Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) is the only known cellular protein that contains the post-translationally derived amino acid, hypusine. Initially, eIF-5A was named as a translation initiation factor because of its capability to stimulate the formation of methionyl-puromycin, which mimics the first peptide bond formation during protein synthesis, under <em>in vitro</em> conditions. Subsequently, however, this proposed function of eIF-5A has been questioned because a similar effect on translation was not observed <em>in situ</em>. Moreover, eIF-5A appears not to be required for general protein synthesis. Rather, there is evidence that it facilitates the translation of specific subsets of mRNAs required for cell proliferation as well as apoptosis. <br /><br /> There are two isoforms of eIF-5A in the human genome which have designated eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2. The objective of the present study was to gain an increased understanding of the roles of eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2 during apoptosis and cell proliferation using human cell lines as a model system. Apoptosis was induced by treating the cells with Actinomycin D or sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which initiate programmed cell death by different mechanisms. It was observed for both normal and cancer cells that eIF-5A1 protein is up-regulated during apoptosis induced by Actinomycin D or SNP, whereas eIF-5A1 mRNA is constitutively expressed and does not change in abundance during this treatment. The up regulation of eIF-5A1 protein levels in the absence of a corresponding up-regulation in eIF-5A1 mRNA suggests that eIF-5A1 may be post-transcriptionally regulated. Moreover, eIF-5A1 protein up-regulation was stronger in normal cells than in cancer cells. By contrast, eIF-5A2 protein was below detection levels during apoptosis in both normal and cancer cells, although the corresponding transcript was detectable by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. This is attributable to inefficient translation of eIF-5A2 mRNA. <br /><br /> The effects of eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2 on cell proliferation were examined by modulating the levels of serum in cultures of UACC-1598 cells, which are ovarian cancer cells that express high levels of both isoforms of eIF-5A. Serum starvation, which induces cell cycle arrest and ensuing apoptosis, followed by the re-addition of serum had no effect on the transcript levels of either eIF-5A1 or eIF-5A2. However, eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2 proteins were both up-regulated within 24 hours of the initiation of serum starvation, and this coincided temporally with the onset of apoptosis as measured by TUNEL and a subsequent decline in viable cells. <br /><br /> The data indicate that eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2 are both post-transcriptionally regulated and that they have functionally redundant roles in apoptosis.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2009. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

published_or_final_version / Biochemistry / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

The main goal of this dissertation was to investigate if rehabilitative training after ischemic damage can increase cell proliferation and encourage the differentiation and maintenance of newly formed neurons. For all studies, I utilized a rehabilitative training task which has repeatedly been found to enhance behavioral performance after ischemic lesions of the sensorimotor cortex. Training was focused on the impaired forelimb in order to (1) target forelimb deficits induced by the lesions and (2) engage remaining cortex in potential plastic events. The level of cell proliferation was investigated by measuring and phenotyping cells labeled with a mitotic marker (bromodeoxyuridine) in the peri-lesion area and various other regions. First, in an animal model of cortical ischemia, the level of cell proliferatoin measured in rehabilitated animals after ischemic damage was significantly decreased in peri-lesion cortex compared to non-rehabilitated animals. In order to investigate which component of cell generation, proliferation or maintenance, was affected by rehabilitative training, pulse labeling of new cells followed by short or long term training periods was accomplished. This study revealed thatrehabilitative training had increased cell proliferation that occurred early after ischemic damage and the maintenance of these early generated cells were significantly increased in the peri-lesion cortex of rehabilitated animals compared to controls. Lastly, in order to verify the results of the first study (experience induced reduction of new cells in periinfarct tissue) pulse labeling of new cells during a mid-time point of rehabilitation period after ishemic lesions was employed and resulted in the same significantly reduced level of new cells in peri-infarct tissue of rehabilitated animals compared to controls. In all studies, the proportion of the neuronal and astrocyte phenotype of newly generated cells was not significantly affected by rehabilitative training after ischemic damage. However, a significant increased accumulation of new microglia was seen in rehabilitated animals, but reactive microglia produced early after ischemic damage were not significantly maintained which indicates a possible dual role that microglia during post-operative rehabilitative training. Together these studies indicate that functionally beneficial behavioral experience can affect cell proliferative responses, and mainitenance of newly generated non-neuronal cells early after ischemic damage. / text

Η geminin δρα ως ρυθμιστής του κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού και διαφοροποίησης συμμετέχοντας στην οργάνωση της χρωματίνης και των μεταγραφικών προγραμμάτων των πρόγονων κυττάρων μέσω της αλληλεπίδρασης της με διάφορους παράγοντες. Ο αυστηρός έλεγχος του κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού και της διαφοροποίησης είναι βασικός για την παραγωγή του κατάλληλου αριθμού και τύπου κυττάρων που συμμετέχουν στην οργανογένεση. Επιπλέον η ικανότητα αυτό-ανανέωσης των πρόδρομων κυττάρων βασίζεται στον πολλαπλασιασμό τους, χωρίς διαφοροποίηση και είναι απαραίτητη για την ανανέωση των ιστών. Ωστόσο η απορρύθμιση των μηχανισμών που ελέγχουν τον κυτταρικό πολλαπλασιασμό είναι επιζήμια για τον οργανισμό αφού είναι το πρώτο βήμα κατά την καρκινογένεση. Η κυτταρική γήρανση έχει προταθεί ότι είναι ένας ογκοκατασταλτικός μηχανισμός. Στην παρούσα μελέτη διερευνήσαμε το ρόλο της geminin στην ρύθμιση των φυσιολογικών κυτταρικών διαδικασιών της διαφοροποίησης και της γήρανσης. Για αυτό το σκοπό, χρησιμοποιήσαμε ποντικούς στους οποίους η geminin απενεργοποιείται ειδικά στην λεμφοειδή κυτταρική σειρά. Δείξαμε ότι η απουσία της geminin οδηγεί σε μείωση του συνολικού αριθμού κυττάρων του θύμου και του σπλήνα. Επιπρόσθετα οι CD4 και CD8 Τ κυτταρικοί πληθυσμοί επηρεάστηκαν από την απενεργοποίηση της geminin. Για την εύρεση ενός πιθανού ρυθμιστικού ρόλου της geminin στην επαγωγή κυτταρικής γήρανσης χρησιμοποιήσαμε ινοβλάστες ποντικού που εκφράζουν μειωμένα επίπεδα της πρωτεΐνης. Δείξαμε ότι οι ινοβλάστες με μειωμένα επίπεδα της geminin παρουσιάζουν φαινότυπο γήρανσης νωρίτερα από τους ινοβλάστες αγρίου τύπου όπως καθορίστηκε από τη χρώση για σχετιζόμενη με γήρανση β-γαλακτοσιδάση. / Geminin acts as a coordinator of proliferation and differentiation by regulating the chromatin organization and transcription programs of progenitor cells through its interaction with several partners. The tight control of proliferation and differentiation, is essential in the generation of mature cells of the proper number and type necessary for organ formation. Moreover the self-renewing capacity of progenitor cells depends on proliferation without differentiation of the cells and is indispensable in tissue regeneration. However the deregulation of the mechanisms that control the proliferation capacity of a cell has deleterious effects for the organisms since it is the first step of carcinogenesis. Cellular senescence was proposed to be a tumour-suppressive mechanism. In the present study we addressed the role of geminin in the physiological processes of cellular differentiation and senescence. We have used a mouse line in which geminin is specifically inactivated in the lymphoid lineage. We showed that geminin’s absence leads to reductions in the thymic and splenic cellularities. In addition to that, CD4 and CD8 T cell populations of the thymus and the spleen of conditional KO animals, were affected by geminin’s ablation. To study a potential regulatory role of geminin in the induction of cellular senescence we used mouse fibroblasts that express reduced levels of the protein. We found that the fibroblasts with reduced levels of geminin’s expression present senescent phenotype earlier than the WT fibroblasts as determined by SA-β-gal staining. 9

No description available.

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) are abundant in the embryonic heart and have hallmark features which include a rapid rate of cell division and the ability to differentiate into mature heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). Based on these features, CPCs are considered an attractive candidate cell type for transplantation therapies which aim to replenish the diseased heart muscle tissue (myocardium) with new muscle forming cells. A better understanding of how pharmacological drugs and endogenous hormones/signalling molecules modulate the balance between proliferation and differentiation of CPCs could be used to develop more effective cell based therapies for myocardial repair. Furthermore, this information could provide valuable new insight into molecular mechanisms regulating normal cardiogenesis during the embryonic period. The specific aims of the present study were to characterize the effects of the Ca2+ channel blocking drug nifedipine and the endogenous hormone/paracrine factor atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on CPC proliferation and differentiation. Results showed that primary cultured CPCs, isolated from the ventricles of embryonic day (E) 11.5 mouse embryos, underwent a reduction in cell cycle activity following exposure to nifedipine. Furthermore, systemic administration of nifedipine to adult mice receiving transplanted E11.5 ventricular cells (containing CPCs) was associated with smaller graft sizes compared to control animals that did not receive the drug. Results from the present study also demonstrated that ANP receptor mediated signalling systems are biologically active in E11.5 ventricular cells and have an antiproliferative effect on cultured E11.5 CPCs. Moreover, preliminary data provided evidence that genetic ablation of the ANP high affinity receptor (NPRA) may be associated with impaired development of the ventricular cardiac conduction system. Collectively, work from this thesis provides evidence that interactions between transplanted cells and pharmacological drugs could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of cell based therapies and that ANP signalling systems may play a critical role in cardiac ontogeny by regulating the balance between CPC proliferation and differentiation.

The Hippo-LATS signaling pathway originally identified in Drosophila is conserved in mammalian systems and serves essential roles in mediating size control as well as tumorigenesis. In humans, the core kinase cassette consisting of adaptor proteins WW45 and MOB1, and Ser/Thr kinases MST1/2 and LATS1/2 signal by phosphorylating and inactivating transcriptional co-activators YAP and TAZ, causing cell growth arrest. As the central kinases within the Hippo-LATS pathway, examining the cellular and molecular phenotypes of LATS1 and LATS2 (LATS) will provide insight into the role of this pathway in tumorigenesis. By simultaneously knocking down both LATS1 and LATS2, genes that were differentially expressed were identified through a whole human genome microarray screen. The multitude of genes identified including CYR61, MYLK, CDKN1A, SLIT2, and TP53INP1 not only provide further evidence for the role of LATS in cell proliferation and apoptosis, but also implicate LATS in novel functions such as cell motility. Loss of LATS1 and/or LATS2 enhances cell migration whereas overexpression of LATS1 dramatically inhibits cell migration in multiple cell lines. The ability of LATS to regulate cell migration occurs through two potential mechanisms. Firstly, LATS functions through its kinase substrates YAP and/or TAZ, or alternatively, LATS1 directly binds actin and inhibits actin polyermization. Thus, through loss of functions studies, we identified a novel role for LATS in regulating cell migration as well as novel mechanisms of LATS function. As an important signaling molecule within the cell, LATS and the Hippo-LATS pathway are tightly regulated. Using clues from the Drosophila pathway, we examined how the previously uncharacterized gene, hEx, functions within this pathway. Importantly, this thesis characterizes hEx as a putative tumor suppressor showing that it can inhibit cell proliferation, sensitize cancer cells to Taxol treatment as well as inhibit tumor growth in nude mice. However, unlike Drosophila expanded, hEx functions independently of the Hippo-LATS pathway, suggesting that the mammalian signaling pathway is more complicated. The research findings from this thesis enhance our knowledge of the Hippo-LATS pathway in tumorigenesis by elucidating new functions and mechanisms of LATS functions as well as by exploring how upstream components function in relation to this pathway. / Thesis (Ph.D, Pathology & Molecular Medicine) -- Queen's University, 2011-09-23 10:06:54.687

No description available.