Space constitutes one of the main leitmotifs of Czeslaw Milosz's work, both theoretical and poetic. Central in this respect is the notion of imagination as a faculty organizing space, the faculty which, from the times of the Scientific Revolution, has been subject to erosion, especially as far as the religious imagination is concerned. The abolition of the anthropocentric, hierarchical vision of space, threw human beings into a state of alienation, conceptual nowhere. Religion was replaced by the dogmatism of scientific reductionism, the reality of Ulro. Milosz shows the way out of Ulro, the way out of nowhere to the somewhere. This thesis aims to illustrate the conceptual map of the way out of Ulro as portrayed in four selected volumes of poetry and the novel Dolina Issy, anchored in different points of Milosz's biography. The Land of Ulro, the collection of essays which encapsulate Milosz's ideas on space, constitutes a canopy work for the interpretation of the practical realization of those ideas in Milosz's poetic work. Trzy zimy (1936), Swiat, poema naiwne (1943), Miasto bez imienia (1969), and Druga przestrzen (2002) provide the material for the analysis of different aspects of Milosz's conception of space. Subject to analysis is the relationship between object and human subject as regards the formative, childhood experience of the space of the house (manor) and surrounding landscape, the act of building space on the basis of memory and retrospection in the context of distance and exile, and the workings of religious imagination in the context of the realm of second space. Through his conception of space, Milosz defends human existence in its completeness. He shows the way out of Ulro. This thesis aims to retrace Milosz's map out of the land of alienation on the basis of the poet's selected works.

La géologie connaît à partir de la fin du 18ème siècle un véritable essor dont les conséquences ne tarderont pas à apparaître dans la peinture de paysage de l’époque. Délaissant désormais les cabinets d’histoire naturelle, les naturalistes se mettent à chercher sur le terrain des indices pour comprendre le passé de notre terre et notamment son extrême ancienneté. Les artistes imitent leur démarche en se passionnant à leur tour aux phénomènes naturels comme les volcans, les glaciers ou tout simplement les falaises. Sous le prisme des découvertes effectuées en géosciences, il s’agira de déterminer l’influence de certaines théories scientifiques sur la peinture de paysage. Au nombre de quatre, ces doctrines contribueront dans une certaine mesure à moderniser ce genre pictural trop sclérosé par la tradition. Des personnalités comme Alexandre d’lt, Louis Agassiz, James Hutton ou encore George Cuvier ont avec leurs doctrines scientifiques profondément changé la vision de notre globe terrestre quant à son histoire, son évolution et ses mécanismes. Notre étude qui abordera de nombreuses facettes des sciences de la terre comme la glaciologie et la paléontologie tentera de mettre en évidence la portée de ces nouvelles disciplines sur le développement de la peinture de paysage de la fin du 18ème siècle jusqu’aux années 1860. / From the final years of the eighteenth century, Geology enjoys a rapid development whose consequences won’t take long to react on the landscape painting of the time. Leaving from then on the study for the outer world, Naturalists set to look for clues on the ground to understand the past of our planet and particularly his old age. Artists imitate their reasoning and are fascinated as well by the naturals phenomenon like the volcanoes, the glaciers or simply the cliffs. Under the prism of the discoveries made in geosciences, it will be a matter to determine the influence of some scientific theories on the landscape painting. These doctrines will contribute to modernize this pictorial genre still too blocked by the tradition. Personalities such as Humboldt, Agassiz, Hutton and Cuvier have with their ideas profoundly changed the vision of our planet about his history, his evolution and his mechanisms. Our study which tackles some aspects of the geosciences like glaciology a paleontology will try to bring to the fore the range of these new scientific disciplines on the development of the landscape painting from the final years of the eighteenth century to the 1860 years.

Submitted by Ingrid Contreira (ingridcontreiradesu@gmail.com) on 2016-03-31T18:17:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 barbara.pdf: 3300313 bytes, checksum: 99a06794f8992e2f9727f60a8b87edf4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-31T18:17:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 barbara.pdf: 3300313 bytes, checksum: 99a06794f8992e2f9727f60a8b87edf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / O presente trabalho trata-se de uma tese de doutorado, produzida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, na linha de pesquisa de Fundamentos da Educação Ambiental. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar de que modo a revista Veja coloca em funcionamento e potencializa o dispositivo da Educação Ambiental no século XXI. Para realizar tal análise tomou-se como suporte os estudos de Michel Foucault e fez-se algumas aproximações com Gilles Deleuze. O trabalho analisa as reportagens de capa da revista Veja no período compreendido entre 2001 e 2012. Tal recorte se situa neste período porque, durante a coleta dos dados, percebeu-se que houve uma modificação no modo de abordar a questão ambiental na virada do século. Desse modo, o estudo situa-se em evidenciar uma determinada constituição discursiva de Educação Ambiental (EA) na revista. Entende-se que um dispositivo é composto por uma rede de elementos heterogêneos, e, sendo assim, a revista é uma das estratégias que opera com algumas enunciabilidades e visibilidades. Assim, trabalha-se com elementos importantes na constituição do dispositivo da EA. Analisa-se a constituição de enunciados e discursos que se atrelam e dão sustentação ao dispositivo – o enunciado catastrófico do Planeta Terra, por exemplo, o enunciado do antropocentrismo, o discurso de Crise Ambiental e o discurso da Ciência. Trabalha-se com a urgência histórica, mostrando em que residem algumas das condições de aparecimento da Educação Ambiental no século XX. Mapeia-se algumas leis importantes no campo da EA e que normatizam os modos de vida. Opera-se com o enunciável e o visível do dispositivo a partir das reportagens de Veja. Tais discussões encaminham-se no sentido de responder às questões da pesquisa e de sustentar que a Educação Ambiental vem sendo fabricada como um dispositivo na atualidade. O caminho metodológico da pesquisa opera com algumas ferramentas foucaultianas da análise do discurso. A tentativa do trabalho é olhar com desconfiança, hesitar e duvidar das verdades produzidas e proliferadas no material empírico. Talvez tal inquietude seja pela hegemonia que os discursos ambientalistas têm assumido nos últimos anos. Entende-se que estes ditos se pautam em emblemas muito caros aos pesquisadores da EA. Assim, o movimento desta tese é o de colocar-se a pensar de que modo a EA foi se conjecturando e funcionando como um dispositivo potente neste século. Neste sentido, trabalha-se com a formação do enunciado Catastrófico do Planeta Terra, potencializado na revista Veja no século XXI, evidencia-se que o catastrofismo não é uma novidade quando se trata do campo ambiental. Entretanto, na revista ele foi retomado e atualizado e sua atualização reside em indicar os modos corretos com que os sujeitos devem agir e se comportar diante da problemática ambiental. Tal enunciado, porém, não funciona sozinho, ele se atrela a outros enunciados e participa ativamente na construção de discursos. Desse modo, investe-se num estudo sobre a constituição de um discurso de Crise Ambiental e do quanto este se fabrica a partir de enunciados, apoiado em discursos e legitimado com o auxílio de saberes, como o da Estatística. Não basta dizer que se vive uma crise, é preciso mostrar! Para isso, se tem a ciência, os números e as probabilidades. São discursos e enunciados que se combinam para fazer ver e falar sobre o dispositivo da EA, apoiado e sustentado fortemente no dispositivo da sustentabilidade. Nesta trama discursiva há uma subjetivação dos sujeitos, ensinando-os determinadas práticas e atitudes necessárias, pois é necessário que consumam determinados produtos, adquiram determinados hábitos, preocupem-se com ações sustentáveis para viver no Planeta, etc. Assim, o trabalho procura mapear esta rede de elementos que compõe o dispositivo, evidenciando o quão estão interligados. / The present study it is a doctoral thesis produced in the Environmental Education Graduate Program of the Federal University of Rio Grande / FURG in the Fundaments of Environmental Education research line. The objective of this research is to analyze how Veja magazine has been establishing and enhancing the Environmental Education device during the 21st century. We employed the studies of Michel Foucault, and using some approaches of Gilles Deleuze to develop such analyses. Cover stories of Veja magazine in the period between 2001 and 2012 are analyzed. This specific period was chosen because during data collection, we noticed that there was a change in the way of addressing environmental issues by the turn of the century. Therefore, the study is aimed in evidencing a certain discursive shape of Environmental Education (EE) in the magazine. It is understood that a device is composed by a network of heterogeneous elements and, therefore, the magazine is one of the strategies that work with some enunciabilities and visibilities. So we work with important elements in the constitution of the Environmental Education’s device. We analyze the constitution of enunciations and discourses that are linked and sustain this device - the catastrophic enunciation of Planet Earth, for example; the enunciation of anthropocentrism; the discourse of Environmental Crisis and the discourse of Science. We work with historical urgency, showing some of the conditions that made EE appear in the 20th century. Some important rules of the EE field that regulate the way we live are mapped. We operate with what is enunciable and visible in the device based on Veja magazine reports. Such discussions aim answering the research questions and to sustain that environmental education has been manufactured nowadays as a device. The methodological approach of the research operates some Foucault tools of discourse analysis. The work is an attempt to look with suspicion, hesitation and to doubt the truths produced and proliferated in the empirical material. Perhaps such concern happens because of the hegemony that environmental discourses have taken in recent years. It is understood that these sayings are guided by signs that are very dear to environmental education researchers. Thus the movement of this thesis is to think how environmental education has been getting formed as a strong device in this century. In this sense, we work with the construction of the enunciation Catastrophic Planet Earth, intensified by Veja magazine in the 21st century; it is clear that catastrophism is nothing new when it comes to the environmental field. However, in this magazine it was taken and updated, and its upgrade happens by indicating the correct way that people should act and behave in the face of environmental issues. This enunciation, however, does not work alone; it is linked to other enunciations and participates actively in the construction of discourses. In this manner, we invest in studying the establishment of a discourse of Environmental Crisis and how much it is created based on enunciations, supported by discourses and legitimized with the aid of knowledge, such as statistics. It is not enough to tell that one lives a crisis, it must be shown! For this, we have sciences, numbers and probabilities. They are discourses and enunciations put together in order to make visible the environmental education device, which is based on and strongly supported by the sustainability device. In this discourse scheme there is a subjectification of the individuals, by teaching them certain practices and necessary attitudes, because it is necessary to consume certain products, to acquire certain habits, to be concerned about sustainable actions to live on the planet, etc. Thus, this work seeks to map this network of elements that make up the device, showing how much they are interconnected.

Cette thèse entend poser les fondements philosophiques d’une « conversion écologique » en éclairant la dimension ontologique de la crise écologique. Tout en s’inscrivant dans le sillage de l’Encyclique Laudato Si’, où le Pape François lance un vibrant appel à la conversion écologique, l’auteur s’efforce de penser les enjeux proprement philosophiques liés à cette notion. En s’appuyant sur des auteurs tels que Heidegger et Hans Jonas, la première partie de la recherche montre la nécessité d’une véritable « conversion » face au péril métaphysique que représente la technique envisagée ici comme dévoiement de notre « être-au-monde ». Dans un contexte marqué par la résurgence du catastrophisme, l’auteur entend ici souligner la dimension humaniste qui constituait l’horizon de la pensée de ses fondateurs (Günther Anders, Jacques Ellül) tout en confrontant leur vision à celle du « Principe Espérance » porté par Ernst Bloch.La seconde partie de la thèse consiste à poser les fondements éthiques et religieux du concept de conversion. De la metanoia platonicienne aux thérapies de l’âme stoïciennes et épicuriennes, l’auteur explore la place de la connaissance de la nature (physis) dans le « retour à Soi » (epistrophè) de ces sagesses grecques. Peut-on voir en elles la source d’une véritable « conversion écologique » par laquelle il s’agirait autant de convertir notre regard sur la nature que d’être converti par elle ? Si oui, quelles en seraient les modalités ? Dans cette perspective, quels sont les apports de la metanoia chrétienne par rapport à la metanoia platonicienne ? En quoi la « conversion des sens » portée à la fois par la mystique franciscaine et la « prière du cœur » des Pères neptiques dans le monde orthodoxe, constitue-t-elle une étape capitale pour penser la conversion écologique comme conversion du corps et du cœur ? Pour mener à bien cette analyse, l’auteur emprunte la méthode phénoménologique afin de mettre en lumière les liens entre conversion et réduction.La dernière partie, plus spécifiquement consacrée à l’écologie contemporaine, s’appuie sur les modalités de la conversion écologique esquissées avec les penseurs grecs et chrétiens pour penser une transformation profonde de notre « affect du monde ». En s’appuyant sur les notions merleau-pontiennes de « chair du monde » et de « monde brut », l’auteur cherche à penser une « empathie universelle » comme socle d’une nouvelle éthique environnementale. A travers une relecture merleau-pontienne de deux grands courants de l’écologie que sont l’écologie profonde (deep ecology) et la wilderness, l’auteur jette les bases d’une ontologie relationnelle dans deux directions. La première envisage la conversion écologique comme un approfondissement du Soi. Dans le sentiment de la wilderness, c’est autant la nature vierge à l’extérieur de nous que le « monde brut » au plus intime de nous-même, qu’il s’agit de préserver pour ouvrir la voie à une expérience transformante du monde telle que la décrit Henri-David Thoreau dans Walden ou la vie dans les bois. La seconde vise un élargissement du Soi par lequel la réalisation de Soi devient indissociable, par un mouvement d’identification, de celle de notre environnement, jusqu’à faire l’expérience charnelle de ce « Soi écologique » dont nous parle Arne Naess en écho à la « chair du monde » merleau-pontienne et aux théories de la Gestalt dont s’inspirent les deux auteurs. Conscient des limites de la pensée occidentale pour cheminer vers cette non - dualité, clé d’une empathie universelle, l’auteur montre, dans la dernière partie de son analyse, l’influence de la pensée bouddhique sur la deep ecology et explore une spiritualité de la résonance avec le bouddhisme zen japonais incarné dans la figure de Maître Dogen, jusqu’à penser une « échologie de la Joie ». / This thesis is an attempt to provide the philosophical foundations for an ecological conversion while revealing the ontological aspects of the ecological crisis. Following the path described in the Laudato Si’ encyclical letter, where Pope François launches a vibrant call for ecological conversion, the author seeks to adress the philosophical issues in relation to this notion. Refering to philosophers such as Heidegger and Hans Jonas, the first part of this research accounts for the necessity of a true ecological conversion to face the metaphysical « peril » represented by the technical way of mind which leads to an unauthentic « being-in-the-world ». As catastrophism rages, the author underlines the humanistic aspect of its founders’ thought (Gûnther Anders, Jacques Ellûl) while confronting their vision to Ernst Bloch’s « Principle of Hope ».The second chapter of the thesis aims at laying down the ethical and religious foundations of the concept of conversion. From Plato’s metanoia to stoïcian and epicurian soul therapies, the author explores the importance of the knowledge of nature (physis) in the process of epistrophè (return to one’s « Inner Self »). Can these therapies be considered as the roots of a true ecological conversion throughout which we could not only modify the way we look at nature but also be transformed by it? If the answer is yes, what would the terms be? From this perspective, what is the specificity of Christian metanoia compared to Plato’s? To what extent can the doctrine of the “spiritual senses” experienced by both the Franciscan mystic and the neptical Fathers’ « Prayer of the heart » - be considered a crucial step to a living experience of ecological conversion that appeals to our body and heart? To carry out this research, the author relies on the phenomenological methodology, evidencing the links between conversion and reduction.The last part, more specifically dedicated to modern ecology, relies on the definitions of ecological conversion outlined with greek and Christian authors to think through a deep change in our « affect for the world ». Refering to Merleau Ponty’s notions of « flesh of the word » and « wild being », the author endeavours to develop the concept of “universal empathy” as the corner stone of environmental ethics. Through a merleau-pontian interpretation of two major ecological schools of thought, wilderness and deep ecology, the thesis provides tools for elaborating a relational ontology based on two concepts. The first one, called deepening of the Self, refers to the wilderness. The author shows that what has to be preserved is not only territories such as natural reserves but the “wild being” in the innermost part of ourselves so as to enable us to be transformed by nature itself through this experience of wilderness described by famous authors such as Henri-David Thoreau in Walden life in the woods… The second one, called “enlargment of the Self” refers to the experience described by Arne Naess as identification to other living beings as a source of self-realization, echoing the merleau-pontian “flesh of the word”.Aware of the limits of western thought to reach this universal empathy based on non-duality, the author points out, in a conclusive paragraph, the influence of the buddhist way of mind on Arne Naess’s deep ecology, explores a spirituality of the resonance with the world through zen buddhism embodied by Master Dogen, and goes as far as thinking an “echology of Joy”.