Dans le but de remédier aux problèmes aujourd’hui omniprésents dans le secteur du transport, qu’ils soient financiers, environnementaux ou autres, nous nous intéressons à l’établissement d’un système de covoiturage dynamique optimisé. La voiture partagée est venue subvenir à des besoins restés insatisfaits en matière de déplacement (flexibilité spatiotemporelle…) encourageant l’émergence d’un mode de transport révolutionnaire qu’est la comodalité. Le focus est alors mis sur la complémentarité entre les modes collectifs et individuels et vient considérer la voiture partagée et plus particulièrement le covoiturage comme des modes de transport à part entière. Placés dans ce cadre, nous nous intéressons à l’aspect temps réel dans les systèmes de covoiturage et développons nos travaux dans ce sens. Ce problème ayant une complexité qui n’est pas des moindres, tous nos efforts sont dirigés dans le but de contrecarrer cet obstacle et mettre en œuvre une application logicielle compétitive à grande échelle offrant satisfaction et qualité de service. Pour ce faire, nous considérons une alliance des systèmes multi-agents et des techniques d’optimisation donnant lieu à des agents optimisateurs répartis selon une modélisation de graphe dynamique distribué. Celui-ci est établi sur la base d’un principe de décomposition du réseau géographique desservi inspiré des techniques de classification pour la mise en exergue des zones de concentration des abonnés. Cette modélisation favorise le traitement parallèle des requêtes de par la décentralisation et décomposition du processus initial sur une multitude d’agents optimisateurs chargés chacun d’une ou plusieurs tâches de moindre complexité / In an attempt to address the transportation problems now ubiquitous, may them be financial, environmental or any, we are mainly involved with the establishment of a dynamic optimized carpooling service. Shared cars came to remedy these problems and meet the longtime remained unsatisfied needs (spatiotemporal flexibility…) and so promote the comodal practice. The stress is then put on the complementarity between collective and individual means of transportation and comes to confirm the shared car and more particularly the carpooling as a transport mode as a whole. Based on this, we are mainly interested in setting up a real time ridesharing service providing the needed efficiency in such a context. In fact, the problem we tackle has a complexity of exponential order which must be wiped out preventing from adverse impacts. Blending the agent paradigm with the optimization technics helped reach our goals of implementing a large-scale competitive and fully automated support and providing the necessary efficiency and quality of service. The proposed alliance is realized through communicating optimizing agents spread according to a distributed dynamic graph modeling. The latter is established through a subdivision process of the served geographic network and has been inspired from clustering technics to put the stress on limited and intersecting areas of high density. This helps to promote the parallel requests treatment over a decentralized process. Thus, each optimizing agent firstly manage the requests parts included within the zone it is responsible for and then recompose global responses in coalition with concerned agents in a distributed artificial intelligence context

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / A falta de mobilidade urbana é uma grande preocupação da gestão pública em todo o mundo. Algumas políticas têm sido adotadas a fim de minimizar seus efeitos nas grandes cidades. Construção de rotas alternativas, melhorias e incentivo ao uso de transportes públicos, construção de ciclovias e estímulo ao uso de bicicletas são algumas dessas políticas. Uma prática que pode contribuir para a solução do problema é a carona. Carona consiste no ato de transportar gratuitamente num veículo pessoas que possuem trajetórias semelhantes. Embora existam algumas aplicações que se propõem a facilitar a prática de caronas, nenhuma dessas aplicações possuem funcionalidades de busca por usuários que possuem similaridades de trajetória e de perfil demográfico e social. Neste trabalho, propomos uma abordagem inovadora, considerando peculiaridades do contexto do uso de caronas, que visa a descoberta de agrupamentos de usuários que possuem trajetórias semelhantes, usuários que possuem perfis semelhantes e agrupamentos de usuários que são similares considerando suas trajetórias e seus perfis. Elementos intrínsecos ao problema são formalmente definidos e uma primeira análise de complexidade para tempo de processamento foi realizada. Uma rede social de propósito específico para o compartilhamento de caronas foi modelada e implementada com respeito à abordagem proposta. O método para experimentação e avaliação da abordagem consistiu (i) na confecção de base de dados alimentada periodicamente em tempo real por dados de trânsito obtidos a partir de aparelhos de smartphone com GPS de voluntários em trânsito com seus automóveis, (ii) aplicação da abordagem proposta para geração dos agrupamentos de usuários a partir da base estabelecida e (iii) aplicação da métrica Davies-Boulding Index, que indica o quão factível os agrupamentos são. Resultados mostraram a efetividade da abordagem para solução do problema se comparada a formas bem estabelecidas da literatura relacionada, como o K-means, por exemplo. Resultados da análise da base de dados também mostraram que algumas informações de trânsito podem ser inferidas a partir de ações de mineração. Por fim, a aceitabilidade de potenciais usuários da rede social foi medida a partir de questionário. / Problems related to urban mobility is a big concern to public administration. Some policies have been adopted in order to soften those problems in large cities. Building new routes, encouraging the use of public transportation, building new bike paths and encouraging the use of bicycle are some of them. A common practice which is closely related to cultural habits in some nations and which can contribute to soften the problem is ridesharing. Ridesharing is defined as a grouping of travellers into common trip by car or van. Though there exist some applications that aim to facilitate the practice of ridesharing, none of them have the functionality to search automatically for users with similar trajectories or demographic and social profile. In this work, we proposed an innovative approach, considering ridesharing context, that aims to discover clusters of users that have similar trajectories, clusters of users that have similar profile and clusters of users with similar trajectory and similar profile. Furthermore, we define a formalization of ridesharing terms and an initial time complexity analysis is done. A social network for ridesharing has been also modeled and developed according to proposed approach. Experimentation and evaluation method consist of: (i) Building a dataset from volunteers in transit with GPS-equipped smartphones, (ii) Using proposed approach to generate clusters of users and application of Davies-Boulding index metrics which reflects how similar the elements of the same cluster are, as well as the dissimilarity among distinct clusters. Results show the feasibility of the approach to problem solution if compared with some approach established in literature such as, K-means. Results of dataset analysis show that some traffic information should undergo data mining. Finally, social network mobile app acceptance was measured by questionnaire.

Le travail doctoral concerne l’étude des dynamiques de changement en faveur de pratiques éco-citoyennes et liées à la mobilité via la communication numérique engageante. La question de recherche qui en découle relève de la définition des conditions et des modalités portant sur la possibilité de transposer les travaux fondateurs antérieurs consacrés à la communication engageante dans le cadre élargi d’interactions médiatées et médiatisées sur l’internet, en milieu naturel.Pour tenter de répondre à cette question, nous avons situé notre propos dans un cadre théorique et méthodologique ouvert en montrant les relations entre la communication engageante et d’autres perspectives relevant du lien, du rite d’interaction ; nous abordons également la problématisation du changement individuel et collectif. Nos travaux apportent une contribution à la réflexion concernant la relation entre information et communication. Sur le plan empirique, nous avons mené une recherche-action dans une Université du Sud de la France. Il s’agissait, dans le contexte d’un partenariat avec cette institution, d’amener des étudiants à s’inscrire sur un dispositif Web de mise en relation de covoitureurs potentiels. Nous avons mené deux expériences mobilisant le paradigme de la communication numérique engageante.Notre approche, replacée dans les problématiques et la méthode de la recherche-action, n’est pas exempte de limites, notamment liées à une validité interne modérée par certains éléments hors de notre contrôle : facteurs historiques, mortalité expérimentale, variables parasites…Tous ces éléments sont présentés, discutés, mis en perspective. / This doctoral work relates to the study of change dynamics in favor of eco-friendly practices and tied to mobility through digital binding communication. The research question that ensues concerns the definition of the terms and conditions about the possibility of incorporating previous work on digital binding communication in the broader context of mediated and mediatized interactions on the internet, in a natural environment.In order to try answering this question, we set our discussion on an open theoretical and methodological framework by showing the relationships between binding communication and other perspectives concerning links, interaction rituals, we also broach upon the problematization of individual and collective change. Our work provides a contribution to the debate on the relationship between information and communication. From an empirical standpoint, we conducted an action research at a southern French university. Our goal was within the context of a partnership with this institution, to encourage students to register to a Web device putting potential carpoolers in touch. We conducted two experiments mobilizing the digital binding communication paradigm.Our approach, put in the context of the set of problems and the action research method is not without flaws, especially insofar as its internal validity is weakened by elements beyond our control: historical factors, experimental mortality, confounding variables…All these elements are presented, discussed, put into perspective.

Bilen har en etablerad roll i vårt samhälle och är ständigt central i samhällsplaneringsdebatten. Förutom biltrafikens koppling till ökade koldioxidutsläpp har bilens utbredning skapat utmaningar för att planera yteffektivt i städerna där allt fler bostäder byggs och i samband med detta även fler parkeringar. Det är kommunen som ansvarar för att det ska finnas skäligt med parkering i samband med bostadsbyggande och de skapar parkeringsnormer/policys för att reglera detta. Över tid har många kommuner gått från att ställa krav på ett minimum av parkeringsplatser till att istället arbeta med flexibla parkeringstal, vilka tillåter byggaktören att bygga färre parkeringar än vad normen säger om andra åtgärder för mobilitet implementeras. I denna process har bilpoolen kommit att bli en växande mobilitetsåtgärd som många kommuner erbjuder byggaktörerna att arbeta med för att sänka parkeringstalet. Det har däremot visat sig vara utmanande för kommunerna att få detta att fungera över tid. Det är kommunens uppdrag att ställa krav på parkeringstal och att godkänna eventuella minskningar av dessa om byggaktören väljer att arbeta med mobilitetsåtgärder - men kommunen ansvarar inte för förvaltningen av de tjänster som utlovas som mobilitetsåtgärd vid en avtalad parkeringstalsminskning. Det finns således inga garantier för att åtgärden över tid motsvarar förväntningarna och risken finns att bilpoolen läggs ned samtidigt som ett fåtal parkeringar har byggts. Detta arbete tar avstamp i frågan om vilka hinder och utmaningar kommuner som arbetar med bilpool som mobilitetsåtgärd vid nybyggnation av bostäder står inför i samarbetet med andra aktörer. Undersökningen tar hjälp av Actor-Network Theory för att kartlägga vilka aktörer och samarbeten som är centrala och vilka typer av interaktioner som skapar störst utmaningar i arbetet. Empirin är insamlad både kvantitativt genom enkätundersökningar där kommunerna fått redogöra för sina strategier, och kvalitativt genom djupintervjuer med utvalda kommuner där de har berättat om hur de upplever arbetsprocessen i sin helhet. Många kommuner befinner sig i en utforskande fas när det gäller att implementera och fastställa strategier i arbetet med bilpool som mobilitetsåtgärd, vilket leder till en variation av tillvägagångssätt och beräkningsmetoder. Implementeringen av bilpooler stöter på flera praktiska hinder, såsom otydligheter i regelverk och bristande samarbete mellan aktörer. Men det framgår i arbetet att det främst är de strukturella utmaningarna som måste adresseras för att underlätta implementeringen av bilpooler som en del av arbetet med flexibla parkeringstal. / The car holds an established role in our society and remains central in urban planning discussions. Besides the correlation between car traffic and escalating carbon dioxide emissions, the expansion of car use has presented challenges in efficiently planning urban spaces, particularly as more residences are constructed, resulting in an increase in parking facilities. It falls upon municipalities to ensure adequate parking provisions in conjunction with residential development, and they establish parking norms/policies to govern this. Over time, many municipalities have shifted from imposing minimum parking requirements to instead adopting flexible parking standards, enabling developers to construct fewer parking spaces than the norm dictates if alternative mobility measures are implemented. In this process, carpooling has emerged as a growing mobility solution that many municipalities offer developers as a means to reduce parking requirements. However, sustaining this approach over time poses a challenge. It is the municipality's responsibility to stipulate parking requirements and sanction any reductions if developers opt to integrate mobility measures. However, the municipality is not accountable for administering the services promised as mobility measures in a negotiated parking reduction. Consequently, there are no guarantees that the measure will meet expectations over time, and there exists a risk of discontinuing the carpool while only a few parking spaces have been developed. This study is rooted in the inquiry into the obstacles and challenges municipalities encounter when incorporating carpooling as a mobility measure in new housing construction in collaboration with other stakeholders. Employing Actor-Network Theory, the study maps out central actors and collaborations, as well as the types of interactions posing the greatest challenges in this endeavor. Empirical data is collected both quantitatively through surveys, wherein municipalities outline their strategies, and qualitatively through in-depth interviews with select municipalities, elucidating their experiences throughout the process. Many municipalities are in an exploratory phase concerning the implementation and establishment of strategies in integrating carpooling as a mobility measure, resulting in a divergence of approaches and calculation methods. The implementation of carpooling encounters several practical barriers, such as regulatory ambiguities and a lack of collaboration among stakeholders. However, it is apparent from the study that primarily addressing structural challenges is necessary to facilitate the integration of carpooling as part of the framework for flexible parking standards.