[pt] Esta dissertação tem como objeto a História da formação de um grupo carnavalesco na região da Tijuca: o Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Unidos da Tijuca, no início da década de 1930. Percorrendo essa história, pretendemos analisar o modelo de Carnaval que as agremiações autodenominadas Escolas de Samba produziram, procurando desnaturalizar algumas análises bastante comuns na bibliografia acerca desse tema. Por um lado, as Escolas costumam ser percebidas como um modelo completo que representa a verdadeira cultura popular brasileira. Por outro lado, os sambistas são percebidos também como sujeitos passivos, que se deixam levar por uma ideologia propagandeada pelo Estado, sendo incapazes de agir e pensar por conta própria. São essas noções que pretendemos combater neste trabalho. / [en] This work has as object of study the history of the formation of a Carnival group in the Tijuca region: Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Unidos da Tijuca, in early 1930 s. Through this, we intend to analyze the Carnival model that the associations known as Escolas de Samba produced, looking to denature some common assumptions within the literature on this subject. On the one hand, the schools are often perceived as a complete model that represents the true Brazilian popular culture. On the other hand, the people envolved in the schools are also perceived as taxable persons who are governed by an ideology propagated by the government, being unable to act and think for themselves. These are notions we intend to fight in this work.

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[pt] Esta dissertação entende que o conflito é inerente a ordem social, sendo sempre uma possibilidade analítica das tensões constitutivas de cada sociedade ou grupo social. Desta forma, partindo da análise situacional do corte de verbas feito pela prefeitura na gestão Marcelo Crivella para realização dos desfiles das escolas de samba do carnaval carioca; pretendo descrever a dinâmica do processo entre estas agremiações comunitárias e recreativas e os poderes com quem se relaciona. As escolas de samba conquistaram a hegemonia da folia no carnaval carioca ao longo do século XX através de negociações e mediações junto, sobretudo, ao poder público e a imprensa até suplantar outras formas existentes de organização carnavalesca. Beneficiaram-se de um processo político e social de construção de uma identidade nacional onde o samba cumpriu destacada papel integrador. Seus desfiles rituais-competitivos transformaram-se em um grande espetáculo turístico e comercial. Hoje estas agremiações são representadas por uma entidade marcada pela atuação da cúpula do jogo do bicho do estado do Rio de Janeiro que organiza a festa em cogestão com o poder público municipal. Assim, o desfile das escolas de samba do Rio de Janeiro constitui-se também em um espaço de mediação entre duas formas de poder: um poder constitucional e republicano e um poder ligado a atividade da contravenção penal representado pela LIESA. A prefeitura, ente do poder público responsável pelos desfiles, foi um parceiro importante para consolidação dos desfiles e sua transformação em um espetáculo internacionalmente reconhecido. O corte de verbas para sua realização, executado por um prefeito que teve o apoio da LIESA nas eleições, é uma oportunidade privilegiada para elucidar a relação entre cultura e política na cidade do Rio de Janeiro através do fenômeno das escolas de samba. / [en] This dissertation understands that conflict is inherent in the social order, always being an analytical possibility of the constitutive tensions of each society or social group. Thus, starting from the situational analysis of the cut of funds made by the city hall in the management Marcelo Crivella for realization of the parades of the samba schools of the carioca carnival; I intend to describe the dynamics of the process between these community and recreational associations and the powers with which they relate. The samba schools conquered the hegemony of folly in the carnival of Rio de Janeiro throughout the 20th century through negotiations and mediations, especially the public power and the press, to overcome other existing forms of carnival organization. They benefited from a political and social process of building a national identity where the samba fulfilled a prominent integrating role. Their ritual-competitive parades have become a major tourist and commercial spectacle. Today these associations are represented by an entity marked by the performance of the summit of the game of the beast of the state of Rio de Janeiro that organizes the party in co-management with the municipal public power. Thus, the parade of the samba schools of Rio de Janeiro is also a space for mediation between two forms of power: a constitutional and republican power and a power linked to the activity of the criminal contravention represented by LIESA. The city government, which is responsible for the parades, was an important partner for the consolidation of the parades and their transformation into an internationally recognized spectacle. The cut of funds for its realization, executed by a mayor who had the support of the LIESA in the elections, is a privileged opportunity to elucidate the relation between culture and politics in the city of Rio de Janeiro through the phenomenon of the samba schools.

<p>It has been suggested that Canadian society increasingly promotes a rhetoric of tolerance, through the dissemination of multicultural and politically correct discourses. At the same time, there has been a growth in the popularity of performances that seemingly counters this national image; that of risqué stand-up comedy. This dissertation explores if an institutionalized rhetoric of multiculturalism and “PC”, popularized since the late 1980s, is pierced, protracted and parodied within risqué stand-up comedy while remaining confined within spatial and temporal boundaries. Furthermore, this relationship between comedy and multicultural and “PC” discourses illuminates the nature of power circulating within our dialogues about issues of discrimination in contemporary Canadian society. This thesis establishes that both stand-up comic performances and politically correct rhetoric share a carnivalesque nature that while degrades authorial discourses, is ultimately constrained within its self-definition.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

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Neste trabalho pretendo analisar os significados do carnaval das Escolas de Samba para os carnavalescos no sul do Brasil, com foco na organização sócio-cultural dos bastidores da festa. Com etnografia realizada a partir da produção carnavalesca em Porto Alegre e em Uruguaiana para os desfiles de 2011, pretendo demonstrar como as transformações simbólicas e materiais destes carnavais nos últimos anos podem ser entendidas como arranjos de discursos e práticas baseados num processo de construção de um modelo paradigmático de carnaval, mobilizado numa retórica em comum. São valores, noções e conceitos canalizados num projeto de carnaval ideal: o carnaval espetáculo. Analisarei o que é este projeto, e como ele era posto em perspectiva em duas Escolas de Samba de divisões hierarquicamente distintas do carnaval de Porto Alegre, na primeira e na terceira divisão respectivamente. A associação do samba como símbolo de pertencimento à identidade nacional no Rio Grande do Sul pode ser demonstrada em dois processos contrastantes. Em Uruguaiana, a possibilidade de diferenciação regional se constrói na pertença aos símbolos que denotam a “brasilidade” das mais diferentes camadas sociais promotoras da festa, em contraste aos países vizinhos e fronteiriços. E em Porto Alegre, a construção da cultura carnavalesca se distancia dos símbolos regionais e se restringe aos carnavalescos, uma parcela delimitada da população relacionada simbolicamente ao elemento étnico promotor da festa, sua população negra. Os modelos ideais divergentes de produção do carnaval, um baseado na compra de materiais e fantasias e na contratação de mão de obra do centro do país, e o outro baseado na defesa da produção local, nos darão importantes elementos para se pensar na produção das identidades, nos critérios da produção da retórica do espetáculo, dos sensos de legitimidade da festa e dos modelos de carnavais propostos. / In this paper I intend to analyze the meanings of the Samba School Carnival for the southern Brazil carnival participants, with a focus on socio-cultural organization of the party scenes. With ethnography from the carnival production in Porto Alegre and Uruguaiana for the parades of 2011, I intend to demonstrate how the material and symbolic transformations of these carnivals in recent years can be understood as arrangements of discourses and practices based on a process of building a carnival paradigmatic model, mobilized in a common rhetoric. Those are values, notions and concepts in a flowing design to an ideal carnival project: the spectacle carnival. It’s going to be examined what this project is, and how it was seen in two Samba Schools of hierarchically distinct divisions from Porto Alegre carnival, the first and third division respectively. The association of samba as a symbol of belonging to national identity Rio Grande do Sul can be demonstrated in two contrasting processes. In Uruguaiana, the possibility of regional differentiation is built on belongs to the symbols that denote the "Brazilianness" from different social strata of the party promoters, in contrast to neighboring and border countries. And in Porto Alegre, the construction of carnival culture moves away from regional symbols and is restricted to the carnival participants, a population defined portion symbolically related to the ethnic element that promotes the party, its black population. The divergent ideal models of Carnival production, one based on the purchase of materials and costumes and hiring labor from the center of the country, and the other based on the defense of local production, will give us important elements to consider in the identities production, in the spectacle rhetoric production criteria, the party legitimacy senses and the suggested carnival models.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Carnival events have become significant factors in tourism development and marketing initiatives of most destinations. The developments, in threefold, economic, socio-cultural and environmental experienced by host communities of tourism attractions and resorts result in the emergence of carnival events as critical destination products. The current research found that the selected stakeholders, particularly residents, businesses and event attendees’ perceptions are often overlooked although they are directly impacted by carnival events, especially when they reside (for residents and businesses) in close proximity to the event location. In addition, tourism businesses operating in the Green Point area, the place where the carnival parade takes place, were included in this study to ascertain their views about the Cape Town Carnival. In most cases, successful carnival events are underpinned by community support as well as the visitors or attendees to the event; therefore, it is crucial to examine stakeholders’ perceptions towards such events. The aim of this study was to determine how selected stakeholders (residents, businesses, and event attendees) perceive an annual cultural event, the Cape Town Carnival, hosted in a Cape Town suburb. It also sought to establish the overall value of this event following a triple bottom-line approach (economic, socio-cultural, and environmental). This investigation explored the perceptions and experiences of the residents, businesses, and event attendees in Green Point in relation to the carnival, as well as highlighting the positive and negative aspects of their experience. The research primarily adopted quantitative research approach by using three survey questionnaires (residents, businesses and event attendees) with both closed and open-ended questions. The data were analysed using SPSS version 24 and the findings were visually presented by the use of frequency tables and charts. The general findings indicated that the selected stakeholders were in favour of the Cape Town Carnival to continue being hosted in the Green Point area, although there were some issues that were viewed as the negative impacts of hosting this event. The study’s findings show that the event is perceived positively by the stakeholders even though some had reservations to the idea of the event continuing in the area. Community involvement and enhancing safety and security during event period were some of the recommendations that could see the event continuing flawlessly. The study notes the importance of event organisers to understand the three stakeholders since they contribute to the success of the event. However, even though there are many benefits that are likely to accrue to residents, businesses and event attendees associated with hosting an event of this magnitude, one should not overlook the negative impacts that are potentially connected to such a hosting since this informs how the stakeholders perceive the event.

Neste trabalho pretendo analisar os significados do carnaval das Escolas de Samba para os carnavalescos no sul do Brasil, com foco na organização sócio-cultural dos bastidores da festa. Com etnografia realizada a partir da produção carnavalesca em Porto Alegre e em Uruguaiana para os desfiles de 2011, pretendo demonstrar como as transformações simbólicas e materiais destes carnavais nos últimos anos podem ser entendidas como arranjos de discursos e práticas baseados num processo de construção de um modelo paradigmático de carnaval, mobilizado numa retórica em comum. São valores, noções e conceitos canalizados num projeto de carnaval ideal: o carnaval espetáculo. Analisarei o que é este projeto, e como ele era posto em perspectiva em duas Escolas de Samba de divisões hierarquicamente distintas do carnaval de Porto Alegre, na primeira e na terceira divisão respectivamente. A associação do samba como símbolo de pertencimento à identidade nacional no Rio Grande do Sul pode ser demonstrada em dois processos contrastantes. Em Uruguaiana, a possibilidade de diferenciação regional se constrói na pertença aos símbolos que denotam a “brasilidade” das mais diferentes camadas sociais promotoras da festa, em contraste aos países vizinhos e fronteiriços. E em Porto Alegre, a construção da cultura carnavalesca se distancia dos símbolos regionais e se restringe aos carnavalescos, uma parcela delimitada da população relacionada simbolicamente ao elemento étnico promotor da festa, sua população negra. Os modelos ideais divergentes de produção do carnaval, um baseado na compra de materiais e fantasias e na contratação de mão de obra do centro do país, e o outro baseado na defesa da produção local, nos darão importantes elementos para se pensar na produção das identidades, nos critérios da produção da retórica do espetáculo, dos sensos de legitimidade da festa e dos modelos de carnavais propostos. / In this paper I intend to analyze the meanings of the Samba School Carnival for the southern Brazil carnival participants, with a focus on socio-cultural organization of the party scenes. With ethnography from the carnival production in Porto Alegre and Uruguaiana for the parades of 2011, I intend to demonstrate how the material and symbolic transformations of these carnivals in recent years can be understood as arrangements of discourses and practices based on a process of building a carnival paradigmatic model, mobilized in a common rhetoric. Those are values, notions and concepts in a flowing design to an ideal carnival project: the spectacle carnival. It’s going to be examined what this project is, and how it was seen in two Samba Schools of hierarchically distinct divisions from Porto Alegre carnival, the first and third division respectively. The association of samba as a symbol of belonging to national identity Rio Grande do Sul can be demonstrated in two contrasting processes. In Uruguaiana, the possibility of regional differentiation is built on belongs to the symbols that denote the "Brazilianness" from different social strata of the party promoters, in contrast to neighboring and border countries. And in Porto Alegre, the construction of carnival culture moves away from regional symbols and is restricted to the carnival participants, a population defined portion symbolically related to the ethnic element that promotes the party, its black population. The divergent ideal models of Carnival production, one based on the purchase of materials and costumes and hiring labor from the center of the country, and the other based on the defense of local production, will give us important elements to consider in the identities production, in the spectacle rhetoric production criteria, the party legitimacy senses and the suggested carnival models.