ska få en ärlig chans att känna sig trygga även på lång sikt och ta sig igenom traumat. / Background: Sexual abuse is a traumatic experience and one of the worst violations a person can be a subject to. There is a better chance that the teenager will report the incident, come back for follow up and positively process the crisis if the teenager feels that the healthcare staff have cared for him or her during the emergency phase and feels being believed. Aim: The aim was to examine the experience of the healthcare staff regarding the psychosocial support available in the acute phase for teenagers who seek care for sexual abuse at an emergency room for children and adolescents as well as an emergency room for raped persons and what they believe may need improvement. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight healthcare professionals working at the emergency room and with experience of meeting teenagers who have been sexually abused. Results: Five main categories emerged based on the experience of healthcare professionals: Being there and being present, talk about what happened, emotional support – necessary but difficult, identify emotional expressions in teenager and more education is needed. The content was described in ten subcategories. Conclusion: The study revealed differences between the units on working methods, conversations, follow-up and patient groups. Sexual abuse will never stop completely, which is why health care needs to do its very best to give those vulnerable people an honest chance to feel secure even in the long term and get through the trauma.

This project employs a modified version of the Bioarchaeology of Care (BoC) in an analysis of Burial 1 from the Mississippi State Asylum, Jackson, MS. Burial 1 is a skeletal individual recovered from the historic MSA cemetery. Notably, Burial 1 exhibits recidivistic cranial trauma in the form of cranial depression fractures (CDFs) and significant entheseal changes in the upper extremities. However, because there is no identifying information associated with Burial 1, interpretations of the caretaking they may have received, both prior to and after institutionalization, include short- and long-term outcomes from their community and the MSA. Additionally, Burial 1’s CDFs and subsequent traumatic brain injury likely increased their risk of being institutionalized and created complications for them in the MSA. Despite the limitations of this study, future research applying a modified BoC could lead to otherwise unknown information about the lived experiences of institutionalized patients in historic institutions of care.

This thesis is a study of sibling play and language sociaIization. The concept of language socialization is defined as socialization through language as well as socialization to use language (Schieffelin and Ochs 1986). Fieldwork was carried out for 15 months in a small, Quichua-Spanish bilingual, agricultural community in the central highlands of Ecuador. The lack of land and the desire for change have motivated many men to migrate to the coast and to the major cities of the sierra, striving for upward mobility and economic success in the Ecuadorian society. Lately, however, after the recent takeover of two haciendas, it has been possible for the comuneros to remain in the community. The main focus was on 4 children (2-3 years of age) and their interactions with their siblings and parents. The study is a presentation of their everyday lives, and is based on microanalyses of children's play, parent - child interaction, sibling caretaking and children's work. A San Nicohis developmental story is presented. It was clear that the siblings - hence not only the mothers - were in charge of the young children during much of the day. Siblings are, moreover, often raised in pairs, so that an elder child is in charge of a younger one. Threats, rhetorical questions and other types of teasing were conunon means used by adults as well as older siblings to socialize young children. Also very small children were able to take the perspective of their younger siblings. They functioned as interpreters in "language teaching", in so-called diga routines, and in ente,1ainments. In this highly gendered society, the children's play transcended gender boundaries. For instance, young boys were observed"breastfeeding" their young siblings. A language shift ft'om Quichua to Spanish is apparently under way in the community. The comuneros themselves are at a loss to understand or explain why this is happening and, above all, why this is happening now. They do not see the Quichua language as endangered, since they see it as innately Indian. Contrary to what the comuneros initially claimed, it was found that no children under the age of 10 were fluent in the vernacular. Sibling caretaking is possibly one of the most important factors explaining this language shift in their children's lives.

No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of the current study is to revise the wording of the items in the Strong Black Woman (SBW) attitudes scale and investigate the psychometric properties of this revised scale (renamed the SBW Cultural Construct Scale, SBWCCS). Another goal is to determine if the scale predicts racial identity, stress, and social support. The sample consisted of 152 women of African descent, who were recruited from a community based organization. An exploratory factor analysis on the SBWCCS scale suggested a 3-factor model consisting of (1) caretaking, (2) affect regulation, and (3) self-reliance. These factors parallel those found in the original scale (Thompson, 2003). The internal consistency was adequate for the overall scale and the caretaking subscale, but somewhat low for affect-regulation and self-reliance. The SBWCCS scale predicted centrality of racial identity and stress (measured as perceived stress and number of stressful events). Specifically, women who reported higher levels on the SBWCCS also reported higher levels of centrality and stress. In addition, higher levels on the caretaking subscale predicted lower reciprocity of social support. Other aspects of racial identity (public and private regard) and social support (received and satisfaction) were not predicted by SBWCCS. Methodological limitations and implications for future research are discussed.

The purpose of the current study is to revise the wording of the items in the Strong Black Woman (SBW) attitudes scale and investigate the psychometric properties of this revised scale (renamed the SBW Cultural Construct Scale, SBWCCS). Another goal is to determine if the scale predicts racial identity, stress, and social support. The sample consisted of 152 women of African descent, who were recruited from a community based organization. An exploratory factor analysis on the SBWCCS scale suggested a 3-factor model consisting of (1) caretaking, (2) affect regulation, and (3) self-reliance. These factors parallel those found in the original scale (Thompson, 2003). The internal consistency was adequate for the overall scale and the caretaking subscale, but somewhat low for affect-regulation and self-reliance. The SBWCCS scale predicted centrality of racial identity and stress (measured as perceived stress and number of stressful events). Specifically, women who reported higher levels on the SBWCCS also reported higher levels of centrality and stress. In addition, higher levels on the caretaking subscale predicted lower reciprocity of social support. Other aspects of racial identity (public and private regard) and social support (received and satisfaction) were not predicted by SBWCCS. Methodological limitations and implications for future research are discussed.