A atual crise mundial de abastecimento hídrico e os conseqüentes problemas relativos ao uso da água são grandes problemas a serem enfrentados pela humanidade, levando à necessidade de se encontrar soluções para prevenir conseqüências negativas ao ambiente. A cobrança pelo uso da água na agricultura irrigada, baseada nos princípios de direito ambiental usuário-pagador e poluidor–pagador, a aplicação dos princípios protetor-recebedor e participação, bem como a educação ambiental, são ferramentas de gestão de recursos hídricos com efeito indutor do uso racional da água, fomentando a consciência de conservação nos usuários irrigantes. A importância desta abordagem holística na implementação da cobrança em uma dada bacia hidrográfica está baseada na integração dos aspectos técnicos das propriedades irrigadas, na legislação ambiental e nas necessidades da comunidade local, para se adequar a cobrança aos usuários irrigantes de forma que a mesma se torne uma aliada no combate ao desperdício e à melhor eficiência no seu uso. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: i) realizar a avaliação qualitativa da irrigação em 11 propriedades rurais da Microbacia do Ribeirão dos Marins (BHRM); ii) fundamentar o instrumento de cobrança pelo uso da água na agricultura irrigada com base nos princípios de direito ambiental Poluidor-Pagador e Usuário-Pagador; iii) discutir o princípio da Participação; iv) fundamentar o sistema de pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos (PSE); v) fornecer elementos para futuras intervenções de gestão na microbacia voltadas a elaboração de projetos de educação ambiental integrados ao gerenciamento de recursos hídricos. Foram aplicados aos irrigantes roteiros de entrevista semi-estruturada. Os resultados mostraram que o manejo da irrigação não é praticado, a preocupação com a escassez de água é presente; a cobrança pelo uso da água não é aceita, o controle da erosão não é feito e há concordância com a importância da preservação da mata ciliar. Além disso, os resultados forneceram elementos que indicam a ausência de compreensão dos impactos causados pelo manejo inadequado da água, o que pôde ser traduzido pelos graves problemas de degradação de água, solo e mata ciliar detectados. Conclui-se que para induzir mudanças nos usuários irrigantes, promovendo o uso eficiente dos recursos hídricos, através do mecanismo de cobrança pelo uso da água, é necessário conjugar o direito ambiental, a tecnologia de irrigação e a educação ambiental. / The current crisis in water supply worldwide and the associated water use problems are one of the great concerns for the humanity, leading to the necessity to find solutions to prevent harmful consequences in the environment. Charges for water use in agricultural irrigation, supported by principles of environmental law as "user-payer" and "polluting payer", the application of "protector-receiver" and "participation" principles as well as environmental education, represent tools in water management with inductive effects on rational water use, broadening the awareness of irrigation users for the sustainment of natural water resources. The carrying out of this holistic approach in the implementation process of water use charges in a given catchment basin is based on the integration of technical aspects of the irrigated areas, environmental legislation and the necessities of the local community to establish individually adapted charges for water use with the result to decrease wastefulness and increase the water use efficiency. The objectives of this work were: (i) a qualitative evaluation of irrigation use in 11 rural areas in the small catchment basin of river Marins; (ii) to base the charge system for water use in agricultural irrigation on basis of the environmental law principles "user-payer" and "polluting payer"; (iii) to argue the principle of "participation"; (iv) to base the payment for ecosystem services (PSE); (v) to provide a basis for future management interventions in the basin with the objective to design environmental education projects, integrated in the management activities of water resources. The study based on semi-structural interviews with irrigation users in the respective areas. The results showed that irrigation management is not practiced, the preoccupation with water deficiency exist, water use charges is not accepted, the monitoring of erosion processes is not done and there is an agreement with the importance to preserve the riverine vegetation. Moreover, the results indicated a lack of knowledge about the impacts caused by inadequate water management that is expected to be the reason for the already existing degradation of water, soil and riverine vegetation. It can be concluded, that for attitude changes of irrigation users in terms of more efficient use of water resources associated with charges for water use interdisciplinary collaborations of environmental law, irrigation management and environmental education are necessary.

Les Contrats de rivière et les Schémas d’Aménagement et de Gestion des Eaux font partie des nouveaux instruments d’action publique misant sur un gain d’efficacité environnementale par leur territorialisation. La recherche pose l’hypothèse que cette efficacité dépend de la manière dont les acteurs qui mettent en œuvre ces dispositifs se saisissent de leurs dimensions territoriales. Elle propose la notion de ressort territorial pour désigner l’ensemble des ressources territorialisées et territorialisantes issues des processus dialectiques et diachroniques entre les constructions territoriales autour de l’eau et les projets pour sa gestion. La recherche explore les stratégies territoriales déployées dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de ces dispositifs et analyse leurs implications en termes de modification des représentations et des pratiques des usagers de l’eau et in fine de l’état environnemental des ressources et des milieux aquatiques. La démonstration s’appuie sur le cas empirique de la vallée de la Drôme dans les quatre dernières décennies. Le corpus est constitué de comptes-rendus de réunions, de documents de projets et d’articles de presse ainsi que d’entretiens et de cartes mentales réalisés auprès des usagers et des gestionnaires de l’eau.Les résultats de la recherche portent sur les mécanismes et les conditions par lesquels la gestion territoriale de l’eau peut être gage d’efficacité environnementale. Des facteurs déterminants sont mis en évidence : (i) la mise en synergie des projets de développement territorial avec ceux de la gestion environnementale ; (ii) la mobilisation des dimensions identitaires des dispositifs de gestion des eaux et (iii) les intentions et les capacités d’action de certains gestionnaires. A cet égard, les structures intercommunales, et en leur sein, les binômes élus/agents de développement, constituent des acteurs moteurs de l’activation des ressorts territoriaux de la gestion de l’eau. / River contracts and Plans for Water Development and Management are some of the new public action instruments aiming to improve environmental efficacy through regionalisation. Research suggests the hypothesis that this efficacy depends on how actors implementing these systems apprehend their regional dimensions. It proposes the idea of territorial feedback to indicate all the regional and regionalising resources resulting from dialectic and diachronic processes between regional constructions concerning water and projects for its management.The research explores the regional strategies used in drawing up and implementing these systems and analyses their implications in terms of modification of representations and practices and water uses, and hence the environmental condition of resources and aquatic environments. The demonstration uses the empirical case of the Drome valley over the past four decades. The body of the work consists of minutes of meetings, project documents and press articles as well as interviews and mind maps produced with water users and managers.The results of the research concern the mechanisms and conditions through which regional water management can be an indicator of environmental efficacy. Determining factors are provided: (i) assurance of synergy between regional development projects with those of environmental management; (ii) the use of identification dimensions of water management systems and (iii) the intentions and ability to act of certain managers. In this respect, intercommunity structures, and within these, the association of elected representative/development agents, act as the driving force in activating territorial feedback relative to water management.

POLÍVKOVÁ, H. (2014): Feasibility study for the revitalization of watercource in a small farmed basin, Diploma Thesis, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of agriculture, Department of Landscape Management, 67 pages. This diploma thesis deals with the study revitalization of Radimovický stream. The present work takes into account the state of the entire basin Radimovický stream. Moreover the proposal of the study revitalization describe the thesis geology and geomorphological characteristic, pedological characteristic, drainage, land use of watershed, ecological stability basin, erosion control or territorial system of ecological stability. In the design of the thesis is the water flow divided into three sections in which the individual proposals revitalization solved. The important part of diploma thesis represents tables and maps, which focus on the individual characteristics of basin Radimovický stream.

A atual crise mundial de abastecimento hídrico e os conseqüentes problemas relativos ao uso da água são grandes problemas a serem enfrentados pela humanidade, levando à necessidade de se encontrar soluções para prevenir conseqüências negativas ao ambiente. A cobrança pelo uso da água na agricultura irrigada, baseada nos princípios de direito ambiental usuário-pagador e poluidor–pagador, a aplicação dos princípios protetor-recebedor e participação, bem como a educação ambiental, são ferramentas de gestão de recursos hídricos com efeito indutor do uso racional da água, fomentando a consciência de conservação nos usuários irrigantes. A importância desta abordagem holística na implementação da cobrança em uma dada bacia hidrográfica está baseada na integração dos aspectos técnicos das propriedades irrigadas, na legislação ambiental e nas necessidades da comunidade local, para se adequar a cobrança aos usuários irrigantes de forma que a mesma se torne uma aliada no combate ao desperdício e à melhor eficiência no seu uso. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: i) realizar a avaliação qualitativa da irrigação em 11 propriedades rurais da Microbacia do Ribeirão dos Marins (BHRM); ii) fundamentar o instrumento de cobrança pelo uso da água na agricultura irrigada com base nos princípios de direito ambiental Poluidor-Pagador e Usuário-Pagador; iii) discutir o princípio da Participação; iv) fundamentar o sistema de pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos (PSE); v) fornecer elementos para futuras intervenções de gestão na microbacia voltadas a elaboração de projetos de educação ambiental integrados ao gerenciamento de recursos hídricos. Foram aplicados aos irrigantes roteiros de entrevista semi-estruturada. Os resultados mostraram que o manejo da irrigação não é praticado, a preocupação com a escassez de água é presente; a cobrança pelo uso da água não é aceita, o controle da erosão não é feito e há concordância com a importância da preservação da mata ciliar. Além disso, os resultados forneceram elementos que indicam a ausência de compreensão dos impactos causados pelo manejo inadequado da água, o que pôde ser traduzido pelos graves problemas de degradação de água, solo e mata ciliar detectados. Conclui-se que para induzir mudanças nos usuários irrigantes, promovendo o uso eficiente dos recursos hídricos, através do mecanismo de cobrança pelo uso da água, é necessário conjugar o direito ambiental, a tecnologia de irrigação e a educação ambiental. / The current crisis in water supply worldwide and the associated water use problems are one of the great concerns for the humanity, leading to the necessity to find solutions to prevent harmful consequences in the environment. Charges for water use in agricultural irrigation, supported by principles of environmental law as "user-payer" and "polluting payer", the application of "protector-receiver" and "participation" principles as well as environmental education, represent tools in water management with inductive effects on rational water use, broadening the awareness of irrigation users for the sustainment of natural water resources. The carrying out of this holistic approach in the implementation process of water use charges in a given catchment basin is based on the integration of technical aspects of the irrigated areas, environmental legislation and the necessities of the local community to establish individually adapted charges for water use with the result to decrease wastefulness and increase the water use efficiency. The objectives of this work were: (i) a qualitative evaluation of irrigation use in 11 rural areas in the small catchment basin of river Marins; (ii) to base the charge system for water use in agricultural irrigation on basis of the environmental law principles "user-payer" and "polluting payer"; (iii) to argue the principle of "participation"; (iv) to base the payment for ecosystem services (PSE); (v) to provide a basis for future management interventions in the basin with the objective to design environmental education projects, integrated in the management activities of water resources. The study based on semi-structural interviews with irrigation users in the respective areas. The results showed that irrigation management is not practiced, the preoccupation with water deficiency exist, water use charges is not accepted, the monitoring of erosion processes is not done and there is an agreement with the importance to preserve the riverine vegetation. Moreover, the results indicated a lack of knowledge about the impacts caused by inadequate water management that is expected to be the reason for the already existing degradation of water, soil and riverine vegetation. It can be concluded, that for attitude changes of irrigation users in terms of more efficient use of water resources associated with charges for water use interdisciplinary collaborations of environmental law, irrigation management and environmental education are necessary.

The contents of this thesis is an examination and assessment of erosion processes in the catchment Budského stream. The area of interest falls into three cadastral territory, Malče, Besednice a Soběnov. Catchment area is 7.1 km2. Integral part of work is the pedological and hydrological research. It was evaluated the impact of waste in the surrounding villages. In the catchment basin, has a significant influence Besednice reservoir. It was assessing its impact on the environment and erosion control functions. Using the acquired information has been calculated N-year water and the amount of drifted soil by Wischmeier and Smith. Another goal is to process this data using software modeling and evaluate output. Against this background and the results are recommended measures to reduce soil loss from these plots.

Vattenförvaltning inom EU har, enligt EU:s vattendirektiv, som mål att samtliga vattenförekomster ska uppnå god status senast 2027. Sverige är ett av de EU-länder där målet ej har uppnåtts med uppmätt icke-tillfredsställande status i en del vattenförekomster i exempelvis Skåne; en situation som inte beräknas förbättras inom tidsfristen. I Sverige styrs vattenförvaltning lokalt med kommuner och myndigheter som beslutsfattande organ i enlighet med vattenmyndighetens sexårsplan. EU:s vattendirektiv kräver inkludering av intressenter och allmänheten i förvaltningen, vilket har lett till bildandet av vattenorganisationer såsom vattenråd. Dessa har till uppgift att verka som lokalkunskap för särskilda avrinningsområden, där ett nätverk av aktörer bildas för att möjliggöra påverkan av inriktning i vattenförvaltningen. Forskning visar på samarbetsproblematik mellan aktörer i vattenråd, brist på kunskap och intresse bland allmänheten och intressenter samt fall där ekonomiska och sociala mål har prioriterats före ekologiska, vilket har försvårat implementeringen av EU:s vattendirektiv. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur skånska vattenråd utifrån nuvarande organisationsstruktur och prioriteringar kan bidra mer i arbetet för målet om god vattenstatus enligt EU:s vattendirektiv. Studien utgick från ett strategiskt urval och semistrukturerad intervju-metodik eller fokusgrupper bestående av intervjupersoner med hög expertis. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av följande teorier: Environmental governance, vattenförvaltning, flernivåstyre, politisk samstämmighet, social inlärningsteori samt reflektiv och reflexiv kommunikation. Studiens resultat visar att de undersökta skånska vattenråden gör vad de kan för att bidra utifrån nuvarande förutsättningar, men att finansieringsbegränsningar, extern påverkan av andra aktörer i avrinningsområdena och brist på samarbete mellan olika nivåer i vattenförvaltningen förhindrar mångas utveckling. Organisatoriskt och prioriteringsmässigt fungerar majoriteten av de undersökta vattenråden väl och visar god potential, men förbättring inom det ovannämnda hade behövts om ett närmande av EU:s vattendirektivs mål skall uppnås i lokala skånska vattenförekomster. / Water management within the EU, according to the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), has the aim to achieve good water status in all water bodies no later than 2027. Sweden is one EU country where the aim has not been reached, with measured non-satisfactory status in numerous water bodies in Scania for example; a situation not predicted to improve before the deadline. In Sweden, water management is governed locally with municipalities and agencies as decision-makers in accordance with the six-year plan of the water agency. Since the WFD requires stakeholder and public participation, the creation of water organisations such as water councils has been conducted. These act as local knowledge bodies in certain catchment basins, creating a network of actors to enable an influence on the orientation of water management. Research has shown collaboration issues between actors in water councils, a lack of knowledge and interest amongst the public and stakeholders, and cases where economic and social aims have preceded ecological ones. These factors in turn have aggravated the implementation of the WFD. The purpose of this study is to investigate how water councils of Scania, from current organizational structure and prioritizations, have the possibility to increase their contribution towards the aim of the WFD regarding good water status. The study was conducted from a strategic selection and semi-structured interviews or focus groups, including interviewees with high expertise. The result was analyzed using the following theories: Environmental governance, water governance, multi-level governance, policy coherence, social learning and reflective as well as reflexive communication. The results of the study demonstrate a situation where water councils contribute their utmost from current capabilities, yet are prevented to develop further due to financial limitations, external impacts from other actors in catchment basins, and a lack of collaboration between different levels of water management. From an organizational and prioritization point of view, the majority of investigated water councils work well and showcase high potential, with improvements of the aforementioned needed for the approach of the WFD’s aim in local water bodies of Scania.