Résumé : En raison de la concurrence qu’il y a au Québec entre une norme québécoise et une norme internationale, les questionnements normatifs sont nombreux chez les professionnels de la langue, et tout particulièrement chez les enseignants de français. Dans cette étude, nous avons cherché à voir comment les représentations de la norme lexicale chez les professeurs de français langue d’enseignement au secondaire se manifestent dans leur discours à partir d’usages dont la valeur normative n’est pas clairement définie. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené des entrevues auprès de 20 enseignants et enseignantes de français au deuxième cycle du secondaire au Québec au cours desquelles nous leur avons demandé de corriger de courts textes et de justifier leurs corrections. Puis, nous les avons interrogés sur leur conception de la norme lexicale écrite et sur leurs positions normatives à l’endroit de diverses catégories d’emplois lexicaux. Il en ressort que cette norme est le français québécois standard tel qu’on peut le dégager des dictionnaires les plus usuels ou encore perçu selon l’intuition linguistique des participants. Ce français se distingue du français oral et il exclut les anglicismes critiqués, les mots vulgaires, les impropriétés et les barbarismes. Si certains types d’emplois sont clairement jugés non compatibles avec la norme, d’autres donnent lieu à des prises de position normatives moins tranchées, plus instables. Ainsi, les néologismes, les archaïsmes, les mots familiers et les emprunts peuvent être acceptés, selon la situation de communication et selon des critères comme l’usage et l’absence de synonyme. Le modèle de l’Imaginaire linguistique d’Houdebine nous a servi de grille pour catégoriser et analyser les représentations linguistiques observées dans le discours des participants. Cette analyse révèle que les enseignants s’appuient principalement sur des critères d’ordre prescriptif et constatif, soit le dictionnaire et l’usage, et parfois aussi sur d’autres critères comme la précision, l’intercompréhension, la fréquence ou la valeur identitaire de certains usages lexicaux pour décider de les corriger ou de les accepter lors de la correction de productions écrites. / Abstract : Due to a competition between two linguistic norms in Quebec, a Quebec norm and an international norm, language professionals – especially French teachers – often deal with prescriptive questions. Our study aims at studying how high school French language teachers’ attitudes towards the lexical norm are reflected in their discourse based on examples of uses without a clearly defined prescriptive value. To do so, we conducted individual interviews with 20 Secondary French teachers (Cycle Two) in Quebec. During these interviews, they were asked to correct short texts and to justify their corrections. Then, they were questioned on their conception of the written lexical norm and on their normative positions towards various categories of lexical uses. This research reveals that their norm is the Quebec French standard as it is described in dictionaries or, in many cases, perceived according to the informant’s linguistic intuition. This French variety is distinguished from spoken French and excludes criticized anglicisms, coarse language, language errors and barbarisms. Although some categories of uses are clearly deemed incompatible with the norm, not all categories are given a clear-cut, stable stand. Thus, neologisms, archaisms, colloquial words and loanwords may be accepted, depending on the context and based on certain criteria such as usage and non-existence of synonyms. Houdebine’s model of linguistic imaginary served as a grid to classify and analyze the linguistic representations observed in the participants’ discourse. This analysis shows that teachers rely heavily on prescriptive and constative criteria, that is to say dictionaries and usage, and sometimes also on other criteria such as accuracy, mutual understanding, frequency or identity value of some lexical uses in order to decide whether to correct them or not while assessing written productions.

In the paper [HSS] Herrlich, Salicrup and Strecker were able to show that Kuratowski / Mrowka's Theorem concerning compactness for topological spaces could be applied to a wider setting. In this dissertation, which is based on the paper [F subscript 1], we interpret Kuratowski / Mrowka's result in the category R-Mod. Chapter One deals mainly with the preliminary definitions and results and we also show that there is a 1-1 correspondence between torsion theories and standard factorisation systems. In Chapter Two we, obtain for every torsion theory T, a theory of T-compactness which is an extension of the definition of compactness found in [HSS]. We then obtain a characterisation of T-compactness under certain conditions on the ring R and torsion theory T. In Chapter Three we examine the class of T-compact R-modules more closely when the ring R is T-hereditary and T-noetherian. We also obtain further characterisation of T-compactness under these additional conditions. In Chapter Four we show that many topological results have analogues in R-Mod. / Mathematical Sciences / M. Sc. (Mathematics)

The reliance on freshwater released by mountain glaciers and ice caps demands that the effects of climate change on these thermally-sensitive systems are evaluated thoroughly. Coupling climate variability to processes of mass and energy exchange at the glacier scale is challenged, however, by a lack of climate data at an appropriately fine spatial resolution. The thesis addresses this challenge through attempting to reconcile this scale mismatch: glacier boundary-layer observations of meteorology and ablation at Vestari Hagafellsjökull, Iceland, and Storglaciären, Sweden, are related to synoptic-scale meteorological variability recorded in gridded, reanalysis data. Specific attention is directed toward synoptic controls on: i) near-surface air temperature lapse rates; ii) stationarity of temperature-index melt model parameters; and iii) glacier-surface ablation. A synoptic weather-typing procedure, which groups days of similar reanalysis meteorology into weather categories , forms the basis of the analytical approach adopted to achieve these aims. Lapse rates at Vestari Hagafellsjökull were found to be shallowest during weather categories characterised by warm, cloud-free weather that encouraged katabatic drainage; steep lapse rates were encountered in weather categories associated with strong synoptic winds. Quantitatively, 26% to 38% of the daily lapse-rate variability could be explained by weather-category and regression-based models utilizing the reanalysis data: a level of skill sufficient to effect appreciable improvements in the accuracy of air temperatures extrapolated vertically over Vestari Hagafellsjökull. Weather categories also highlighted the dynamic nature of the temperature-ablation relationship. Notably, the sensitivity of ablation to changes in air temperature was observed to be non-stationary between weather categories, highlighting vulnerabilities of temperature-index models. An innovative solution to this limitation is suggested: the relationship between temperature and ablation can be varied as a function of weather-category membership. This flexibility leads to an overall improvement in the simulation of daily ablation compared to traditional temperature-index formulations (up to a 14% improvement in the amount of variance explained), without the need for additional meteorological data recorded in-situ. It is concluded that weather categories are highly appropriate for evaluating synoptic controls on glacier meteorology and surface energetics; significant improvements in the parameterization of boundary-layer meteorology and ablation rates are realised through their application.

Students’ argumentative writing is substandard in the sense that the necessary relations, amongst other things, are not indicated in their texts. These texts also often lack an author’s voice. In a module such as academic literacy, it is important to pay attention to the means in which these particular problems can be solved. Part of the aims of a course in academic literacy is to equip students with the necessary academic literacy abilities (which include reading and writing ability) and in doing so, teach them to function properly in a tertiary discourse community. In this study, only the written component of academic literacy will be considered. Following the above mentioned problems, the focus will be specifically on items of metadiscourse, which may form part of a possible solution to improve students’ writing. Hyland (2004) distinguishes between two main categories of metadiscourse, namely the interactive and the interactional categories (which each consists of five subcategories). The aim of these categories is to guide the reader through the text in a specific way, and also to actively involve the reader with the textual content and the reading process. If these aspects of metadiscourse are applied effectively, the text may be more cohesive and coherent and a stronger reader-writer-relationship may be established. A corpus-linguistic approach has been followed in the investigation of the frequency of the occurrence of the subcategories of metadiscourse, as well as the functional suitability thereof. The data analysis is based on Hyland’s (2004) analytical framework of metadiscourse categories, which has been adapted according to the data that has been processed with WordSmith Tools (version 6.0). In this study, the focus group is Afrikaans L1 first-year students at the North-West University’s Vaal Triangle Campus in the year 2010. All 109 participants in the study were registered for AGLA111 (Introduction to Academic Literacy) and AGLA121 (Academic Literacy). The texts that were gathered from AGLA111 are represented in corpus 1 whereas the texts gathered from AGLA121 are represented in corpus 2. The data that was provided by these two corpora was measured against an honours corpus (consisting of 39 texts), which served as the norm for this study. The data interpretation can be divided into four categories, namely phenomena that show a statistically significant change in the correct direction, phenomena that were correct from the start and did not show any change between corpus 1 and corpus 2, phenomena that did not show any change between corpus 1 and corpus 2 but that differed from the honours corpus, as well as phenomena that show incorrect development. Recommendations, which have been based on the literature review and text analysis, are made with regard to specific aspects relating to metadiscourse and the teaching of academic literacy modules (on which this study is founded). These recommendations primarily focus on how students’ attention can be focused on the requirements proposed for writing an argumentative text. / MA (Afrikaans en Nederlands), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

This thesis contains four related papers which study different aspects of double constructions for braided Hopf algebras. The main result is a categorical action of a braided version of the Drinfeld center on a Heisenberg analogue, called the Hopf center. Moreover, an application of this action to the representation theory of rational Cherednik algebras is considered. Chapter 1 : In this chapter, the Drinfeld center of a monoidal category is generalized to a class of mixed Drinfeld centers. This gives a unified picture for the Drinfeld center and a natural Heisenberg analogue. Further, there is an action of the former on the latter. This picture is translated to a description in terms of Yetter-Drinfeld and Hopf modules over quasi-bialgebras in a braided monoidal category. Via braided reconstruction theory, intrinsic definitions of braided Drinfeld and Heisenberg doubles are obtained, together with a generalization of the result of Lu (1994) that the Heisenberg double is a 2-cocycle twist of the Drinfeld double for general braided Hopf algebras. Chapter 2 : In this chapter, we present an approach to the definition of multiparameter quantum groups by studying Hopf algebras with triangular decomposition. Classifying all of these Hopf algebras which are of what we call weakly separable type, we obtain a class of pointed Hopf algebras which can be viewed as natural generalizations of multiparameter deformations of universal enveloping algebras of Lie algebras. These Hopf algebras are instances of a new version of braided Drinfeld doubles, which we call asymmetric braided Drinfeld doubles. This is a generalization of an earlier result by Benkart and Witherspoon (2004) who showed that two-parameter quantum groups are Drinfeld doubles. It is possible to recover a Lie algebra from these doubles in the case where the group is free and the parameters are generic. The Lie algebras arising are generated by Lie subalgebras isomorphic to sl2. Chapter 3 : The universal enveloping algebra <i>U</i>(tr_n) of a Lie algebra associated to the classical Yang-Baxter equation was introduced in 2006 by Bartholdi-Enriquez-Etingof-Rains where it was shown to be Koszul. This algebra appears as the A_<i>n</i>-1 case in a general class of braided Hopf algebras in work of Bazlov-Berenstein (2009) for any complex reection group. In this chapter, we show that the algebras corresponding to the series <i>B_n</i> and <i>D_n</i>, which are again universal enveloping algebras, are Koszul. This is done by constructing a PBW-basis for the quadratic dual. We further show how results of Bazlov-Berenstein can be used to produce pairs of adjoint functors between categories of rational Cherednik algebra representations of different rank and type for the classical series of Coxeter groups. Chapter 4 : Quantum groups can be understood as braided Drinfeld doubles over the group algebra of a lattice. The main objects of this chapter are certain braided Drinfeld doubles over the Drinfeld double of an irreducible complex reflection group. We argue that these algebras are analogues of the Drinfeld-Jimbo quantum enveloping algebras in a setting relevant for rational Cherednik algebra. This analogy manifests itself in terms of categorical actions, related to the general Drinfeld-Heisenberg double picture developed in Chapter 2, using embeddings of Bazlov and Berenstein (2009). In particular, this work provides a class of quasitriangular Hopf algebras associated to any complex reflection group which are in some cases finite-dimensional.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This work introduces some very basic concepts of category theory as built up over first-order predicate Gödel fuzzy logic (with crisp identity and the delta operator). A fuzzy variation of a classical concept of a category is considered. Then several systems of morphisms loosely based on the crisp categories Rel and Set are defined and examined. Accordingly, all the systems under consideration consist of fuzzy sets as objects and various kinds of binary fuzzy relations as morphisms. Our approach is a logic-based graded generalization of crisp (clas- sical) category-theoretical approaches to fuzzy sets, which have been initiated by Goguen. 1

Dans cette thèse, on donne une définition de la K-théorie topologique des espaces non-commutatifs de Kontsevich (c'est-à-dire des dg-catégories) définis sur les nombres complexes. L'introduction de ce nouvel invariant initie la recherche des invariants de nature topologique des espaces non-commutatifs, comme "simplifications" des invariants algébriques (K-théorie algébrique, homologie cyclique, périodique comme étudiés dans les travaux de Tsygan, Keller). La motivation principale vient de la théorie de Hodge non-commutative au sens de Katzarkov--Kontsevich--Pantev. En géométrie algébrique, la partie rationnelle de la structure de Hodge est donnée par la cohomologie de Betti rationnelle, qui est la cohomologie rationnelle de l'espace des points complexes du schéma. La recherche d'un espace associé à une dg-catégorie trouve une première réponse avec le champ (défini par Toën--Vaquié) classifiant les dg-modules parfaits sur cette dg-catégorie. La définition de la K-théorie topologique a pour ingrédient essentiel le foncteur de réalisation topologique des préfaisceaux en spectres sur le site des schémas de type fini sur les complexes. La partie connective de la K-théorie semi-topologique peut être définie comme la réalisation topologique du champ en monoïdes commutatifs des dg-modules parfaits. Cependant pour atteindre la K-théorie négative, on réalise le préfaisceau donné par la K-théorie algébrique non-connective. Un de nos résultats principaux énonce l'existence d'une équivalence naturelle entre ces deux définitions dans le cas connectif. On montre que la réalisation topologique du préfaisceau de K-théorie algébrique connective pour la dg-catégorie unité donne le spectre de K-théorie topologique usuel. Puis que c'est aussi vrai pour la K-théorie algébrique non-connective, en utilisant la propriété de restriction aux lisses de la réalisation topologique. En outre, cette propriété de restriction aux schémas lisses nécessite de montrer une généralisation de la descente propre cohomologique de Deligne, dans le cadre homotopique non-abélien.La K-théorie topologique est alors définie en localisant par rapport à l'élément de Bott. Cette définition repose donc sur des résultats non-triviaux. On montre alors que le caractère de Chern de la K-théorie algébrique vers l'homologie périodique se factorise par la K-théorie topologique, donnant un candidat naturel pour la partie rationnelle d'une structure de Hodge non-commutative sur l'homologie périodique, ceci étant énoncé sous la forme de la conjecture du réseau. Notre premier résultat de comparaison concerne le cas d'un schéma lisse de type fini sur les complexes -- la conjecture du réseau est alors vraie pour de tels schémas. On montre ensuite que cette conjecture est vraie dans le cas des algèbres associatives de dimension finie. / In this thesis, we give a definition of a topological K-theory of Kontsevich's non-commutative spaces (i.e. of dg-categories) defined over complex numbers. The introduction of this invariant initiates the quest for topological invariants of non-commutative spaces, which are considered as "simplifications" of algebraic ones like algebraic K-theory, cyclic homology, periodic homology as studied by Tsygan, Keller. The main motivation comes from non-commutative Hodge theory in the sense of Katzarkov--Kontsevich--Pantev. In algebraic geometry, the rational part of the Hodge structure is given by rational Betti cohomology, which is the rational cohomology of the underlying space of complex points. The existence of a space associated to a dg-category admits a first answer given by the stack (defined by Toën--Vaquié) classifying perfect dg-modules over this dg-category. The essential ingredient in the definition of the topological K-theory is the topological realization functor of spectral presheaves on the site of complex schemes of finite type. The connective part of the semi-topological K-theory can then be definied as the topological realization of the stack of perfect dg-modules over the space, together with its commutative monoid structure up to homotopy. But to deal with negative K-groups, we realize the presehaf given by non-connective algebraic K-theory. One of our main results relies the two previous definition in the connective case. We show that the topological realization of the presheaf of connective algebraic K-theory for the unit dg-category is equivalent to the usual topological K-theory spectrum. We show this is also true in the non-connective case, using a property of restriction to smooth schemes. This last property leads us to show a generalization of Deligne's proper cohomological descent to the homotopical non-abelian setting. This enables us to define topological K-theory by inverting the Bott element. We point out that the process of the definition involves non-trivial results. We then show that the Chern character from algebraic K-theory to periodic homology factorizes through topological K-theory, giving a natural candidate for the rational part of a non-commutative Hodge structure on the periodic homology of a smooth and proper dg-category. This last claim is written in the form of a conjecture : the lattice conjecture. Our first comparison result deals with the case of a smooth scheme of finite type over complex numbers -- we show the lattice conjecture holds for dg-categories of perfect complexes. We also show this conjecture is true in the case of finite dimensional associative algebras.

T-Mobile Czech Republic a.s. Abstract.docx 1/1 Abstract This thesis is focused on the living conditions of the serf population in the West Bohemian domain of Horšovský Týn beetween 17th and 19th centuries. The core of this work is in the 17th century. The geografical area of the domain was defined in the Tax Rule - the city, fifty- four villages and five partial villages. This paper consists of four basic sections. In the first section you can find the overview of the main literature regarding this topic. The second one is dedicated to the brief historical and territorial development of the domain and to the characteristic of the administrative and economic circumstances. The demografical structure of the domain in the 17th century is described in depth in the third section. This analysis was done on the basis of the register of the serf people classified according to their religion. The focus is partially dedicated to the social structure as well, mainly to the houseless lodgers and servants. The typology and composition of the households is discussed briefly. Above that, there is an approximation of population in the domain Horšovský Týn from the mid 17th until the end of 19th century. The last section is focused on the social stratification of the domain and its changes from the mid 17th to the mid 19th...

This study is part of the IN.MIGRA-2 CM project, which studies the sociolinguistic integration of the immigrant population of Madrid. The present study focuses on the language attitudes of 16 residents of Alcalá de Henares, a community of Madrid. The participants were asked to rate their level of agreement with the following affirmations: (1) The Spanish of Madrid is more correct than the forms of speech of Latin American immigrants; (2) Mastery of the Spanish language is the principal demonstration of the integration of immigrants; (3) Immigrants of Latin American origin are integrated because they speak the same language. The study finds a connection between higher levels of contact with immigrants and lower ratings of agreement with the affirmations. This investigation supports others that show connections between social networks and language attitudes, and it adds to the sparse research on language attitudes in Madrid. Adverbial adjectives modify both a verb and the subject of that verb. Their purpose is to describe a quality that pertains to both the subject and the way the subject is performing the verb. Because they modify both the verb and the noun, adverbial adjectives agree with the noun in number and gender. The generativist approaches to this linguistic phenomenon do not provide a sufficient explanation of verb + adverbial adjective constructions nor do they predict which subjects and predicates that can be used in these constructions. This paper takes a usage-based approach to adverbial adjectives. It explores the token frequencies of use of different verb + adverbial adjective phrases and attempts to categorize the components of these phrases based on these frequencies.