The aim of this study was to assess the potential nutritive value for sheep, of two drought tolerant leguminous shrubs (Cassia sturtii and Sutherlandia microphylla) in terms of chemical composition, degradation parameters, digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters, intake, microbial nitrogen synthesis and nitrogen balance as well as the rumen kinetics when compared to that of Medicago sativa. The crude ash concentration of all three forages differs, with S. microphylla and C. sturtii lower than M. sativa. M. sativa has a crude ash concentration almost twice the amount of both S. microphylla and C. sturtii. Wilcock et al., (2004) reported ash values for C. sturtii stems and leaves of 53 and 73 g/kg and that of S. microphylla at 25 and 64g/kg respectively. Values for C. sturtii are lower while those of S. microphylla compare well to the average of the whole plant. The mean CP and CF concentration differed between species with C. sturtii having the lowest CP and M. sativa the highest. S. microphylla had the highest CF while M. sativa had the lowest. The NDF and ADF levels of the samples varied between all three species with S. microphylla being the highest and M. sativa the lowest. Values for C. sturtii were in between those of the two other forages. The ADL concentration of S. microphylla was higher than both C. sturtii and M. sativa. The degree of lignification in C. sturtii was high (23.8% of NDF was ADL). The degree of lignification of S. microphylla was 26.8%, which is higher than that of C. sturtii, while M. sativa is the same as C. sturtii. The calcium concentrations of C. sturtii and M. sativa are similar and have a higher concentration than S. microphylla. M. sativa and C. sturtii had a higher phosphorus concentration than S. microphylla. With respect to magnesium (Mg), C. sturtii and M. sativa have a similar composition while S. microphylla has a lower concentration. The iron concentration of all three plants differs, with M. sativa having the lowest concentration and C. sturtii the highest. The copper concentrations in M. sativa and C. sturtii were similar, while that of S. microphylla was slightly lower. The zinc concentrations in M. sativa and C. sturtii were similar, while that of S. microphylla was slightly higher. Manganese concentration of all three species differs, with C sturtii being the lowest and S. microphylla the highest. The plants from this trial were analysed for selenium but none or very insignificant levels were found and were not worth reporting. The apparent DM digestibility of S. microphylla is significantly lower than M. sativa while it did not differ significantly from C. sturtii. C. sturtii did not differ significantly from both M. sativa and S. microphylla. The CP digestibility of all three species did not differ significantly, however that of M. sativa is numerically higher. With regards to the apparent NDF digestibility, C. sturtii and S. microphylla differ significantly to M. sativa with lower NDF digestibility values. The apparent OM digestibility followed the same trend as that of apparent DM digestibility. The average intake was very different between species, with C. sturtii being the lowest and M. sativa the highest. The animals consuming either C. sturtii or S. microphylla tended to lose body weight during the experimental period, while those eating M. sativa gained body weight. Voluntary intake parameters of C. sturtii and S. microphylla were lower and differed significantly between M. sativa. The DM intake of M. sativa was higher than both C. sturtii and S. microphylla. The ME was the highest for M. sativa while S. microphylla was significantly different and had the lowest value. C. sturtii had an ME value similar to both M. sativa and S. microphylla. The ME intake of S. microphylla was 2.89 MJ/day compared to that of M. sativa of 8.57 MJ/day. Rumen NH3-N concentrations of C. sturtii were the lowest and differed significantly from S. microphylla and M. sativa. Sheep receiving C. sturtii had the lowest total rumen VFA concentration and was significantly different from M. sativa which had the highest value. S. microphylla had a similar total VFA concentration to both C. sturtii and M. sativa. C. sturtii had the lowest proportion of acetate but did not differ significantly compared to S. microphylla, while both were significantly different to M. sativa, which had the highest value. The propionate concentration for all three forages did not differ significantly. S. microphylla had the highest fibre concentration, therefore leading to higher acetate concentrations than C. sturtii but not higher than M. sativa, suggesting the fibre of S. microphylla is less digestible. This is supported by the low apparent NDF digestibility for S. microphylla. Nitrogen intake was highest for M. sativa and was significantly different from C. sturtii and S. microphylla. The same trend followed for faecal and urinary nitrogen output as well as nitrogen retention. The nitrogen retention for all species was positive with C. sturtii being the lowest. These values compare well to the CP content of the three forages with C. sturtii the lowest and M. sativa the highest concentration. The daily urinary allantoin elimination did not differ between C. sturtii and S. microphylla but was significantly different and higher for M. sativa. The amount of microbial nitrogen supplied to the animal (g/day and g/kg DOMI) followed the same trend as allantoin. M. sativa had significantly higher a-values (soluble fraction) for both DM and NDF degradation compared to the two shrub species at a rate constant of 0.02/h. C. sturtii had a higher b-value (potentially degradable fraction) for DM degradation compared to S. microphylla which shows that S. microphylla DM component was most readily soluble. For NDF, however, the b-values didn’t differ among the species. Species had also no effect on the c-values (rate of degradation of the potentially degradable fraction b) of both DM and NDF. Therefore all species appear to have a similar potential source of energy for use by micro-organisms in the rumen. Effective DM degradability of C. sturtii and S. microphylla was similar while that of M. sativa was significantly higher. The effective NDF degradability for C. sturtii and S. microphylla was similar and M. sativa again had a significantly higher NDF degradability. The rumen DM degradability for all three species showed a similar trend but much higher values than the apparent DM digestibility. The rumen NDF degradability values were almost identical to those reported for apparent NDF digestibility. The rate of intake and rate of digestion for C. sturtii and S. microphylla did not differ significantly, while that of M. sativa was the highest and significantly different. The rate of passage for all three species was similar. The percent NDF digested in the rumen differed significantly between all three species with C. sturtii being the lowest and M. sativa the highest. The percent NDF passing from the rumen also differed significantly between all three species, however this time C. sturtii being the highest and M. sativa the lowest, which corresponds well to the values for NDF digested in the rumen. It is concluded that C. sturtii and S. microphylla are of a slightly lower nutritional value for sheep than M. sativa. If these two leguminous fodder species were to be used as maintenance feed, some other supporting source of energy would need to be supplied in order for these sheep to be maintained over a long period. The negative effect of all fibre related parameters (CF, NDF, ADF and ADL) in C. sturtii and S. microphylla, reduced digestibility as well as intake, leading to a forage of lower nutrient value as compared to M. sativa. The effect of anti-nutritional factors present in C. sturtii and S. microphylla on the digestibility of forages and nutrient contribution from forages needs to be studied to determine if these play a role in reducing the nutritional value. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:56:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARAISA DELMUT BORGES.pdf: 2802865 bytes, checksum: 16472cb529ca2063653b711ead77427b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-12 / INTRODUCTION: The snake bites caused by Bothrops snakes constitute a major public health problem in tropical regions around the world. Research is being developed with the goal of finding therapies and substances that can be used to decrease local reaction caused by the snake bite, among them is the use of medicinal plants such as Cassia occidentalis. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the healing activity of ethanolic extracts of roots and leaves of Cassia occidentalis in skin wounds in mice induced by the venom of Bothrops moojeni. METHODS: The hydroalcoholic extract was obtained by the method of percolation. The extracts of leaves and root of C. occidentalis a occidentalis at 10% were incorporated in Lanette cream. The study used 36 female Swiss albino mice, 60 days old, divided randomly into two groups (n = 18) and subdivided into three subgroups (n = 6). For the wound induction, the animals were anesthetized the dorsal-cervical region was shaved and intradermal inoculation was made with 4 mg of the venom of Bothrops moojeni diluted in saline in order to cause local necrosis.RESULTS: The leaves extract of C. occidentalis at 10% cream Lanette stimulated angiogenesis in wounds at the 7th and 14th day after the inoculation of the venom of Bothrops moojeni. CONCLUSIONS: The leaf extract of Cassia occidentalis at 10% cream Lanette, had a positive effect on healing, that justifies the use of this plant in the treatment of snakebites wounds. / INTRODUÇÃO:Os acidentes ofídicos provocados por serpentes do gênero Bothrops constituem importante problema de Saúde Pública em regiões tropicais de todo o mundo. Pesquisas estão sendo desenvolvidas com o objetivo de diminuir a reação local provocada pelo envenenamento botrópico, com o uso de várias substâncias e terapias e entre elas, o uso de plantas medicinais, como a Cassia occidentalis usada popularmente para picada de cobra.OBJETIVOS:Avaliar a atividade cicatrizante dos extratos etanólicos da raiz e das folhas da Cassia occidentalis em feridas cutâneas em camundongos induzidas pelo veneno da Bothrops moojeni.METODOLOGIA:O extrato hidroalcoólico foi obtido através do método de percolação,10% dos extratos de folhas e raiz da C. occidentalis foram incorporados em creme Lanette. Foram utilizados 36 camundongos albinos Swiss, fêmeas, com 60 dias de idade, peso entre 20 a 40 g. Os animais (n=36) foram pesados e divididos de forma aleatória, em dois grupos (n=18) e subdivididos em três subgrupos (n=6), Para a indução da ferida, os animais foram anestesiados, por via muscular, com uma associação de cloridrato de cetamina e cloridrato de xilazina nas doses de 70 mg Kg-1 e 10 mg Kg-1, respectivamente. Após a tricotomia da região dorsocervical, foram inoculados intradermicamente com 4 µg da peçonha da B. moojeni diluída em salina, a fim de se provocar uma necrose local.RESULTADOS:O extrato das folhas da C. occidentalis a 10% em creme Lanette estimulou a angiogênese em feridas na derme de camundongos no 7º e 14º dias após a inoculação do veneno da B. moojeni.CONCLUSÕES:Dessa forma, a atividade angiogênica do extrato da folha da Cassia occidentalis evidenciada pode justificar os achados observados na macroscopia, onde foi evidenciada melhor resolução do processo cicatricial.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T16:29:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2108_1.pdf: 1017199 bytes, checksum: 172eb2d0f5a24a140eaf978df346f816 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Cassia occidentalis L., conhecida popularmente como Fedegoso, é amplamente utilizada como medicamento natural em regiões de florestas e outras áreas tropicais ao redor do mundo, para o tratamento de cólicas intestinais e uterinas, estados febris, processos inflamatórios e como diurético, laxante, expectorante e abortivo. O fitoterápico CASSIA VIRGÍNICA®, comercializado pelo Laboratório Pernambucano (LAPERLI), preparado a partir de caules e folhas de Cassia occidentalis, tem sido indicado para o tratamento de gripes, febres, úlceras varicosas e erisipelas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a presença de efeitos antiinflamatório, analgésico, antipirético e antiulcerogênico, bem como o potencial toxicológico reprodutivo do fitoterápico CASSIA VIRGÍNICA®. Foram usados ratos Wistar e camundongos, de ambos os sexos, adultos, tratados oralmente com o extrato seco de CASSIA VIRGÍNICA® em diferentes doses, 50, 100, 200, 250, 400 e 500mg/kg, na dependência do ensaio realizado. O estudo farmacológico foi realizado utilizando o modelo de edema de pata induzido por injeção subplantar de carragenina, dextrana e histamina, para avaliar a atividade antiinflamatória aguda; o modelo de analgesia utilizando o ácido acético para indução de contorções abdominais; o modelo de febre induzida por levedura de cerveja e o modelo de úlcera induzida pela administração de etanol. Para avaliar a toxicidade reprodutiva, ratas Wistar prenhes foram tratadas oralmente, durante os períodos de pré-implantação (1º ao 6º dia de gestação) e organogênese (7º ao 14º dia de gestação), nas doses de 250mg/kg e 500mg/kg. No 20º dia de gestação, as ratas foram sacrificadas, laparotomizadas e avaliadas quanto a parâmetros reprodutivos (número de fetos vivos e mortos, relação feto/mãe, massa dos fetos, das placentas e dos ovários, número de corpos lúteos, relação corpo lúteo/mãe, número de sítios de implantação, índice de implantação, número de sítios de reabsorção, perda pré e pósimplantação). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o extrato seco de CASSIA VIRGÍNICA® produziu uma redução máxima aproximada de 55% e 41% no edema de pata induzido pela carragenina e dextrana, respectivamente, porém não, no edema induzido pela histamina. Houve diminuição significativa das contorções abdominais nos animais tratados com o fitoterápico de 71, 60 e 62%, respectivamente nas doses de 100, 200 e 400mg/kg. Com relação à atividade antipirética, o fitoterápico na dose de 400mg/kg produziu redução significativa da temperatura, maior do que 1°C (36,58±0,19 para 35,32±0,48), a partir da primeira hora de administração, de maneira semelhante à produzida pela dipirona (35,23±0,23). O extrato protegeu a mucosa gástrica contra lesões induzidas por etanol nas doses de 100 e 200mg/kg com percentual de área ulcerada igual a 8,52±1,34% e 11,62±1,24% correspondendo a uma redução em relação ao controle (19,73±2,41), de 56 e 41% da área ulcerada. Os resultados mostraram que não ocorreram diferenças estatisticamente significantes quanto aos parâmetros reprodutivos avaliados. Porém, foi constatada a presença de feto morto, tanto na dose de 250 quanto de 500mg/kg do extrato seco de CASSIA VIRGÍNICA®. Os resultados indicam que o fitoterápico possui atividades antiedematogênica, analgésica e antipirética, porém, mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer os mecanismos envolvidos nestas atividades. A vantagem do fitoterápico em relação aos antiinflamatórios atuais é que esta não apresenta propriedade irritante de mucosa gástrica, pelo contrário, possui um efeito gastroprotetor. A constatação de feto morto sugere que os estudos devem ser ampliados para melhor caracterizar os efeitos tóxicos do fitoterápico e seu uso não deve ser recomendado durante o período de gestação

The southeastern part of the Black Pine Mountains is located in the southeastern part of Cassia County, southern Idaho. The Utah-Idaho state line is three miles south of the studied area and the Cassia-Oneida county line bounds it on the east. The area is nearly square and encompasses about 30 square miles. Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Permian, Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary rocks are exposed within the area. Limestone, dolomitic limestime, quartzite, and beeded chert represent the Jefferson Formation of Devonian age. It is 400 feet thick, however, the base is not exposed. The Milligen Formation is Early Mississippian in age and is black argillite with interbedded orthoquartzite. The Milligen is about 1,850 feed thick. The Late Mississippian White Knob Formation is 2,400 feet thick and has two members. The lower member is limestone interbedded with calcareous siltstone. Massive blue-gray limestone with some chert nodules characterizes the upper member. The undifferentiated Pennsylvanian-Permian unit is 1,800 feet of mostly sandy limestone. Quartzite and calcareous sandstone are also present. Tertiary rocks are present in the form of an orangish-white tuff which is considered part of the Salt Lake Formation. Lake Bonneville Group, alluvial, and landslide deposits represent the Quaternary System. Most of these are unconsolidated silt, sand, and gravel deposits. However, the Lake bonneville Group displays a tightly cemented shore-line deposit in places. The effects of metamorphism are common in the area. The Milligen shows signs of contact and tectonic metamorphism. In places it has been bleached or altered to slate and phyllite. The White Knob Formation has been marblized at several locations. Igneous activity has emplaced two small dikes on the eastern flank of the Black Pine Mountains. Although they are highly altered, the original rock was apparently a diabase. The structure of the area is complex. Three low-angle thrust faults are present which are generally situated along bedding planes. The lower thrust fault separates the Jefferson and Milligen formations. The middle thrust fault intervenes at the Milligen-White Knob contact, Locally, this thrust fault has cut out the lower member of the White Knob. The upper thrust fault is present at the base of the undifferentiated Pennsylvanian-Permian strata. The upper thrust fault overlies the White Knob and, locally, the Milligen. Several high-angle faults are present which displace the low-angle thrust faults. A major range-front fault is present on the southeastern side of the range. Displacement on it may be as much as 6,500 feet. Mineralization in the area occurred during two episodes. The first was guided by fractures related to Laramide structure. This episode was characterized by mesothermal deposits of sphalerite, tetrahedrite, and jamesonite. Following the first mineral deposition Basin-.and-Range faulting began. New fract!lres provided a locus for mesothermal and epithermal deposits of the second episode. Calcite, barite, and gold were deposited at this time. Emplantation of the dikes probably accompanied this episode. (81 pages)

No description available.

If upland rice production is to be sustained on sloping land, soil erosion and fertility decline must be addressed. Where soil profiles are deep, hedgerows of Gliricidia sepium and Cassia spectabilis, planted on the contour, reduce soil erosion by promoting terrace formation and overcome fertility depletion by providing nutrient rich biomass. G. sepium and C. spectabilis established by seed survived better than by cuttings. Although increased hedgerow biomass was initially obtained when both species were intercropped, intense competition was observed in established hedgerows. Consequently, mixing both species at high planting density is not recommended as C. spectabilis, a non-fixing legume, may deplete soil-N reserves. In acid soils, biomass production of G. sepium was significantly increased when lime (6 t/ha) was applied. On 18 to 30% slopes, upland rice and maize production improved along fertility and moisture gradients. Rice yields were increased when biomass of G. sepium was incorporated into the soil, up to an optimum level equivalent to 40 kg N/ha. Mulching C. spectabilis increased maize productivity during the drought prone second season. Competition was observed at the hedgerow-crop interface particularly at the upper one as a result of terracing. Although green manuring increased crop yield, broadleaf weeds, seedling maggot, stemborer and blast also increased. Strategies to manage hedgerow biomass that minimize these problems need to be developed.

DIAS, Lucas Pinheiro. Purificação e caracterização bioquímica de um inibidor de tripsina de sementes de Cassia leiandra Benth. e avaliação de sua atividade inseticida contra Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). 2016. 81 f. Tese (Doutorado em Bioquímica)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016. / Submitted by Weslayne Nunes de Sales (weslaynesales@ufc.br) on 2017-03-29T16:22:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_lpdias.pdf: 1964581 bytes, checksum: 311be97d5f40d2773e56367b158412b4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2017-03-29T17:07:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_lpdias.pdf: 1964581 bytes, checksum: 311be97d5f40d2773e56367b158412b4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T17:07:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_lpdias.pdf: 1964581 bytes, checksum: 311be97d5f40d2773e56367b158412b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / The World Health Organization (WHO) considers dengue virus infection one of the most important public health problems. Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), a blood-sucking insect that lives and cohabits with the human population in tropical and subtropical areas, is the principal vector responsible for dengue virus transmission [3]. Ae. aegypti is also the main transmitter of Chikungunya and Zika viruses. To eliminate dengue mosquitoes, chemical control with insecticides is widely used. However, prolonged and indiscriminate application of these compounds has favored the appearance of resistant insects. This issue has driven the search for natural compounds with insecticidal activity, and plants are potential sources of such constituents. This present study reports the purification and biochemical characterization of a trypsin inhibitor (ClTI) from the seeds of Cassia leiandra Benth. (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae), a plant species native to the Amazon rainforest. In addition, the ClTI action on Ae. aegypti midgut proteases and its effect on the development and survival of this mosquito are assessed. ClTI was purified by DEAE-Cellulose and trypsin-Sepharose 4B chromatography, with a 15.5-fold purification and 2.4% yield. ClTI is composed of one polypeptide chain of 19,484 Da, as revealed by ESI mass spectrometry, is non-glycosylated, and comprises 35% β-sheets, 14% β-turns, and 50% disordered structures. ClTI is an uncompetitive inhibitor of bovine trypsin (IC50 of 33.81 x 10-8 M), with a Ki of 6.25 x 10-8 M, and has an amino acid sequence similar to other inhibitors of the Kunitz-type family. ClTI was stable over a broad range of pH (2.2–10.0) and temperature (30–70 C), but DTT incubation caused a partial loss of inhibitory activity. ClTI (4.65 x 10-6 M) promoted 50% activity reduction of Ae. aegypti midgut proteases, showed a dose-dependent acute toxicity on Ae. aegypti 3rd instar larvae, with an LC50 of 2.28 x 10-2 M, and after ten days of exposure, caused a 24-h delay of larval development and 44% mortality. Our results are an important contribution to a better understanding of the insecticidal activity of protease inhibitors, suggesting that ClTI has biotechnological potential as an alternative strategy to control this multiple disease vector, which may be used alone or in combination with other insecticidal compounds to produce enhanced toxicity. / A Organização Mundial da Saúde considera a dengue como um dos mais importantes problemas de saúde pública. Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), um inseto sugador de sangue que se desenvolve em áreas tropicais e subtropicais, é o principal vetor do vírus da dengue, além de ser um importante transmissor das viroses Zica e Chikungunya. O controle químico através de inseticidas é bastante usado no combate do Ae. aegypti, mas sua aplicação indiscriminada e prolongada tem favorecido o surgimento de insetos resistentes. Isso tem motivado a busca por compostos naturais com atividade inseticida e as plantas têm se sobressaído como potenciais fontes de tais substâncias. Este estudo teve como objetivo a purificação e caracterização bioquímica de um inibidor de tripsina, denominado ClTI, de sementes de Cassia leiandra Benth. (Fabaceae, Caesalpinoideae), uma espécie vegetal nativa da Amazônia. A ação do ClTI sobre proteases intestinais do Ae. aegypti e seus efeitos no desenvolvimento e sobrevivência desse inseto foram também investigados. O ClTI foi purificado por cromatografias em DEAE-Celulose e tripsina-Sepharose 4B, com índice de purificação de 15,5 vezes e rendimento proteico de 2,4%. O inibidor puro é composto de uma cadeia polipeptídica de 19.484 Da, como mostrado por espectrometria de massas com ionização por “electrospray” (ESI), não glicosilado e apresenta estrutura secundária constituída por 35% de folhas-β, 14% de β-voltas e 50% de estruturas desordenadas. O ClTI é um inibidor incompetitivo de tripsina bovina (CI50 de 33,81 x 10-8 M), com Ki de 6,25 x 10-8 M e sequência de aminoácidos similar às de outros inibidores da família Kunitz. ClTI se mostrou estável em ampla faixa de pH (2,2-10,0) e temperatura (30-70 C), mas a incubação com ditiotreitol causou perda parcial de sua atividade inibitória. In vitro, ClTI (4,65 x 10-6 M) promoveu redução de 50% na atividade das proteases intestinais de Ae. aegypti. In vivo, esse inibidor apresentou toxicidade aguda dose-dependente para larvas de 3 estágio de Ae. aegypti, com uma CL50 de 2,28 x 10-2 M. O tratamento crônico de Ae. aegypti com ClTI (1,54 x 10-5 M concentração final) não interferiu na eclosão dos ovos, mas retardou o desenvolvimento larval do inseto em 24 h e causou mortalidade de 44%. Os resultados obtidos contribuem para um melhor entendimento da atividade inseticida dos inibidores de proteases e sugerem que ClTI tem potencial biotecnológico para ser usado como estratégia alternativa no controle desse vetor de várias doenças, o qual pode ser usado sozinho ou em combinação com outros compostos inseticidas na perspectiva de potencializar a toxicidade

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T16:29:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2155_1.pdf: 1323280 bytes, checksum: 9c5606eb8f0077928001c05e2eec47b3 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Cassia occidentalis L. (Leguminosae) popularmente conhecida como fedegoso é geralmente encontrada em regiões de florestas e em outras áreas tropicais ao redor do mundo. Na medicina tradicional, raízes, folhas e caules são usados como laxante, antiinflamatório, analgésico, antipirético, diurético, hepatoprotetor, vermicida e abortivo. Baseado principalmente no largo uso popular, a Cassia occidentalis é comercializada por alguns laboratórios farmacêuticos entre eles o Laboratório Pernambucano Ltda. (LAPERLI) com o nome comercial de CASSIA VIRGÍNICA®. O fitoterápico CASSIA VIRGÍNICA®, preparado a partir de caules e folhas de Cassia occidentalis (CO), tem sido indicado para o tratamento de gripes, febres, úlceras varicosas e erisipelas. Apesar do amplo uso desta espécie, poucos são os trabalhos disponíveis na literatura sobre seu potencial toxicológico. A maioria dos estudos toxicológicos utilizando Cassia occidentalis, refere-se à toxicidade de suas sementes. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a segurança da administração oral do extrato seco de caules e folhas de Cassia occidentalis (CASSIA VIRGÍNICA®) em ratos Wistar de ambos os sexos. Para isto, foram realizados testes de toxicidade aguda nas doses de 0.625 a 5.0 g/kg, de toxicidade subcrônica e de toxicidade reprodutiva nas doses de 0.10, 0.50 e 2.5 g/kg/dia. Os resultados demonstraram que, nos estudos de toxicidade aguda, CO não produziu morte ou sinais de toxicidade em doses de até 5.0 g/kg. A administração por 30 dias de CO não alterou os parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos dos animais tratados, que se mantiveram dentro dos valores de referência para espécie. Entretanto, foi constatada uma discreta diarréia durante o período de tratamento. Não foram observadas alterações significativas na massa corporal nem no consumo de água e ração. Também não foram registradas alterações significativas nas massas, absoluta e relativa, e nem na morfologia macroscópica externa ou microscópica dos principais órgãos. Nos estudos que avaliaram a capacidade reprodutiva em machos, o tratamento durante 60 dias com CO não produziu efeitos tóxicos sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos ou sobre os conceptos. Além disso, não houve alteração significativa nas massas dos órgãos reprodutivos (epidídimo, vesícula seminal, ducto deferente, testículos, próstata) nem no número de espermatozóides. Desta forma, conclui-se que extrato seco de caules e folhas de Cassia occidentalis (CASSIA VIRGÍNICA®) é seguro por via oral, uma vez que apresentou baixa toxicidade aguda e subcrônica e não interferiu na capacidade reprodutiva dos ratos Wistar

In dié studie is sekere aspekte van voedingswaarde van droogtebestandegewasse, tussen twee seisoene en op drie verskillende lokaliteite nl Hatfield, Mier en Lovedale, geondersoek. Die spesies wat met mekaar vergelyk is, was: C. sturtii, A. nummularia, A. halimus A. canescens(Santa Rita), A. canescens (Veldreservaat 1), en A. canescens(Rincon). Die twee seisoene was herfs en winter. Uit dié resultate kan die volgende afleiding gemaak word:betekenisvolle(P < 0.05) laer blaar-totstamverhouding gedurende die winter as die herfs kon by die onderskeie proefpersele van, C. sturtii en A. canescens (Veld 1)(Hatfield); A. canescens(Veld 1) en A. canescens(Rincon)(Mier); A. canescens(Veld 1) en A. canescens(Santa Rita)(Lovedale), waargeneem word. In teenstelling met die bogenoemde bevindinge het A. nummularia(Lovedale) betekenisvol (P < 0.05) hoër blaar-totstamverhouding in die winter as die herfs gehad. Vir A. canescens (Santa Rita) het die Mier proefperseel betekenisvolle (P < 0.05) hoër blaar-tot-stamverhouding as die ander twee lokaliteite getoon. By al drie proefpersele, vir alle spesies, is die blaar RP % sowel as die IVDMV % van die blare betekenisvol (P < 0.05) hoër as dié van stamme. Vir al die spesies geoes by Mier, was die NBV % in die winter betekenisvol (P < 0.05) hoër as in die herfs. C. sturtii (Lovedale) het geen betekenisvolle (P > 0.05) verskille in die chemiese samestelling tussen seisoene getoon nie, terwyl die ander spesies wel betekenisvolle (P < 0.05) verskille getoon het. Slegs in die geval van A. nummularia kon betekenisvolle (P < 0.05) verskille in IVDMV % tussen lokaliteite waargeneem word. Indien die tempo van degradasie (c) gedurende die herfs by Hatfield geoes, tussen spesies vergelyk word, het A. canescens (Veld 1)betekenisvolle (P < 0.05) hoër c-waarde as dié vanaf A. nummularia en A.canescens (Santa Rita) gehad. Slegs monsters op Hatfield gedurende die herfs geoes kon betekenisvolle (P < 0.05) verskille in PD tussen A. canescens (Veld1) en A. nummularia waargeneem word. Slegs by Mier, in die herfs, het A. nummularia betekenisvol(P < 0.05) hoër ED as A. canescens (Veld 1) gehad. Vir wintermonsters kon geen betekenisvolle (P > 0.05) verskille in die c-waarde tussen spesies en lokaliteite waargeneem word nie. Wintermonsters, geneem te Mier, het A. canescens (Veld 1) betekenisvol (P < 0.05) laer PD as die ander spesies gehad, terwyl by Lovedale het A. canescens(Santa Rita) betekenisvol (P < 0.05) laer PD as die ander spesies gehad. A. nummularia het betekenisvol (P < 0.05) hoër ED as die ander spesies, by Mier en Lovedale, vir monsters wat gedurende winter geoes is, gehad. Wanneer gasproduksiewaardes tussen spesies vergelyk word, het A. canescens (Veld 1) betekenisvol (P < 0.05) minder gas as die ander spesies, vir inkubasie tye 20,30 en 44 ure, geproduseer. Betekenisvolle (P < 0.05) verskille in die a-waarde kon tussen die hoë C. sturtii en die lae A. canescens. (Santa Rita), maar nie tussen die ander spesies, waargeneem word. Betekenisvollen (P < 0.05) verskille in die b-waarde kon tussen: C. sturtii (145.1 ml/g DM), A. canescens (Veld 1)(127.9 ml/g DM)en A. canescens (Rincon)(164.9 ml/g DM) waargeneem word. Betekenisvolle verskille (P < 0.05) in die tempo van gasproduksie kon net tussen die hoë C. sturtii (0.086/h) en die lae A. canescens (Santa Rita)(0.065/h) waargeneem word. Betekenisvolle (P < 0.05) verskille in die potensiële gasproduksie (a + b) kon tussen: C. sturtii, A. canescens. (Veld 1) en A. canescens (Rincon) waargeneem word. Droogtebestande gewasse kan as medium tot lae kwaliteit voerbronne beskou word,wat op strategiese tye(droogte tye) benut kan word. ENGLISH : The nutritive value of four drought tolerant crops were investigated at three localities during two seasons. The species which have been compared, were C. sturtii, A. nummularia, A. halimus, A. canescens (Santa Rita), A. canescens (Field reserve 1), and (Rincon). The two seasons were autumn and winter. A significantly (P < 0.05) lower leaf-to-stem ratio was recorded for the species <i<C. sturtii and A. canescens (Field 1) at Hatfield, while at Mier A. canescens (Field 1) and A. canescens (Rincon) were found to have significant (P < 0.05)lower values in the winter than in the autumn. At Lovedale, the winter leaf-to-stem ratios were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than in the autumn for A. canescens (Field 1) and A. canescens (Santa Rita). In contrast to the above, A. nummularia had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher leaf-to-stem ratio in winter than in autumn at Lovedale. Overall, A. canescens (Santa Rita) harvested at Mier had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher leaf-to-stem ratio than material from the other two sites. At all the sampling sites and for all accessions the CP % and the IVDMD % of the leaves were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of the stems. The NDF % in most of the species harvested during winter, was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those harvested during autumn. C. sturtii was the only species for which no significant (P > 0.05) differences in the chemical composition could be found between the two seasons. Only in the case of A. nummularia could significant (P < 0.05) differences in the IVDMD % be found between localities. A. canescens (Field 1) harvested during autumn at Hatfield, had a significantly higher rate of passage(c) than A. nummularia and A. canescens (Santa Rita). Samples harvested at Hatfield in autumn also produced significant (P < 0.05) differences in PD between A. canescens (Field 1) and A .nummularia. Mier was the only sampling site where significantly (P < 0.05) higher (A. nummualaria) and lower (A. canescens(Field1)) ED were observed for samples taken during autumn. No significant (P > 0.05) differences in the rate of passage (c) were observed between species or sampling sites for samples taken during the winter. Winter samples taken from A. canescens (Field 1) at Mier and A. canescens (Santa Rita) taken from Lovedale, showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower PD than the other species. A. nummularia had significantly (P < 0.05) higher ED than the other species harvested at Mier and Lovedale, during winter. When gas production values between species were compared it was clear that A. canescens (Field1) produced significantly (P < 0.05) less gas compared to the other species at incubation times of 20, 30 and 44 hours. Significant (P < 0.05) differences in the a-values were also observed between the high C. sturtii and the low A. canescens (Santa Rita) values. Significant (P < 0.05) differences in the b-value were observed between C. sturtii (145.1ml/g DM), A. canescens (Field 1)(127.9 ml/g DM) and A. canescens (Rincon)(164ml/g DM). C. sturtii (0.086/h) and A. canescens (Santa Rita)(0.065/h) were the only species that differed significantly (P < 0.05) in terms of the rate of passage(c). Significant (P < 0.05) differences in the potential gas production (a + b) were observed between C.sturtii, A. canescens (Field 1) and A. canescens (Rincon). Drought resistant crops can be considered as a medium to low quality source of fodder which can be used at strategic times, especially during periods of drought. Copyright / Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬学) / 甲第18207号 / 薬博第797号 / 新制||薬||237(附属図書館) / 31065 / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科創薬科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 和久, 教授 掛谷 秀昭, 准教授 伊藤 美千穂 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM