Les initiatives visant à développer le covoiturage au quotidien et sur de courtes distances font l’objet d’une attention croissante d’acteurs privés et publics depuis l’essor de la pratique sur de longues distances. Cette thèse analyse la manière dont les services de covoiturage intègrent le champ de l’action publique et interroge les transformations qu’ils occasionnent sur le système de mobilité en place. La thèse est structurée en quatre parties. Le cadrage théorique et méthodologique précise la démarche de recherche, qui s’ancre sur trois entrées : les relations entre territoire et système de mobilité, le changement dans l’action publique et le processus de diffusion des innovations dans la société. Ces approches théoriques sont mobilisées pour répondre à la problématique et étudier des expérimentations de services de covoiturage dans les franges de l’Île-de-France (partie 1). La seconde partie retrace la généalogie du covoiturage pour montrer comment il s’affirme comme nouvel élément du système de mobilité et comme un objet d’action publique (partie 2). Nous étudions ensuite le processus de diffusion du covoiturage et l’ampleur de son intégration au sein de l’action publique de transport (partie 3) avant d’analyser les transformations provoquées sur le système de mobilité (partie 4).Cette recherche précise comment les politiques publiques de promotion du covoiturage, initialement mises en œuvre pour limiter les externalités négatives de l’automobile, tendent désormais à concurrencer l’offre de transport publique routière. Ce travail montre ensuite comment s’ouvre une fenêtre d’opportunité pour le développement du covoiturage en France et expose les difficultés que rencontrent les acteurs de l’action publique pour s’approprier cette innovation. La thèse rend également compte de l’émergence de nouvelles formes de services de covoiturage, de nature infrastructurelle, qui favorisent la territorialisation des politiques publiques de covoiturage et l’intégration de ce mode dans le champ du service public de transport. Dans un dernier temps, cette recherche montre qu’en tendant vers une hybridation des modèles de transport collectif-public et individuel-privé, le covoiturage ébranle les principes du service public et promeut une représentation libérale de la notion d’intérêt général. Ce faisant, plus qu’il ne remet en cause les logiques sur lesquelles se fonde notre système de mobilité, il participe au renforcement du système automobile. Ce travail mesure ainsi les limites d’une logique de croissance et d’individualisation des services de mobilités et conclut en proposant des pistes pour optimiser le covoiturage en limitant le risque que les gains de performances promis par ce nouveau modèle ne renforcent trop, à terme, les externalités négatives du système automobile / Initiatives aiming to develop carpools on a daily basis have been receiving increasing attention from private and public stakeholders since the rise of long-distance practice. This thesis analyzes how do carpooling services fit the field of public action and the transformations they cause on the mobility system in place. The thesis is structured in four parts. The theoretical and methodological framework specifies the research approach, which is anchored upon three entries: the relationship between the territory and the mobility system, the change in public action and the process of diffusion of innovations in society. These theoretical approaches are mobilized for an-swering to the research question and analyzing experiments of carpool services in the fringes of Ile-de-France (part 1). The second part traces the genealogy of carpooling and demonstrates how it becomes a new element of the public transport system and an object of public policies (part 2). We then study the diffusion process of the innovation and the extent of its integration into the public transport action (part 3), before analyzing the transformations caused on the mobility system (part 4).This research specifies how public policies promoting carpool were originally implemented to limit the negative externalities of the automobile system, and now tends to compete with the public road transport offer. This work then shows how a policy window open for the development of carpooling in France and exposes the difficulties that actors of the public action meets to appropriate this innovation. This research also presents the emergence of new forms of carpool infrastructure-related services, which favors the territorialization of carpool in the public transport policies and the integration of this mode of transport in the public’s utilities. Lastly, this research shows that, by tending towards a hybridization of public-private and individual-private transport models, carpooling un-dermines the principles of public service and promotes a liberal representation of the no-tion of general interest. In doing so, it is more likely that it strengthened the automobile system rather than it modifies it. Finally, this work demonstrate the limits of the growth and the individualization of mobility services and concludes by proposing ways to optimize carpooling by limiting the risk that the performance gains promised by this new model will reinforce, over time, the negative externalities of the automobile system

Wireless technology has become an increasingly popular way to gain network access. Wireless networks are expected to provide efficient and reliable service and support a broad range of emerging applications, such as multimedia streaming and video conferencing. However, limited wireless spectrum together with interference and fading pose signi cant challenges for network designers. The novel technique of network coding has a significant potential for improving the throughput and reliability of wireless networks by taking advantage of the broadcast nature of wireless medium. Reverse carpooling is one of the main techniques used to realize the benefits of network coding in wireless networks. With reverse carpooling, two flows are traveling in opposite directions, sharing a common path. The network coding is performed in the intermediate (relay) nodes, which saves up to 50% of transmissions. In this thesis, we focus on the scheduling at the relay nodes in wireless networks with reverse carpooling. When two packets traveling in opposite directions are available at the relay node, the relay node combines them and broadcasts the resulting packet. This event is referred to as a coding opportunity. When only one packet is available, the relay node needs to decide whether to wait for future coding opportunities, or to transmit them without coding. Though the choice of holding packets exploits the positive aspects of network coding, without a proper policy in place that controls how long the packets should wait, it will have an adverse impact on delays and thus the overall network performance. Accordingly, our goal is to find an optimal control strategy that delicately balances the tradeoff between the number of transmissions and delays incurred by the packets. We also address the fundamental question of what local information we should keep track of and use in making the decision of of whether to transmit uncoded packet or wait for the next coding opportunity. The available information consists of queue length and time stamps indicating the arrival time of packets in the queue. We could also store history of all previous states and actions. However, using all this information makes the control very complex and so we try to find if the overhead in collecting waiting times and historical information is worth it. A major contribution of this thesis is a stochastic control framework that uses state information based on what can be observed and prescribes an optimal action. For that, we formulate and solve a stochastic dynamic program with the objective of minimizing the long run average cost per unit time incurred due to transmissions and delays. Subsequently, we show that a stationary policy based on queue lengths is optimal, and the optimal policy is of threshold-type. Then, we describe a non-linear optimization procedure to obtain the optimal thresholds. Further, we substantiate our analytical ndings by performing numerical experiments under varied settings. We compare systems that use only queue length with those where more information is available, and we show that optimal control that uses only the queue length is as good as any optimal control that relies on knowing the entire history.

Nesta dissertação são analisados os impactos da implantação de medidas de gerenciamento da mobilidade (GM) em uma área urbana localizada na cidade de Porto Alegre com vários pólos atratores de viagens. O GM – abordagem européia do gerenciamento da demanda de viagens – busca uma mobilidade urbana mais sustentável, tentando influir no comportamento de viagem das pessoas. São discutidos seu conceito, suas ferramentas, medidas e serviços de transporte, incluindo exemplos de implantação no mundo. Foram escolhidas duas medidas de GM, dentro de um pacote de medidas a serem implantadas pelo projeto Moviman na área de estudo, localizada na zona leste de Porto Alegre, onde atualmente há uma universidade (PUCRS), hospitais, um shopping center, hipermercados, entre outros estabelecimentos. A primeira medida analisada foi a carona programada, uso compartilhado de um automóvel com divisão de custos. Foi feita uma pesquisa com alunos da PUCRS para verificar sua receptividade em relação a esta medida. A partir dos resultados desta pesquisa, foi avaliado o possível impacto da implantação desta medida no tráfego da área de estudo. Também foi feita pesquisa com trabalhadores de uma empresa local para comparar a receptividade a esta medida por usuários diferentes. A segunda medida foi a implantação de um Sistema de Informação ao Usuário (SIU) de transporte coletivo em duas paradas de ônibus, através da realização de pesquisas de importância e satisfação, para priorizar as informações e de uma pesquisa final de satisfação e análise de intenção de mudança modal causada pelo SIU. Os resultados demonstram que a carona programada é uma medida com boa receptividade entre os grupos-alvo pesquisados, que causa uma melhora das condições de tráfego locais. E um novo SIU nas paradas de ônibus é uma medida de qualificação do transporte coletivo com um bom potencial de atração de novos usuários e de fidelização dos atuais. Portanto, comprovouse o impacto positivo da implantação destas medidas de GM em uma cidade brasileira, pois ambas atenderam aos objetivos de uma mobilidade urbana sustentável sem a limitação da mobilidade das pessoas. / This dissertation presents the evaluation of the impacts produced by mobility management (MM) measures introduced in an urban area, with many trip production centers, located in Porto Alegre city, southern Brazil. The MM, European approach of travel demand management, aims a more sustainable urban mobility, trying to influence in the travel behavior of people. Their concepts, tools, measures and transport services are discussed, including other implantation examples worldwide. Two MM measures were chosen within a package of measures that would be implemented by the Moviman project in the studied area. The selected area, situated in the east zone of Porto Alegre, holds a university (PUCRS), hospitals, a shopping center, among others commercial establishments. The first analyzed measure was carpooling, shared use of an automobile with division of costs, using the application of a survey with university students, from PUCRS, to verify their receptivity in relation to this alternative transportation mode. The survey results were used for the analysis of possible impacts of this measure in the traffic of the study area. A survey with workers of a local company was done to compare the receptivity with these measures in distinct users. The second measure was the installation of a public transport user information system (UIS) in two bus stops, using importance and satisfaction surveys in order to define information priorities, and a final survey of satisfaction and analysis of modal change intention caused by UIS. The results demonstrate that carpooling is a transport measure with good receptivity among the target groups, and improves the local traffic conditions. Moreover the installation of new UIS in bus stops is a measure of qualification of the public transportation with good potential for attraction of new users and consolidation of actual users. Therefore, the impacts of MM measures in a Brazilian city were positive, considering that both measures reach the goal of sustainable mobility without limiting people mobility.

L’utilisation des réseaux de transport est conditionnée par l’efficacité et la simplicité de leur utilisation. En réponse à une mobilité exacerbée, volontaire ou subie, l’offre de transport se développe et motive tout à la fois, en un cycle continu, des déplacements encore plus exigeants. De manière complémentaire, la mobilité est bousculée par l’arrivée de nouvelles modalités de transport pouvant faire émerger, comme dans le cadre du covoiturage, des acteurs ou des pratiques jusqu’alors inexistants. Si la technologie permet de suivre cette évolution dans les services d’information aux voyageurs, il reste toujours à satisfaire des attentes déterminées par des usages en constante évolution. C’est de ce point de vue que l’obtention de chemins multiples pour relier une origine à une destination est un facteur qui n’est plus à négliger, surtout dans des réseaux de transport denses et comportant de nombreux modes et lignes de transport. Une liberté dans le choix laissé à l’utilisateur du réseau réduit les sentiments d’exclusion, d’incompréhension ou d’anxiété qui peuvent survenir face à une application logicielle ou sur internet et qui effectuent des choix arbitraires de façon autoritaire. De plus, cela permet de vérifier la qualité de l’offre de transport, car plus il existe de moyens différents pour effectuer un trajet dans un intervalle de temps donné, meilleur est le service. Cette thèse s’intéresse au calcul de telles alternatives par le biais de l’énumération par coût croissant des chemins entre deux points, puis par le filtrage de ceux-ci suivant des critères, supposés quelconques et laissés à l’appréciation des professionnels de transport qui peuvent ainsi faire varier les angles d’analyses de leurs offres.Par ailleurs, la synchronisation de trajets de plusieurs utilisateurs, en vue d’usages sociaux ou de déplacements mutualisés, est étudiée dans ce manuscrit sous l’angle du covoiturage. En ne considérant que deux usagers, l’objectif est de minimiser le temps de trajet global des participants sous la contrainte qu’ils partagent une partie de leur chemin entre un point de rencontre et un point de séparation qu’il faut alors déterminer. Sont également étudiées les variantes associées au changement des conditions de transport de chacun des participants comme l’établissement d’une origine ou d’une destination commune parallèlement à des contraintes sur les heures de départ ou d’arrivée des usagers. Enfin, puisque la voiture est très souvent pénalisée par la prise en charge d’un piéton, il convient d’étudier comment ce détour peut être contraint et les impacts sur les gains que cette limitation engendre.Cette thèse a été réalisée dans un contexte CIFRE pour la société MobiGIS. Lestravaux qui s’y rapportent ont fait l’objet de réalisations pratiques tant pour fournirdes solutions de mobilité dans le cadre des activités de l’entreprise que pour évaluerexpérimentalement les performances des algorithmes proposés pour les résoudre. / Efficiency and simplicity are two conditions upon which the use of a transportation system is relevant. May it be intentional or imposed, an increasing mobility triggers the need to enhance the transportation offer. In turn, such a response encourages an even more demanding mobility in a constantly adapting cycle. In parallel, new and forthcoming means of transportation emerge from time to time with unknown practices and renewed actors : exactly like what carpooling is stirring at the moment. Passenger information systems can technically deal with such evolutions thanks to improved technologies but they still struggle to keep up with constantly changing usage expectations.From this perspective the computation of several paths from an origin to a destination becomes increasingly relevant. This issue is even more crucial in dense transportation networks in which many modes and lines of transportation are combined. Indeed, giving some traveling choices to the end user reduces the feeling of exclusion, anxiety and the lack of understanding which may arise when facing arbitrary decisions dictated by a software or an Internet application. It is also helpful to estimate the quality of the transportation offer since the more paths exist to go from point A to point B within a fixed time window, the better the service is. This thesis focuses on the computation of such alternatives by the gradually increasing enumeration of paths between two points. Given this input, the pruning necessary to obtain such a diverse selection is assumed not to be known in advance. It is left up to transportation professionals who may choose a fitted solution based on their specific knowledge and objectives.Another subject studied in this thesis concerns the itinerary synchronization of several users for various social uses such as shared travels. It is here seen from the perspective of carpooling. Considering only two users, the problem is to minimize the traveling cost of the users under the constraint that they must share some part of their respective trips with one another. Solving this problem is equivalent to finding a pick up point and a drop off location between which both paths overlap. Multiple corner cases concerning the transportation conditions of each user as well as the special cases of shared origins or destinations are studied. The constraints on the arrival and/or departure times may also vary. Last but not least and since the driver is often penalized when giving up a lift, the restriction to a maximal detour the driver accepts, compared to his shortest path, is analyzed with respect to the benefits such a limitation generates.This thesis was funded by the MobiGIS company under the CIFRE (Industrial Agreement of Training through Research) researching context. The related work consisted in the practical implementation of mobility solutions within the framework of the company as well as the experimental performances evaluation of the algorithms proposed to solve them.

Nesta dissertação são analisados os impactos da implantação de medidas de gerenciamento da mobilidade (GM) em uma área urbana localizada na cidade de Porto Alegre com vários pólos atratores de viagens. O GM – abordagem européia do gerenciamento da demanda de viagens – busca uma mobilidade urbana mais sustentável, tentando influir no comportamento de viagem das pessoas. São discutidos seu conceito, suas ferramentas, medidas e serviços de transporte, incluindo exemplos de implantação no mundo. Foram escolhidas duas medidas de GM, dentro de um pacote de medidas a serem implantadas pelo projeto Moviman na área de estudo, localizada na zona leste de Porto Alegre, onde atualmente há uma universidade (PUCRS), hospitais, um shopping center, hipermercados, entre outros estabelecimentos. A primeira medida analisada foi a carona programada, uso compartilhado de um automóvel com divisão de custos. Foi feita uma pesquisa com alunos da PUCRS para verificar sua receptividade em relação a esta medida. A partir dos resultados desta pesquisa, foi avaliado o possível impacto da implantação desta medida no tráfego da área de estudo. Também foi feita pesquisa com trabalhadores de uma empresa local para comparar a receptividade a esta medida por usuários diferentes. A segunda medida foi a implantação de um Sistema de Informação ao Usuário (SIU) de transporte coletivo em duas paradas de ônibus, através da realização de pesquisas de importância e satisfação, para priorizar as informações e de uma pesquisa final de satisfação e análise de intenção de mudança modal causada pelo SIU. Os resultados demonstram que a carona programada é uma medida com boa receptividade entre os grupos-alvo pesquisados, que causa uma melhora das condições de tráfego locais. E um novo SIU nas paradas de ônibus é uma medida de qualificação do transporte coletivo com um bom potencial de atração de novos usuários e de fidelização dos atuais. Portanto, comprovouse o impacto positivo da implantação destas medidas de GM em uma cidade brasileira, pois ambas atenderam aos objetivos de uma mobilidade urbana sustentável sem a limitação da mobilidade das pessoas. / This dissertation presents the evaluation of the impacts produced by mobility management (MM) measures introduced in an urban area, with many trip production centers, located in Porto Alegre city, southern Brazil. The MM, European approach of travel demand management, aims a more sustainable urban mobility, trying to influence in the travel behavior of people. Their concepts, tools, measures and transport services are discussed, including other implantation examples worldwide. Two MM measures were chosen within a package of measures that would be implemented by the Moviman project in the studied area. The selected area, situated in the east zone of Porto Alegre, holds a university (PUCRS), hospitals, a shopping center, among others commercial establishments. The first analyzed measure was carpooling, shared use of an automobile with division of costs, using the application of a survey with university students, from PUCRS, to verify their receptivity in relation to this alternative transportation mode. The survey results were used for the analysis of possible impacts of this measure in the traffic of the study area. A survey with workers of a local company was done to compare the receptivity with these measures in distinct users. The second measure was the installation of a public transport user information system (UIS) in two bus stops, using importance and satisfaction surveys in order to define information priorities, and a final survey of satisfaction and analysis of modal change intention caused by UIS. The results demonstrate that carpooling is a transport measure with good receptivity among the target groups, and improves the local traffic conditions. Moreover the installation of new UIS in bus stops is a measure of qualification of the public transportation with good potential for attraction of new users and consolidation of actual users. Therefore, the impacts of MM measures in a Brazilian city were positive, considering that both measures reach the goal of sustainable mobility without limiting people mobility.

Nesta dissertação são analisados os impactos da implantação de medidas de gerenciamento da mobilidade (GM) em uma área urbana localizada na cidade de Porto Alegre com vários pólos atratores de viagens. O GM – abordagem européia do gerenciamento da demanda de viagens – busca uma mobilidade urbana mais sustentável, tentando influir no comportamento de viagem das pessoas. São discutidos seu conceito, suas ferramentas, medidas e serviços de transporte, incluindo exemplos de implantação no mundo. Foram escolhidas duas medidas de GM, dentro de um pacote de medidas a serem implantadas pelo projeto Moviman na área de estudo, localizada na zona leste de Porto Alegre, onde atualmente há uma universidade (PUCRS), hospitais, um shopping center, hipermercados, entre outros estabelecimentos. A primeira medida analisada foi a carona programada, uso compartilhado de um automóvel com divisão de custos. Foi feita uma pesquisa com alunos da PUCRS para verificar sua receptividade em relação a esta medida. A partir dos resultados desta pesquisa, foi avaliado o possível impacto da implantação desta medida no tráfego da área de estudo. Também foi feita pesquisa com trabalhadores de uma empresa local para comparar a receptividade a esta medida por usuários diferentes. A segunda medida foi a implantação de um Sistema de Informação ao Usuário (SIU) de transporte coletivo em duas paradas de ônibus, através da realização de pesquisas de importância e satisfação, para priorizar as informações e de uma pesquisa final de satisfação e análise de intenção de mudança modal causada pelo SIU. Os resultados demonstram que a carona programada é uma medida com boa receptividade entre os grupos-alvo pesquisados, que causa uma melhora das condições de tráfego locais. E um novo SIU nas paradas de ônibus é uma medida de qualificação do transporte coletivo com um bom potencial de atração de novos usuários e de fidelização dos atuais. Portanto, comprovouse o impacto positivo da implantação destas medidas de GM em uma cidade brasileira, pois ambas atenderam aos objetivos de uma mobilidade urbana sustentável sem a limitação da mobilidade das pessoas. / This dissertation presents the evaluation of the impacts produced by mobility management (MM) measures introduced in an urban area, with many trip production centers, located in Porto Alegre city, southern Brazil. The MM, European approach of travel demand management, aims a more sustainable urban mobility, trying to influence in the travel behavior of people. Their concepts, tools, measures and transport services are discussed, including other implantation examples worldwide. Two MM measures were chosen within a package of measures that would be implemented by the Moviman project in the studied area. The selected area, situated in the east zone of Porto Alegre, holds a university (PUCRS), hospitals, a shopping center, among others commercial establishments. The first analyzed measure was carpooling, shared use of an automobile with division of costs, using the application of a survey with university students, from PUCRS, to verify their receptivity in relation to this alternative transportation mode. The survey results were used for the analysis of possible impacts of this measure in the traffic of the study area. A survey with workers of a local company was done to compare the receptivity with these measures in distinct users. The second measure was the installation of a public transport user information system (UIS) in two bus stops, using importance and satisfaction surveys in order to define information priorities, and a final survey of satisfaction and analysis of modal change intention caused by UIS. The results demonstrate that carpooling is a transport measure with good receptivity among the target groups, and improves the local traffic conditions. Moreover the installation of new UIS in bus stops is a measure of qualification of the public transportation with good potential for attraction of new users and consolidation of actual users. Therefore, the impacts of MM measures in a Brazilian city were positive, considering that both measures reach the goal of sustainable mobility without limiting people mobility.

1 The concept of carpooling, its development and recent comprehension in judicial practice Abstract This thesis focuses on the concept of carpooling, its development and understanding of this concept in commonly spoken and legal language, including the current view of the Czech and European courts. A significant part of the work addresses the legal classification of carpooling. The first part describes the development of carpooling from its inception to the present. In the recent years, carpooling was often associated with the development of modern technology which caused confusion about the exact content of the concept of carpooling. In the second part I analyse carpooling from a linguistic viewpoint, both in terms of commonly used language and from a legal point of view. This also answers the question of whether the content of the concept "carpooling" has possibly changed over time. The third chapter looks at the relationship between carpooling and commercial activity. I try to find out whether any form of carpooling may also have commercial features. I also aim to establish whether there is a certain limit to when an activity can still be considered as carpooling. The fourth chapter discusses the most important case laws in the Czech and European context which deal with the solution of unfair competitive...

Le covoiturage se présente comme une solution de transport alternative qui vient soigner l’image environnementale, économique et sociétale de la voiture personnelle. Le problème du covoiturage dynamique consiste à élaborer en temps réel des tournées de véhicules optimisés, afin de répondre au mieux aux demandes instantanées de transport.C’est dans ce cadre que s’inscrivent nos travaux où l’optimisation et le temps réel sont les maître-mots. Étant donné la complexité exponentielle du problème, nous optons pour des méthodes approximatives pour le résoudre. Nous présentons notre première contribution en proposant une métaheuristique basée sur la recherche tabou. L'algorithme utilise un système de mémoire explicite et plusieurs stratégies de recherches développées pour éviter le piégeage par des optimums locaux. Ensuite, nous introduisons notre deuxième contribution qui se présente sous la forme d’une approche évolutionnaire supportée par un codage dynamique et basée sur des opérateurs génétiques contrôlés. La complexité exponentielle du problème nous amène à dévoiler notre troisième méthodologie, en proposant une approche évolutionnaire originale dans laquelle les chromosomes sont définis comme des agents autonomes et intelligents. Grâce à un protocole de négociation puissant, les Agents Chromosomes gèrent les opérateurs génétiques et orientent la recherche afin de trouver des solutions optimales dans un temps de calcul réduit. Dans la perspective d’une meilleure combinaison entre le covoiturage et les autres modes de transport, nous concevons un système baptisé DyCOS, intégrant nos approches et applications dédiées à la résolution du problème du covoiturage dynamique. / Carpooling is presented as an alternative transport solution that comes treat environmental image, economic and societal personal car. The dynamic carpooling problem is to develop real-time optimized touring vehicles to better respond to the instantaneous transport demands.Our work belongs within this context, where optimization and real time are the key words. Given the exponential complexity of the dynamic ridematching problem, we opt for the approximate methods to solve it. We present our first contribution by proposing a metaheuristic based on the multi-criteria tabu search. The proposed algorithm employs an explicit memory system and several searching strategies developed to avoid the entrapment by local solutions. Afterward, we introduce our second contribution which is in the form of an evolutionary approach supported by a dynamic coding and based on controlled genetic operators. However, the exponential complexity of the problem leads us to consider that a simple metaheuristics is not sufficient to solve effectively the problem of dynamic ridematching. It is with this in mind that we are unveiling our third solving methodology by developing an original evolutionary approach in which chromosomes are defined as autonomous and intelligent agents. Thanks to an accurate protocol negotiation, the Chromosomes Agents can control the genetic operators and guide search for finding optimal solutions within a reasonable period of time. With the prospect of a better combination between carpooling and other modes of transport, we design a system called DyCOS, integrating our approaches and applications dedicated to solving the problem of dynamic ridesharing.

In our society there is an increased awareness of environmental impact and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. An influencing factor is transport in passenger cars to and from work. In order to increase the utilization rate of passenger cars and thereby reduce environmental impact, a possible solution is to carpool. The purpose of the project was to create a web application to help those who want to carpool. To be effective and interesting to users such a web application needs to be useful and easy to navigate, as supported in previous surveys. The report’s issue is therefore how a carpooling web application, for companies and their employees, is designed and implemented to make it useful with regard to navigability. The attempt to answer the issue was initiated by finding relevant theory of navigabil- ity and usability. After that a market survey was conducted, to better understand the needs of the target group, and a prototype was developed based on the found theory. User stories were developed to define the application’s functionality and the development of the web application took place in parallel with iterative user tests, where feedback from the tests was implemented. At the end of the project, the final result and each user test were analyzed to compare users’ response to current theory and by answering the issue of the report. Based on the results of the tests, given the theoretical framework, it was shown that two out of four test subjects got lost in the web application. The test subjects were struggling to get through the buying process. They had insufficient understanding of what happens when placing a trip in the cart, that the trips are booked inside the shopping cart and that the payment of completed trips are found on the profile page. Reasons for the result may be due to both the weaknesses of the web application navigability or the characteristics of the test subjects. Despite this the web application was considered useful in accordance with the System Usability Test performed. In its entirety, the web application can be assessed as useful, though it can not be considered to meet the theoretical requirements for navigability. The conclusion is that a navigable web application can be developed by allowing users to effectively find the most important features of the web application. This can be imple- mented with a distinct navigation bar, visual indications for links, information boxes, a natural flow for the user through the page structure, and that the user can get through it with few steps. This should be specifically applied to the buying process, which is central to a consumer web application, to reduce perceived complexity and to be useful and navigable to the user. In order for the web application to be perceived as useful, it should contain the basic functionality requirements expected of a carpooling service. These are being able to register oneself, find a trip, create a trip, find information about pricing and to be able to remove a trip. / I samhället finns det en ökad medvetenhet kring miljöpåverkan och att minska utsläpp av växthusgaser. En påverkande faktor är transport i personbil till och från arbetet. För att öka nyttjandegraden av personbilar och därmed minska miljöpåverkan är en lösning att samåka. Syftet med projektet var att skapa en webbapplikation för att hjälpa de som vill samåka. För att vara effektiv och intressant för användarna behövde en sådan web- bapplikation vara användbar och lätt att navigera i, vilket stöds i tidigare undersökningar. Därför är rapportens frågeställning hur en webbapplikation för samåkning, för företag och dess anställda, designas och implementeras så att den är användbar med avseende på navigerbarhet. Besvarandet av frågeställningen inleddes med att relevant teori om navigerbarhet och användbarhet togs fram. Efter det gjordes en marknadsundersökning, för att tydliga- re förstå målgruppens behov, och en prototyp skapades utifrån den framtagna teorin. User stories användes för att definiera applikationens funktionalitet och utvecklingen av webbapplikationen skedde parallellt med iterativa användartester, där feedbacken från testerna implementerades. I slutet av projektet analyserades slutresultatet och varje enskilt användartest för att jämföra användarnas respons mot rådande teori, och genom det besvara arbetets fråge- ställning. Utifrån resultatet av testerna, sett till de teoretiska ramarna, visades det att två av fyra testpersoner var vilsna på webbapplikationen. Testpersonerna hade svårigheter att ta sig igenom köpprocessen. De hade bristande förståelse för vad som händer när man placerar resor i varukorg, att resorna bokas i varukorgen och att betalning av genomförda resor skedde på profilsidan. Anledningar till resultatet kan såväl bero på brister i web- bapplikationens navigerbarhet eller egenskaper hos testpersonerna. Trots detta ansågs webbapplikationen användbar i enlighet med de System Usability Test som utfördes. I sin helhet kan webbapplikationen därmed bedömas som användbar, däremot den kan inte anses uppfylla de teoretiska kraven för navigerbarhet. Slutsatsen dras att en navigerbar webbapplikation kan utvecklas genom att användar- na effektivt ska kunna hitta webbapplikationens mest väsentliga funktioner. Detta kan implementeras med en tydlig navigationsbar, visuella indikationer för länkar, informa- tionsrutor, ett naturligt flöde för användaren genom sidstrukturen och att användaren kan ta sig igenom den med få steg. Detta bör specifikt tillämpas i köpprocessen, som är central i en webbapplikation för konsumenter, för att minska upplevd komplexitet och att den är användbar och navigerbar för användaren. För att webbapplikationen ska upplevas som användbar bör den innehålla de grundläggande funktionalitetskraven som ställs på en samåkningstjänst. Dessa är att kunna registrera sig, hitta en resa, skapa en resa, hitta information kring prissättning och att kunna ta bort en resa.

It is widely recognized that the world’s over-reliance on transportation contributes to many environmental problems, especially in urban areas. Sustainable  mobility is a solution and an important dimension of a Smart City. Shared mobility services are part of sustainable mobility and they are widening its portfolio especially in the past decade. However, the number of users is still low compared to its high potential, and innovative solutions can only succeed with the combination  of increasing the awareness of citizens, incentivizing them, and promoting their behavioural change. This paper is dedicated to the shared mobility business models as part of the collaborative consumption, and finding out the challenges and opportunities of this emerging market in a Swedish context and comparing it to a Moroccan one.  The goal is to explore the key features of the main market players and the possible ways of improvements that could possibly take carpooling and car-sharing to a next level. It explores the high potential of gamification and other mechanisms to incentivize voluntary behavioural changes towards shared  mobility solutions. In a first place the theoretical part provide an overview of the shared mobility in general with its different aspects highlighting the role of new technologies and internet in the development of this concept. An online survey aimed at testing the knowledge of the respondents on the concept, discover which elements affect  their involvement and find out how things can be improved by analysing the feedbacks. / Det är allmänt känt att världens beroenden av transporter bidrar till många miljöproblem, särskilt i stadsområden. Hållbar mobilitet är en lösning och en viktig dimension i en smart stad. Delade mobilitetstjänster är en del av hållbar mobilitet och dess portfölj har utökats särskilt under det senaste decenniet. Antalet användare är dock fortfarande lågt jämfört med den höga potentialen och innovativa lösningar kan bara lyckas med kombinationen av att öka medvetenheten om medborgarna, stimulera dem och främja deras beteendeförändringar. Denna rapport är inriktat på affärsmodellerna för delad mobilitet som en del av konsumtion genom samarbete och identifierar utmaningarna och möjligheterna på den nya marknaden i ett svenskt sammanhang och jämför det med en marockansk. Målet är att utforska huvudaktörerna hos de viktigaste marknadsaktörerna och möjliga sätt för förbättringar som möjligen kan ta bilpoolning och bildelning till nästa nivå. Potentialen inom gamification och andra mekanismer för att stimulera frivilliga beteendemässiga förändringar mot gemensamma mobila lösningar undersöks. Inledningsvis ger den teoretiska delen en översikt över den delade mobiliteten i allmänhet med sina olika aspekter som framhäver rollen som ny teknik och internet vid utvecklingen av detta koncept. Genom en online-undersökning som syftar till att testa kunskapen om konceptet hos de svarande, har faktorer som påverkar deras engagemang och hur saker kan förbättras identifierats.