Date: 12-June-2008 Authors: Muhammad Saeed – 760721 Västerås – Sweden Mehmood Ziauddin – 830730 Västerås – Sweden Title: A Structured Approach for Evaluating Risk Impacts in IT Projects Introduction: Risk is an integral part of any project and it’s more appropriate to say for IT because it is changing with a very fast pace. Different surveys, reports and researches show astonishing statistics about the risks in IT projects. Through proper risk assessment techniques most of the uncertainties can be reduced while initiating, implementing and improving IT projects. Different authors talk about different risks and different strategies to respond to them. It becomes difficult at times to keep in check all the risks. Often risk management is over hyped, and often it’s totally neglected. Their needs to be a balanced approached in risk management. Problem: How a structured approach will be beneficial for an organization in assessing risk impacts on IT Projects? Purpose: The aim of this report is to develop and analyze a structured approach which will permit an organization in identifying & categorizing risks and measuring their impact on IT Projects. Method: Exploratory research approach is used and data collection is done using secondary sources. Our thesis is qualitative research based. Qualitative research is the one which is not relying on statistical data as compared to quantitative research. Besides our text books and study material, the main source of information was internet databases and university library from where we read different articles, thesis and books. Majority of the material studied was collected from Mälardalen University Library’s online databases like, Elin@Mälardalen, Compendex, Emerald and Ebrary. We also consulted some books which we got by inter-library loan from Mälardalen University. Conclusion: With the help of Remenyi’s approach for categorizing risks and Applegate’s approach of measuring risk impact, we have managed to develop a structured approach and reached a conclusion that proper identification and categorizing of risks can be very beneficial for an organization in numerous ways. This systematic way assists top management, project managers, IT & non IT Personnel is taking preemptive measures for managing risks. The benefits it brings is that it gives an equal understanding within the organization and this structured approach gives an in-depth and clear understanding of the risks associated with IT projects.

Dans le dernier siècle, nombreux sciences ont enrichi leur syntaxe pour pouvoir modeler des interactions. Entre eux on peut compter l'informatique, la physique quantique, et aussi la biologie et l’économie : toutes ces sciences sont des exemples de domaines qui ont besoin d'une syntaxe et d'une sémantique soit pour la concurrence que pour la séquentialité.Les diagrammes des cordes sont bien adapté à cet effet. Dans leur syntaxe on peut retrouver deux compositions : une composition parallèle et une composition séquentielle, qui peuvent interagir à travers une loi d'interchange. Si on considère cette loi comme une égalité, les diagrammes de cordes sont une syntaxe pour les catégories monoidales strictes, avec une représentation graphique plus intuitive que les formules algébriques traditionnelles.Dans cette thèse, on étude cette syntaxe de dimension 2 et sa sémantique. On considéré la réécriture des diagrammes et on donne des applications de cet méthode :- une preuve détaillée du théorème de cohérence de MacLanes pour les catégories monoidales symétriques basée sur un système de réécriture convergent donnée en arXiv:1606.01722;;- une interprétation des dérivations de preuves avec les diagrammes de preuve pour le fragment MELL de la logique linéaire, qui capture l’équivalence de preuves. On peut vérifier la séquentialité en temps linéaire, c'est à dire vérifier si un diagramme corresponds à une preuve. Cette interprétation est une extension de celle pour le fragment MLL donnée en arXiv:1606.09016 en donnant aussi un résultat de élimination du coupure. / In the last century, several sciences enriched their syntax in order to model interactions.Not only computer science and quantum physics, but also biology and economicsare examples of fields requiring syntax and semantics for concurrency as wellas for sequentiality.String diagrams are suitable for that purpose. In that syntax, we have two compositions:the parallel one and the sequential one, which may interact by the interchangerule. If we consider this rule as an equality, string diagrams are a syntax for strictmonoidal categories, with a more intuitive graphical representation than traditionalalgebraic formulas.In this thesis, we study this 2-dimensional syntax and its semantics. We considerdiagram rewriting and we give two applications of those methods:• a detailed proof of Mac Lane’s coherence theorem for symmetric monoidal categoriesbased on convergent diagram rewriting, which is given in arXiv:1606.01722;• an interpretation of proof derivations by string diagrams for the MELL fragmentof linear logic, which captures proof equivalence. We get a linear sequentializabilitytest to verify if a diagram corresponds to a proof . This interpretationextends the one for the MLL fragment given in arXiv:1606.09016,providing also a cut-elimination result.

Cette analyse des stratégies mises en œuvre par une entreprise pour l’emploi des personnes handicapées est le fruit d’un travail d’observation de près de quatre années, mené dans le cadre d’une thèse « CIFRE ». Notre étude s’appuie sur des corpus d’interactions et de documents issus des activités de l’entreprise (supports de communication, mails, notes de travail, etc.). Ayant situé notre travail dans la perspective de la linguistique interactionnelle, nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement à la façon dont une entreprise définit le handicap. Des situations de réunion (préparation de communications internes, réunions « d’information-sensibilisation » destinées au personnel) et des documents réalisés dans la perspective d’une politique d’intégration de personnes permettent d’analyser un ensemble de pratiques descriptives du handicap. Ces pratiques révèlent des modes de description très éloignés des pratiques ordinaires qui traitent le plus souvent du handicap comme d’un stigmate. En effet, les pratiques des entreprises visent au contraire à le constituer en ressource afin de convaincre de l’intérêt que représente l’emploi des personnes handicapées (avantages managériaux, financiers, etc.). Les descriptions produites sont constitutives d’un savoir sur le handicap propre au contexte de l’entreprise et rendent visibles pour l’analyste les processus de catégorisation des personnes handicapées ainsi que les attentes normatives associées à cette catégorie. L’analyse des pratiques observées nous a permis de réaliser un support d’information et de sensibilisation pour la mise en œuvre d’une politique d’emploi en faveur des personnes handicapées. / This analysis of strategies used by a company in the employment of disabled persons is the product of fours years of observation, undertaken as part of a company-university doctoral partnership [“CIFRE” contract]. Our study is based on interactional data and documents produced by company’s activities (communication mediums, e-mails, meetings notes, etc...). Our work falls within the boundaries of interactional linguistics, with a specific focus on how companies define disability. We were able to analyze a series of descriptive practices of disability in the context of meetings (for the preparation of internal communication, to inform and raise awareness among personnel) and though documents produced to implement an employment policy for persons with disabilities. These practices reveal ways of describing disability that greatly differ from ordinary practices, which often treat disability as a stigma. Indeed, company practices seek to present disability as a resource, in order to convincingly convey the benefits of employing disabled persons (management and financial gains, etc.). The descriptions produced are constitutive of a knowledge about disability, unique to the company’s context, and which make visible to the analyst both the processes of categorization of disabled persons as well as presumptive knowledge concerning this category. The analysis of practices observed allowed us to design a document to inform and raise awareness about the implementation of an employment policy concerning people with disabilities.

In this thesis, we consider q-deformations of multiplicative Hypertoric varieties, where q∈𝕂^x for 𝕂 an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. We construct an algebra D_q of q-difference operators as a Heisenberg double in a braided monoidal category. We then focus on the case where q is specialized to a root of unity. In this setting, we use D_q to construct an Azumaya algebra on an l-twist of the multiplicative Hypertoric variety, before showing that this algebra splits over the fibers of both the moment and resolution maps. Finally, we sketch a derived localization theorem for these Azumaya algebras.

As part of the natural evolution and continued optimisation of their designs, current and future magnetic recording heads, used and proposed in technologies such as perpendicular recording, shingled magnetic recording and two-dimensional magnetic recording, often exhibit asymmetry in their structure. They consist of two semi-infinite poles separated by a gap (where the recording field is produced), with an inner gap faces inclined at an angle. Modelling of the fields from asymmetrical structures is complex, and no explicit solutions are currently available (only implicit conformal mapping solutions are available for rational inclination angles). Moreover, there is limited understanding on the correlation between the gap corner angle and the magnitude, distribution and wavelength response of these head structures. This research was therefore set out to investigate approximate analytical and semi-analytical methods for modelling the magnetic potentials and fields of two-dimensional symmetrical and asymmetrical magnetic recording heads, and deliver a quantitative understanding of the behaviour of the potentials and fields as functions of gap corner angles. The accuracy of the derived expressions (written in terms of the normalised root-mean-square deviation) was assessed by comparison to exact available solutions for limited cases, and to finite-element calculations on Comsol Multiphysics. Two analytical methods were derived to approximately model the fields from two-dimensional heads with tilted gap corners in the presence and absence of a soft magnetic underlayer (SUL): in the first method, the potential near a single, two-dimensional corner held at a constant potential is derived exactly through solution of Laplace's equation for the scalar potential in polar coordinates. Then through appropriate choice of enclosing boundary conditions, the potentials and fields of two corners at equal and opposite potentials and displaced from each other by a distance equal to the gap length were superposed to map the potential and field for asymmetrical and symmetrical heads. For asymmetrical heads, the superposition approximation provided good agreement to finite-element calculations for the limited range of exterior corner angles 0 from 0 (right-angled corner) to 45, due to the mismatch of surface charge densities on both poles for this geometry. For symmetrical head structures, the superposition approximation was found to yield remarkable agreement to exact solutions for all gap corner orientations from 0 (right-angled head) to 90 ("thin" gap head). In the second method derived in this research for modelling asymmetrical heads involved using a rational function approximation with free parameters to model the surface potential of asymmetrical heads. The free parameters and their functional dependence on corner angle were determined through fitting to finite-element calculations, enabling the derivation of analytical expressions for the magnetic fields that are in good agreement with exact solutions for all corner angels (0 to 90). To complement the two approximate methods for modelling the fields from asymmetrical and symmetrical heads, a new general approach based on the sine integral transform was derived to model the reaction of soft underlayers on the surface potential or field of any two-dimensional head structure, for sufficiently close head-to-underlayer separations. This method produces an infinite series of correction terms whose coefficients are functions of the head-to-underlayer separation and gap corner angle, that are added to the surface potential or field in the absence of an underlayer. This new approach demonstrated good agreement with finite-element calculations for sufficiently close head-to-underlayer separations, and with the classical Green's functions solutions for increasing separations. Using the derived analytical method and explicit expressions in this work, an understanding of the nature of the magnetic fields and their spectra as functions of the gap corner angles is gained. This understanding and analytical theory will benefit the modelling, design and optimisation of high performance magnetic recording heads.

Ce travail se propose d’interroger les racines de la phénoménologie husserlienne en tentant de reconstruire, sur un mode à la fois historique et systématique, le dispositif qui avait permis à Husserl de poser, dans le texte fondateur de la phénoménologie – les Recherches Logiques de 1901 – les conditions d’une philosophie rigoureusement descriptive. La description phénoménologique se déploie sur le fond d’une opposition entre deux modalités intentionnelles fondamentalement distinctes et qui doivent toutes les deux être mises à contribution dans l’activité descriptive : l’intuition d’un côté, et la signification de l’autre. Décrire, au sens large, suppose qu’un certain accord puisse être établi entre le discours et la perception dont il prétend rendre compte, entre le dire et le voir. Or, c’est à l’intuition catégoriale qu’il reviendra de prendre en charge cette tension entre signification et intuition que Husserl maintient tout au long des Recherches, en organisant les modalités d’une mise en adéquation de l’une et de l’autre. Telle est la raison pour laquelle l’intuition catégoriale joue un rôle si décisif dans l’architecture d’ensemble de ce texte : elle ne constitue pas seulement la pointe extrême de la description phénoménologique, mais elle en est en quelque sorte aussi la condition de possibilité, devant garantir la légitimité du discours philosophique à l’intérieur duquel elle se déploie. Il était ainsi possible de proposer une relecture d’ensemble des Recherches Logiques en suivant l’hypothèse selon laquelle la réforme husserlienne de la théorie des catégories devait fournir la clé d’intelligibilité et rendre compte de la spécificité de ce premier état de la phénoménologie. / The purpose of this work is to investigate the roots of phenomenology and to analyse, from a historical and systematic point of view, the reasons that enabled Husserl to set down in his Logical Investigations the conditions of a strictly descriptive philosophy. The phenomenological description is grounded upon the opposition between two fundamentally different modalities of intentionality that both take part in descriptive activity: intuition on the one hand and signification on the other. Describing presupposes the possibility of a certain kind of adequacy between our speech and our perception, as the former is expected to correspond to the latter. By making this adequacy possible, ‘categorial intuition’ has to bear this tension between signification and intuition, and this is precisely the reason why this analysis of categories is so decisive in the architecture of the Logical Investigations. ‘Categorial intuition’ not only defines the end of phenomenological description, it is the condition of its own possibility, and is expected to validate our descriptive statements. And so it was possible to propose a new reading of the Logical Investigations by examining Husserl’s reform of the theory of categories and its relation to his phenomenological method of description.

abstract: Social categories such as race and gender are associated by people with certain characteristics (e.g. males are angry), which unconsciously affects how people evaluate and react to a person of specific social categories. This phenomenon, referred to as implicit bias, has been the interest of many social psychologists. However, the implicit bias research has been focusing on only one social category at a time, despite humans being entities of multiple social categories. The research also neglects the behavioral contexts in which implicit biases are triggered and rely on a broad definition for the locus of the bias regulation mechanism. These limitations raise questions on whether the current bias reduction strategies are effective. The current dissertation sought to address these limitations by introducing an ecologically valid and multidimensional method. In Chapters 1 and 2, the mouse-tracking task was integrated into the implicit association task to examine how implicit biases were moderated in different behavioral contexts. The results demonstrated that the manifestation of implicit biases depended on the behavioral context as well as the distinctive identity created by the combinations of different social categories. Chapter 3 laid groundwork for testing working memory as the processing capacity for the bias regulation mechanism. The result suggested that the hand-motion tracking indices of working memory load could be used to infer the capacity of an individual to suppress the influence of implicit bias. In Chapter 4, the mouse-tracking paradigm was integrated into the Stroop task with implicit associations serving as the Stroop targets. The implicit associations produced various effects including the conflict adaptation effect, like the Stroop targets, which suggested that implicit associations and Stroop stimuli are handled by overlapping cognitive mechanisms. Throughout these efforts, the current dissertation, first, demonstrated that a more ecologically valid and multidimensional approach is required to understand biased behaviors in detail. Furthermore, the current dissertation suggested the cognitive control mechanism as a finer definition for the locus of the bias regulation mechanism, which could be leveraged to offer solutions that are more adaptive and effective in the environment where collaboration and harmony are more important than ever. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Human Systems Engineering 2019

The aim of the thesis is to describe the decision making process of students in the so-called simple categorization, i.e., decision whether a particular object is or is not an element of a category. This process is examined in the context of categories of mathematical objects. The theoretical part of the thesis presents arguments why the study of simple categorization of mathematical objects is important for mathematics education. These arguments are not only based on the available literature in mathematics education, but also partly draw on historical, mathematical and psychological literature. The practical chapters of the thesis describe the design and piloting of a research tool suitable for this research. The dominant elements of this tool are the measurement of the binary answers (yes / no) of the respondent and of his/her reaction time. This tool is then used in the Main study based on mixed, qualitative-quantitative methodology. It was found that with the help of the proposed tool, while adhering to appropriate methodological rules, it is possible to distinguish different approaches of respondents to categorization. In addition, the basic patterns in the decision-making process of the respondents were described. These are, for instance, differences in the categorization of examples and non-...

Subject description is a linguistic practice, and therefore all controlled vocabularies are built upon theories of language. However, the underlying theories are rarely discussed in greater length. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what epistemological foundations controlled vocabularies are built upon and what consequences that has for their internal structure. The main object of interest is the category. From a rationalistic point of view categories are universal and well defined. In a pragmatic point of view categories are contextual with fluid boundaries. A pragmatic point of view has been shown by Wittgenstein and Rosch to more accurately describe how language works, therefore the standpoint of this thesis is that a controlled vocabulary that takes a pragmatic approach will be a better tool for indexing and searching. The study is done in three parts. First the theoretical literature on knowledge organisation is investigated. The findings are that there is a divide among writers who take a rationalistic and pragmatic approach. Then, guidelines and principles from IFLA, LCSH, Svenska ämnesord and MeSH are examined. In all cases the rationalist view is favored but the quirks of language are handled in different ways. In IFLA's FRSAD, the writers claim to take no theoretical stance but in reality they take a rationalistic perspective. LCSH blame the inconsistencies in the system on the many people that have worked on it over a long period of time. SAO is built with LCSH as a role model and therefore have the same problems, although they have gone towards a more pragmatic approach. MeSH, however, acknowledges that language is more complicated, and the controlled vocabulary is built on a more pragmatic foundation. Lastly, examples from the controlled vocabularies are discussed. The finding is that, in practice, controlled vocabularies work in accordance with a pragmatic perspective. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.

Steel is an excellent material to build with, but consideration must be given to the fact that unprotected steel corrodes, rusts, therefore, as a rule, the steel must be protected in some way. This can be done by reducing the tendency of the steel to corrode by using stainless steel or by treating the steel with a protection method. The two most common methods of protection are corrosion protection paint and zinc coating. To determine the method, the corrosive category must first be evaluated and this is done in accordance to EN ISO 12944-2:1998. Stainless steel is available in many varieties but only some of them have properties that make them suitable for use as construction steels. There are many factors to be considered in the design of stainless steel to prevent corrosion from occurring. Design of stainless steel is slightly different from the design of plain carbon steel. In this thesis, only the differences are considered. There are many different systems of protective coating. These consist of at least two different layers of paint. Before the steel is painted, it must be pretreated to remove any impurities in the steel in order to get good adhesion. Galvanizing with a zinc coating can be done in a couple of ways, including hot-dip galvanizing and zinc spraying, where galvanizing is the most common method. When both galvanizing and painting is used it is called duplex systems. Which method that should be used depends on several factors such as economics, aesthetics and environmental impact. There is no simple solution, everything must be weighed and considered in each individual case. / Stål är ett utmärkt material att bygga med, men hänsyn måste tas till att oskyddat stål korroderar, rostar, därför ska stålet i regel rostskyddsbehandlas. Detta kan göras genom att minska stålets benägenhet för att korrodera genom att använda rostfritt stål eller genom att behandla stålet med någon skyddsmetod. De två vanligaste skyddsmetoderna är rostskyddsmålning och förzinkning. För att bestämma metod måste först korrosivitetsklassen bedömmas och det görs enligt SS-EN ISO 12944-2:1998. Rostfritt stål finns i många olika varianter och det är bara några av dessa som har egenskaper som gör att de kan användas till byggande. Det finns även många faktorer att tänka på för att förhindra att korrosion i rostfria konstruktioner uppstår. Dimensionering av rostfritt stål skiljer sig något från dimensionering av vanligt kolstål. I detta arbete tas endast skillnaderna upp. Det finns många olika färgsystem inom rostskyddsmålning. Dessa består av minst två stycken olika skikt med färg. Innan ett stål rostskyddsmålas måste det förbehandlas så att eventuella föroreningar på stålet försvinner och ger färgen bra vidhäftning. Förzinkning kan göras på ett par olika sätt, däribland varmförzinkning och sprutförzinkning där varmförzinkning är den vanligaste metoden. När både förzinkning och målning används fås så kallade duplexa system. Vilken metod som ska väljas för att skydda stålet mot korrosion beror på flera olika faktorer så som ekonomi, estetik och miljöpåverkan. Det finns ingen enkel lösningsmetod utan allt måste vägas samman och beaktas utefter varje enskilt fall.