Faculty of Humanities School of Arts 0318400x camato@mweb.co.za / This report contributes to the analysis of the visual language of the political cartoon by comparing the work of the South African cartoonist Zapiro and the American cartoonist Michael Ramirez since September 2001. The central topics investigated are the subjects’ contrasting approaches to the task of satirising incumbent domestic and foreign political leaders, their treatment of paradox and ambiguity in subject matter, and the relationships between iconographic and iconoclastic satirical modes in their work. The subjects’ technical approaches to caricature are compared, with particular reference to their drawings of Thabo Mbeki and George W. Bush, and their respective approaches to obituary cartoons are contrasted. The main conclusion of the report is that Zapiro’s willingness and ability to dramatise and accommodate conflicting historical narratives in his cartoons, and his capacity to comment on the act of cartooned satire itself, are important reasons why he exploits and expands the potential of the form to a greater degree than Ramirez does.

NPR (Non-Photorealistic Rendering) is a new and quick-developed research topic in Image Processing. The main purpose of NPR is to generate sketching or comics, something different from photos, automatically by computer algorithms. Examples of such applications include pen-and-ink tree or watercolor. On the other hands, there is another technique called PR (Photorealistic Rendering). The goal of PR is to generate real objects by computer algorithms. The performance of a PR program depends on the realities of the objects generated by the PR program. Furthermore, NPR includes two modes: one is with Physical Model and the other is not. 1.¡@With Physical Model: Researchers could write programs to simulate NPR by the properties of Physical Model. 2.¡@Without Physical Model: Researchers could write programs to simulate NPR by their observations and deliberation. Our research belongs to the second one, NPR without Physical Model. In the efforts of artists, some common consensuses about human facial proportion are brought up gradually. Then, the common standards are produced. In our research, there are several steps. First, read an input human front photo and separate main features from face, include the maximal and minimal values of left and right eyebrows, left and right eyes, left and right ears, nose and mouth, in horizontal and vertical. Then quantify these facial features. Next, we would construct a standard model based on the facial feature standard in arts. Compare the values we obtain from input human front photo with the values in the standard model, then we could obtain a cartoon face model. At last, adjust and exaggerate features according to scale relations between features of input face front photo and standard model and the distance among facial features. Keys of facial features transformation in this step are enlarging, shrinking, closing and separating. In varied parts, like face form and hair form, we hope to extract some sample feature points and use Bezier Curve in Numerical Analysis to draw them. That is because that lines of cartoon, unlike real human face, are sketched very smoothly and colors are uniform in general. We also provide several roles, one four grids comic and one cartoon animation. Users could import results of programs to those test images or image sequence, then complete these comics or cartoons based on input human face front photos. By this research, we hope that we could reach the goal that makes everyone as a main character of comics or cartoons.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Computer Science)--Vanderbilt University, May 2006. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Canterbury, 2006. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-79). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Pietro Perugino's oeuvre is characterized by the reappearance of figures and motifs replicated through the reuse of cartoons. Perugino's deliberate self-plagiarism, despite being rooted in quattrocento compositional methods, exhibits an exploitation of the reproductive nature of the cartoon. While this practice allowed him to develop an efficient design process, the results of this imitation endowed Perugino's work with a formulaic quality, as was first noted by Giorgio Vasari in his Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects (1568). Significantly, in the sixteenth century, theorists revised the concept of imitation to incorporate not only the notion of replication, but emulation as well. An examination of Perugino's reproductive practices alongside this revised view of imitation elucidates the nature of Vasari's criticism, ultimately revealing why the critic placed him among artists of the quattrocento, rather than that of the cinquecento.

Eftersom våld gestaltat i cartoon-stil ofta anses mer accepterat för barn och ungdomar genom att våldet maskeras med en humoristisk gestaltning, har intresset varit att ta reda på vad i stiliseringen som har störst inverkan. Utifrån denna teoretiska utgångspunkt har arbetet ställt frågor kring hur stilisering av form eller textur påverkar uppfattningen av en karaktär i 3D-grafik. För att besvara dessa frågor utfördes ett praktiskt arbete bestående av två modellerade karaktärer, renderade i tre olika versioner. Dessa versioner bestod av olika kombinationer av relativt realistisk representation och stilisering i cartoon-stil, vilket innebar stilisering av textur eller form. Denna uppfattning undersöktes sedan främst ur barn och ungdomars perspektiv, genom enkäter baserade på främst slutna frågor och skalor. För att tydligare precisera vilken av dessa egenskaper som skulle påverka uppfattningen av våld mest, skulle undersökningen i ett framtida arbete kunna vidareutvecklas genom att placera karaktärerna i en animation med en våldsam kontext.

Orientador: José Sterza Justo / Banca: Rafael Siqueira de Guimarães / Banca: Nelson Pedro da Silva / Resumo: Neste trabalho fazemos uma análise do humor politicamente incorreto e escrachado do desenho animado estadunidense South Park tendo como norte: (1) que embora a comicidade na contemporaneidade esteja neutralizada e abrandada pelo humorismo light e politicamente correto, o discurso humorístico propagado por nosso corpus de estudo pode estar em sintonia com as características mais essenciais e inerentes a este gênero da linguagem (crítica, acidez, sarcasmo, caricatural, escatológico, grotesco); (2) e que quando o texto Southparkiano (episódios compostos por narrativas, diálogos e imagens) inverte os discursos hegemônicos possibilitaria reflexões acerca destes, atentando para que tanto esses discursos contra-hegemônicos, quanto os discursos hegemônicos, são infalíveis, não sendo estritamente corretos e/ou verdadeiros. / Abstract: In this work we do an analysis of politically incorrect humor of the American South Park cartoon with a north: (1) although the comic discourse in contemporary is neutralized and softened by the light humor and the politically correct, the humorous discourse propagated by the corpus of our study can be in keeping with the essential features and inherent to this genre language (critic, acidity, sarcasm, caricature, scatological, grotesque); (2) and that when the South Park's text (episodes composed narratives, dialogues and images) reverses the hegemonic discourses it could enable reflections about them, paying attention to these counter-hegemonic discourses and hegemonic discourses are both infallible, not strictly correct and/or true at all. / Mestre

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I detta examensarbete undersöks normbildande och reproducering av normer i samband med bilder i läromedel som används av modersmålslärare i Eskilstuna Kommun. Arbetet bygger på problematiken att stereotyper och reproducering av normer är vanligt förkommande i läromedlen samt att lärarnas brist på tid och möjlighet att granska läromedlen normkritiskt. Syftet med arbetet är att formge ett gestaltningsförslag till ett illustrerat hjälpmedel för normkritisk granskning av läromedel till vilket modersmålslärarna i Eskilstuna är målgrupp. Teori-och metod- val samt gestaltningsarbete utgår från frågeställningar om vilka normer som är vanligast förekommande i sagda läromedel, vilka av dessa som bör behandlas i detta arbete samt hur materialets karaktärer bör illustreras baserat på retorik, kogni- tionsvetenskap och normkritiskt perspektiv. Resultat av de litteraturstudier, kvalita- tiva intervjuer, expertintervju och analyser av läromedel som utförts presenteras och diskuteras. Baserat på dessa resultat har ett gestaltningsarbete utförts och ett gestaltningsförslag har tagits fram. Arbetet avslutas med metodkritik, en diskussionsdel där frågeställningar besvaras, gestaltningsarbetet diskuteras och en slutsats levereras. / In this thesis, the formation and reproduction of norms in connection with pictures from teaching materials used by teachers in native languages in Eskilstuna Municipality, are researched. The thesis is based on the complex of problems that stereotypes and reproduction of norms are common in the teaching materials and the teachers lack time and possibilities to review the materials with a perspective of norm criticism. The thesis objective is to design a draft of a material from which the teachers can be supported when they are reviewing their teaching materials. The choice of theories and methods and design choices are based on questions about which norms are most common in the teaching materials, which of those should be considered in this thesis and how the materials characters should be illustrated based on rhetoric and cognition theories and a perspective of norm criticism. The results of literature studies, interviews and analyzes of teaching materials is presented and discussed. A design draft has been produced based on these results. Wrapping up the thesis is criticism of methods, a discussion which contains the answering of the question formulations and criticism of the design and lastly a con clusion is delivered.