Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoAL_DISSERT.pdf: 2035586 bytes, checksum: ca26983e504667d744bf6cb052c449e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Recently, capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.) inhabitants of dry environments and with restriction of fleshy fruits, have been the subject of several studies regarding the use of instruments. During behaviour of using stones to crack open nuts there is evidence of selection of more effective hammers, as well as selection of anvils related to reducing the risk of predation. The aim of this study was to determine whether two groups of capuchin monkeys (C.flavius and and C.libidinosus) inhabitants of the Caatinga of Rio Grande do Norte make choice of hammers and anvils. The record of weight and location of stones indicated active choices of with what (choice of hammers) and where (selection of anvils) to crack open encapsulated seeds. The choice of hammers to break nuts depended on the type and degree of ripeness seed. Thus, smaller seeds were smashed with lighter hammers and larger seeds with heavier hammers. Still, C. flavius was the only species that presented a refinement in the choice of hammers that depended on the ripeness of seeds. For both species of capuchin monkeys studied, the nut-crack sites were not spread in accordance with the spatial distribution of seed-producing species, suggesting that the capuchin monkeys promote active choice of anvils. Thus, in environments with more escape routes through the trees, the nut-crack sites were found further apart than in regions that had less chance of escape through the trees. Also, there was a difference in the spacing of the anvils to depend on the type of seed: sites used to crack larger and more caloric seeds were found farther apart than the sites used to crack smaller and less caloric seeds, suggesting a pattern of avoiding direct competition. We conclude that the capuchin monkeys maximize energy savings and reduced risk of predation and the costs of food competition during the behaviour of using stones to crack open nuts / Recentemente, macacos prego (Cebus spp.) habitantes de ambientes secos e com restri??o de frutos carnosos, v?m sendo alvo de diversos estudos acerca do uso de instrumentos. Em atividades de quebra de sementes, h? ind?cios de escolhas eficientes de martelos, bem como de sele??o de bigornas para redu??o dos riscos de preda??o. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se dois grupos de macacos prego (C. flavius e C. libidinosus) habitantes da caatinga do Rio Grande do Norte realizam escolhas de martelos e bigornas. O registro do peso e da localiza??o das pedras indicou escolhas ativas de com o que (escolha de martelos) e onde (sele??o de bigornas) quebrar sementes encapsuladas. O padr?o de escolha dos martelos para quebrar sementes dependeu da esp?cie e do estado de matura??o. Assim, sementes menores foram quebradas com martelos mais leves e sementes maiores com martelos mais pesados. Ainda, C. flavius foi a ?nica esp?cie que apresentou um refinamento na escolha de martelos que dependia do estado de matura??o de sementes. Para ambas as esp?cies de macacos prego estudadas, os s?tios de quebra n?o estavam dispostos de acordo com a distribui??o espacial das esp?cies produtoras de sementes, sugerindo que os macacos prego promovem escolha ativas de bigornas. Assim, em ambientes que havia maior chance de fuga atrav?s das ?rvores, os s?tios de quebra foram encontrados mais afastados entre si do que em regi?es que havia menor chance de fuga pelas ?rvores. Tamb?m, foi verificada diferen?a no espa?amento das bigornas a depender do tipo de semente: s?tios de quebra de sementes maiores e mais cal?ricas foram encontrados mais distantes entre si do que os s?tios de quebra de sementes menores e menos cal?ricas, sugerindo um padr?o de evitac?o de competi??o direta. Conclu?mos que os macacos prego maximizam os ganhos energ?ticos e reduziram os riscos de preda??o bem como os custos de competi??o por alimento durante o comportamento de uso de pedras para quebra de sementes

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This thesis considers the nature of primary, intermediate and district high school buildings designed by the Building Department of the Canterbury Education Board from its consolidation in 1916 until its termination in 1989. Before 1916, the influence of British models on the CEB’s predecessors had been dominant, while after that date, Board architects were more likely to attempt vernacular solutions that were relevant to the geographic situation of the Canterbury district, the secular nature of New Zealand education and changing ideas of the relative importance of the key architectural drivers of design i.e. function and form. One development, unique to Canterbury, was that for a short period, from 1924-29, a local pressure group, the Open Air Schools’ League became so powerful that it virtually dictated the CEB’s design policy until the Board architects George Penlington and John Alexander Bigg reassumed control by inflecting the open-air model into the much acclaimed veranda block. The extent to which Board architects had the freedom to express themselves within a framework of funding control exercised by the Department of Education was further circumscribed by successive building codes that, at their most directive, required national standardisation under the 1951 Dominion Basic Plan and to a slightly lesser extent under the1956 code and associated White Lines regime. Following World War 2, the use of prefabricated structures had prompted the recognition that better designed relocatable rooms could hold the key to a more flexible and effective allocation of resources in an environment increasingly subject to rapid demographic change. By the end of the period, the exploitation of new construction technologies and modern materials led to the dominance of the relocatable CEBUS buildings in Canterbury schoolyards. A concurrent development was the response of architects A. Frederick (Fred) McCook and John Sinclair Arthur to the Department’s call to design more flexible spaces, i.e. open planning, to facilitate a change in pedagogical method. Other issues raised in this study are the CEB’s solutions to the challenges of building on the West Coast, and the recurring need to ensure structural integrity in a region where there was a continuous risk of seismic activity.

Ce doctorat trouve son origine dans la compréhension des prises de décision et des comportements collectifs des animaux. Comment ces derniers parviennent-ils à effectuer des choix collectivement ?Comment les membres d’un groupe procèdent-ils pour synchroniser leurs comportements spatialement et temporellement ?Mon principal objectif a été de dégager, lors des déplacements collectifs et du fur rubbing chez le capucin moine, les évènements décisionnels dépendants de processus anonymes de ceux dépendants de processus liés à l’identité des individus et à leur réseau de relations sociales au sein du groupe. Dans les prises de décision collective relatives aux déplacements, les membres du groupe sont influencés dans leurs choix par leur identité sociale mais aussi par des mécanismes anonymes, de type mimétique. Le fur rubbing est également un comportement collectif dont les mécanismes sous-jacents incluent une dépendance interindividuelle de type mimétique. Des mécanismes similaires mettant en jeu des interactions entre individus basées sur des règles comportementales simples se retrouvent dans chacun des phénomènes collectifs étudiés. Ces résultats sont les premiers à démontrer l’émergence de prises de décision collective à partir de telles interactions anonymes dans un groupe de primates non humains. Ils permettent de faire le lien entre choix individuels et comportement collectif et de mieux concevoir comment un groupe de primates peut se coordonner, maintenir sa cohésion spatiale et synchroniser ses activités./How do animals reach collective consensus? How do group members spatially and temporally synchronise their behaviour? My main purpose was to demonstrate the respective roles of anonymous processes (contagion, mimetism) and individual-dependent processes (hierarchical rank, age, sex, kin, social relationships) in collective decision-making. During decision-making relating to collective movements, group members’ decisions depend on their social identity (individual-dependent mechanism) as well as anonymous processes. Fur rubbing is also a collective behaviour involving interindividual dependence with mimetic underlying mechanisms. We found similar mechanisms, involving interindividual interactions according to simple behavioural rules, in both collective phenomenon studied. These results are the first to demonstrate the emergence of collective decision-making based on anonymous interactions in a group of non human primates. They help to understand the link between individual choices and collective behaviour and to appreciate how a social group of primates maintain its spatial cohesion and synchronize its activities. / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie animale / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished