Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka validiteten gällande hur väl accelerometern klassificerar mätningar vid 5 sekunders epok.  Metod: Ett total av 13 barn i åldrarna 3-5 år inkluderades i studien som genomfördes med accelerometer GT1M och observation med hjälp av observationsprotokollet CARS. Varje barn hade på sig accelerometern i totalt 55 minuter och observerades samtidigt. Detta för att sen jämföra om accelerometern klassificerar samma beteende som observatörerna observerar. Beteendena var indelade i 4 klassificeringar: stillasittande, låg fysisk aktivitet, moderat fysisk aktivitet och kraftig fysisk aktivitet. Den fysiska aktiviteten/inaktiviteten var uppskattad efter 5 olika forskares skärningspunkter: Freedson (FR), Puyau (PU), Treuth (TR), Mattocks (MT) och Evenson (EV). Sensitivitet (SE) och specificitet (SP) beräknades på de olika skärningspunkterna.  Resultat: FR och EV var de som stämde bäst överrens med CARS vid alla 4 intensitetsnivåerna men inte tillräckligt för att säga att accelerometern mäter det den avser att mäta vid de här skärningspunkterna. De andra FR, PU och TR klassificerade stillasittande som stillasittande men precis som de två skärningspunkterna ovan var de sämre på att klassificera de andra 3 intensitetsnivåerna.   Konklusion: Accelerometern är bra på att klassificera intensitetsnivån stillasittande men vad gällande de andra intensitetsnivåerna; stående med rörelse, moderat fysisk aktivitet och kraftig fysisk aktivitet var accelerometern sämre på att klassificera det som rätt beteende vid 5 sekunders epok i förhållande till CARS-protokollet. Accelerometern och CARS är inte två metoder som fungerar att använda tillsammans utifrån valda skärningspunkter.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 333-342). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

In the past few years there has been a dramatic change in the orientation of marketing, and strategic thinking has become the order of the day. More and more attention has been paid to the competitor. Competitive marketing in general has become an area of primary concern to marketers, managers, and businessmen. Despite its potential, however, competitive marketing strategy has received relatively little attention in the marketing literature. Few studies have provided analytical techniques for gaining a clearer understanding of industries and competitors, and those that have emerged are considered to lack breadth and comprehensiveness. This study of competitive marketing strategy represents a step towards bridging this gap, by reviewing the concepts and issues related to the practice of competitive strategy and its relation to corporate success. It shows how marketing factors, besides others, shape the competitive position of firms within an industry or any industry within the world market place. A general view of competitive marketing strategy is presented and thereafter illustrated with specific evidence about the competitive dilemma facing the British car industry. It is hoped that this work will not only provide help for practitioners who need to develop an appropriate strategy for a particular business, or scholars trying to understand competition better, but also be of help to analysts and policy makers within government who wish to understand the pressures that affect the competitive position in an industry or the whole economy in the world trade scene. The study generally makes the point that it is, after all, the practice of competitive marketing strategies within individual businesses that largely determines national competitiveness.

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy allows fast, label-free and chemically selective imaging of condensed-phase samples thanks to its high signal sensitivity. It also offers several other advantages such as intrinsic three-dimensional sectioning capability, longer penetration depth and high spatial resolution. In conventional CARS microscopy, two synchronized narrowband laser pulses are typically used to generate signals at a single vibrational resonance, from which vibrational images are constructed. Although this type of CARS methods has been proven to be an excellent visualizing tool for lipid in biological samples, it has two serious problems. First, the ubiquitous nonresonant background smears out vibrational signals, which makes quantitative image analysis very difficult. Second, the chemical information obtained in this method is seriously limited since only a single vibrational resonance is measured, which is far less information than full vibrational spectrum can offer. In the past few years, we have developed several novel CARS imaging techniques that can overcome these issues. All our methods require only a single broadband laser and produce background-free vibrational spectrum by combining the laser pulse shaping and various signal detection schemes. The first one obtains a vibrational spectrum over 800 ~ 1800 cm-1 in a single measurement by simultaneous excitation of multiple vibrational resonances and analysis of spectral interferences between the resonant and nonresonant signals. The second method adopts the spectral focusing mechanism, where stretched broadband pulses are used to excite a single vibrational resonance with great sensitivity. A novel frequency modulation (FM) scheme is invented to eliminate the non-resonant background. Complimentary spectral analysis algorithm is also developed to obtain quantitative CARS signals at the CH stretching region (2800 ~ 3100 cm-1). In this dissertation, the fundamental mechanisms, experimental implementations and various imaging applications of the above CARS methods are described in detail. / text

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy has developed rapidly and is opening the door to new types of experiments. This work describes the development of new laser sources for CARS microscopy and their use for different applications. It is specifically focused on multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy—the simultaneous combination of different imaging techniques. This allows us to address a diverse range of applications, such as the study of biomaterials, fluid inclusions, atherosclerosis, hepatitis C infection in cells, and ice formation in cells. For these applications new laser sources are developed that allow for practical multimodal imaging. For example, it is shown that using a single Ti:sapphire oscillator with a photonic crystal fiber, it is possible to develop a versatile multimodal imaging system using optimally chirped laser pulses. This system can perform simultaneous two photon excited fluorescence, second harmonic generation, and CARS microscopy. The versatility of the system is further demonstrated by showing that it is possible to probe different Raman modes using CARS microscopy simply by changing a time delay between the excitation beams. Using optimally chirped pulses also enables further simplification of the laser system required by using a single fiber laser combined with nonlinear optical fibers to perform effective multimodal imaging. While these sources are useful for practical multimodal imaging, it is believed that for further improvements in CARS microscopy sensitivity, new excitation schemes are necessary. This has led to the design of a new, high power, extended cavity oscillator that should be capable of implementing new excitation schemes for CARS microscopy as well as other techniques. Our interest in multimodal imaging has led us to other areas of research as well. For example, a fiber-coupling scheme for signal collection in the forward direction is demonstrated that allows for fluorescence lifetime imaging without significant temporal distortion. Also highlighted is an imaging artifact that is unique to CARS microscopy that can alter image interpretation, especially when using multimodal imaging. By combining expertise in nonlinear optics, laser development, fiber optics, and microscopy, we have developed systems and techniques that will be of benefit for multimodal CARS microscopy. / Thesis (Ph.D, Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy) -- Queen's University, 2011-08-11 13:46:26.065

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Waikato, 2007. / Title from PDF cover (viewed October 6, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 304-332)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Davis, 2007. / Text document in PDF format. Title from PDF title page (viewed on August 30, 2009). "Received by ITS-Davis: February 2007"--Publication detail webpage. Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-271).