Earth observing instruments, such as those embarked on the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), have been used to monitor the arriving solar and the upwelling solar reflected and longwave emitted radiation from low Earth orbit for the past three decades. These instruments have played a crucial role in studying the Earth's radiation budget and developing a decadal climate data record. Prior to launch, these instruments go through several robust design phases followed by rigorous ground calibration campaigns to establish their baseline characterization spectrally, spatially, temporally, and radiometrically. The knowledge gained from building and calibrating these instruments has aided in technology advancements as the need for developing more accurate instruments has increased. In order to understand the prelaunch performance of these instruments, NASA's Langley Research Center (LaRC) has partnered with the Thermal Radiation Group at Virginia Tech to develop first-principle, dynamic electrothermal, numerical models of scanning radiometers that can be used to enhance the understanding of such instruments. The body of research presented here documents the construction of these models by highlighting their development and results and possible applications to the next generation of Earth radiation budget instrument. Much of the effort reported here is based on the author's contribution to NASA's now-deselected Radiation Budget Instrument (RBI) project. / Doctor of Philosophy / Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) sensors, such as the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) and the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) have been a crucial part of studying the Earth's radiation budget for the past three decades. The Earth's radiation budget is the natural balance that exists between the energy received from the Sun and the energy radiated back into space. These instruments, which measure the radiative energy arriving and leaving at the top of the Earth's atmosphere, enhance understanding of the roles played by clouds and aerosols in reflecting and absorbing energy, thereby cooling or heating the planet. In order to enable the design for the next-generation Earth radiation budget sensors, NASA Langley has partnered with the Thermal Radiation Group at Virginia Tech to develop a capability for high-fidelity computer modeling that permits the complete characterization of an Earth radiation budget instrument. The resulting simulation consists of computer models for optical components, calibration targets, detecting elements and a source that includes information on anisotropy of a given Earth scene-type (clear vs. cloudy scene, ocean, desert, etc.). The modeling tool permits simulation of the entire science data stream as photons entering the instrument are converted to digital counts leaving the instrument, and provides the flexibility to observe various scene-types whether they be calibration targets or Earth scenes. This dissertation highlights the construction of this modeling tool and its capabilities as it is applied to NASA's now-deselected Radiation Budget Instrument.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Felício Costa - 2016.pdf: 18973223 bytes, checksum: 127fbb820a0200f56c1f971ada972d9e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this workit is proposed an approach between the forms of Power and Stigma as actions which engender socioeconomic and spatial differences. The cities of Ceres (National Agricultural Colony of Goiás) and Rialma (Barranca) were takenas objects of investigation. They are two municipalities in the state of Goiás, located in the Valley of Saint Patrick, at the banks of the River of Souls. Considered as “sisters”, these cities are separated by a geographic limit, a river, but they are also connected by stories, memories and a bridge. The two cities were founded on the same occasion, but their trajectories reveal, today,large differences established by an unequal and predatory relationship, based, since the beginning, on the construction of stigmas. To develop a possible reading of the historical, political and social condition, related to the formation of Ceres and Rialma, it is indicated a dialogue between the works of Michel Foucault (1992, 2008, 2012, 2013), based on the concepts of Power, Domain, Discipline and Torture, and the works of Walter Benjamin (1987, 1994, 2011), taking as reference the notion of History, Allegory, and Ruin. The historical groundwork of this dissertation was structured based on the analysis of official, literary and iconographic documents,and also based on interviews realized with residents of the cities of Ceres and Rialma. As a methodological proposal of evaluation of the process of territorial stigmatization, two procedures of reading of the territories of analysis were realized. These procedures refer to Certeaus’s (1994) concepts: the research in the condition of Flaneur, who walks and experiences the daily life of the cities, and as a Voyeur that uses several indicators – social, census, demographic, economicand cultural for analysisof Ceres and Rialma condition. The confrontation with the data obtained from the statements recorded in the field research, with the pioneers and the young people from the cities, enabled us to identify how the stigma of “Barranca” and other multiple forms of domination and subordination are present in the correlations between them as a strategic action of power. Therefore, we obtained as final considerations of this research that the production of social inequalities between the two cities comes from a historical function which feeds back and supports the maintenance of the status quo. / Neste trabalho propõe-se uma aproximação entre as formas de Poder e Estigma como ações que engendram diferenças socioeconômicas e espaciais. Tem-se por objeto de investigação as cidades de Ceres (Colônia Agrícola Nacional de Goiás) e Rialma (Barranca), dois municípios do Estado de Goiás localizados na região do Vale de São Patrício, às margens do Rio das Almas. Estas cidades “irmãs” são separadas por um limite geográfico, um rio, mas conectadas por histórias, memórias e uma ponte. As duas cidades foram fundadas na mesma ocasião, mas suas trajetórias revelam, hoje, grandes diferenças estabelecidas por uma relação desigual e predatória, calcada desde o início na construção de estigmas. Para desenvolver uma leitura possível da condição histórica e político-social referente à formação de Ceres e Rialma, indica-se uma interlocução entre as obras de Michel Foucault (1992, 2008, 2012, 2013) a partir dos conceitos de Poder, Domínio, Disciplina e Suplício e as obras de Walter Benjamin (1987, 1994, 2011) tomando-se por referência a noção de História, Alegoria e Ruína. A base histórica desta dissertação foi estruturada na análise de documentos oficiais, literários e iconográficos além de entrevistas realizadas com moradores de Ceres e Rialma. Como proposta metodológica de avaliação do processo de estigmatização territorial, foram realizados dois procedimentos de leitura dos territórios de análise que remetem aos conceitos de Certeau (1994): a pesquisa na condição de Flaneur que percorre e vivencia o cotidiano das cidades e como Voyeur que se utiliza de diversos indicadores – sociais, censitários, demográficos, econômicos e culturais para análise da condição de Ceres e Rialma. O confrontamento dos dados obtidos com os depoimentos registrados em pesquisa de campo com pioneiros e jovens das cidades possibilitou identificar como o estigma da “Barranca” e outras múltiplas formas de dominação e subordinação se fazem presentes nas correlações entre essas cidades como uma ação estratégica de poder. Neste sentido, obtivemos como considerações finais desta pesquisa que a produção das desigualdades sociais entre as duas cidades parte de uma função histórica retroalimentadora que sustenta a manutenção do status-quo.

Magister Artium - MA / This thesis explored the resources available for care-giving in chronically poor female-headed households. It investigated the relationship between resources as enabling in the practice of care and the choices that women can consequently make in light of the multiple roles that they play as workers, as mothers and as significant people in female-headed households. / South Africa

This thesis explored the resources available for care-giving in chronically poor female-headed households. It investigated the relationship between resources as enabling in the practice of care and the choices that women can consequently make in light of the multiple roles that they play as workers, as mothers and as significant people in female-headed households.

This thesis explored the resources available for care-giving in chronically poor female-headed households. It investigated the relationship between resources as enabling in the practice of care and the choices that women can consequently make in light of the multiple roles that they play as workers, as mothers and as significant people in female-headed households.

The ice-rich crust of dwarf planet 1 Ceres is the source of a tenuous water exosphere, and the behavior of this putative exosphere is investigated with model calculations. Outgassing water molecules seasonally condense around the winter pole in an optically thin layer. This seasonal cap reaches an estimated mass of at least 2 x 10(3) kg, and the aphelion summer pole may even retain water throughout summer. If this reservoir is suddenly released by a solar energetic particle event, it would form a denser transient water exosphere. Our model calculations also explore species other than H2O. Light exospheric species escape rapidly from Ceres due to its low gravity, and hence their exospheres dissipate soon after their respective source has faded. For example, the theoretical turn-over time in a water exosphere is only 7 hr. A significant fraction of CO2 and SO2 molecules can get trapped and stored in perennially shadowed regions at the current spin axis orientation, but not at the higher spin axis tilt, leaving H2O as the only common volatile expected to accumulate in polar cold traps over long timescales. The D/H fractionation during migration to the cold traps is only about 10%.

No description available.

Mars is one of the most intriguing planets in the solar system. It is the fourth terrestrial planet and is differentiated into a core, mantle and crust. The crust of Mars is divided into the Southern highlands and the Northern lowlands. The largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons is found on the crustal dichotomy boundary. The presence of isolated volcanism on the surface suggests the importance of internal activity on the planet. In addition to volcanism in the past, there has been evidence of present day volcanic activity. Convective upwelling, including decompression melting, has remained an important contributing factor in melting history of the planet. In this thesis, I investigate the production of melt in the mantle for a Newtonian rheology, and compare it with the melt needed to create Tharsis. In addition to the melt production, I analyze the 3D structure of the mantle for a stagnant lithosphere. I vary different parameters in the Martian mantle to understand the production of low or high degree structures early on to explain the crustal dichotomy. This isothermal structure in the mantle contributes to the geoid and topography on the planet. I also analyze how much of the internal density contributes to the surface topography and areoid of Mars. In contrast to Mars, Ceres is a dwarf planet in the Asteroid belt. Ceres is an icy body and it is unclear if it is differentiated into a core, mantle and crust yet. However, studies show that it is most likely a differentiated body and the mantle consists of ice and silicate. The presence of brucite and serpentine on the surface suggests the presence of internal activity. Being a massive body and also believed to have existed since the beginning of the solar system, studying Ceres will shed light on the conditions of the early solar system. Ceres has been of great interest in the scientific community and its importance has motivated NASA to launch a mission, Dawn, to study the planet. Dawn will collect data from the dwarf planet when it arrives in 2015. In my modeling studies, I implement a similar technique on Ceres, as followed on Mars, and focus on the mantle convection process and the geoid and topography. The silicate-ice mixture in the mantle gives rise to a non-Newtonian rheology that depends on the grain size of the ice particle. The geoid and topography observed for different differentiated scenarios in my modeling can be compared with the data from the Dawn mission when it arrives at Ceres in 2015. / Ph. D.

The suite of three Clouds and Earth’s Radiative Energy System (CERES) radiometers measure the radiation reflected from and emitted by the Earth from Earth orbit. The instruments are based on a two-mirror reflecting telescope which focuses incident radiation on a thermistor bolometer thermal radiation detector. The CERES radiometers scan back and forth across the Earth and surrounding space as the satellite orbits the Earth. Each scan has a period of about six seconds. This not only results in a transient radiation signal arriving at the detector surface from the scene, but also in temperature transients in the instrument structure. The instrument “zero” is obtained during the “space look” when it views cold space at each end of the scan. Some of the surfaces of the instrument structure are visible from the detector, either directly or through reflections. As a result, the radiation emitted by these surfaces will reach the detector. This form of radiation is called thermal noise and is undesirable. In order to determine whether the thermal noise is significant to cause concern, the transient response and temperature variations of the various components of the instrument must be known. The transient response is determined from observing the temporal variation of the temperature distribution within the instrument structure. Since the instrument orbits the Earth, both the Earth and space make up the environment of the instrument. This means that the temperature distributions for both the space look and Earth scene must be studied. Pseudo time constants were determined from the transient space-look temperatures. The transient thermal noise was then determined from the pseudo time constants and the steady-state space-look and earth-scene temperatures. The thermal noise was shown to vary with magnitude on the order of nanowatts. This means that the thermal noise is not sufficiently large to be of concern. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Denis Castilho.pdf: 4748800 bytes, checksum: 7f46e4bf88b9d1c9b30c8ff7192f7c63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-12 / Look Rialma and Ceres, two small towns of Goiás, is to stand in front of a problem space: the challenge is made to understand them in the context in which they operate: the territory of the state of Goiás. Therefore, the objective of this study was to understand the social and space dynamics of cities as part of the modernization of the state of Goiás. Therefore, we use the category territory to understand the city in its essence (founded in herself and in external logic). This process, which involves action, founded the movement, locations, especially the intersection of local variables and distant. The methodological procedures of the research were based on literature review and reading, with a survey of dissertations and theses on medium and small cities in the proposal to investigate the methodologies related to the theme. We did a survey of official data relating the to institutions for services, the productive infrastructure, to demographic dynamics and the financial system of these cities studied Ceres and Rialma with public institutions, such municipalities, the Secretary of State for Planning and Development - SEPLAN and institutes such as the IBGE, IPEA and the National Treasury Secretariat. Questionnaires were also used in public institutions of the health, education and establishments in retail. We conducted interviews with local authorities, secretaries, businessmen, workers, staff and students. Present Ceres / Rialma (proposed name for the case of sister city) through the landscape, which highlight elements that characterize the social order, the aspects visible, and the statistical nature of the landscape of these cities. The information of the object provided new questions. Seek to answer them by analysis of territorial formation which has highlighted the periods the modernization of territory of Goiás, the National Agricultural Colony of Goiás and the (re) functionalization of the Ceres / Rialma the input of the logic of globalization in the State of Goiás. We understand these municipalities through territory where they were analyzed the current socio-space, the position, function, and the new territorial division of work from the expansion of sugar cane by region. Despite the decrease in the area of influence of the urban core, from the growth of other cities (like Goianésia, Rubiataba and Itapaci), a specialization of the tertiary unit, especially in health Ceres, which highlights the role that city in a region strong stamp agriculture. Therefore, the function of the small nucleus urban Ceres / Rialma gives it a very unusual dynamic between small cities of the state, which made us review some concepts related to areas that are not metropolitan. Finally, we note that the structure assembled in these two cities from the performance of some social groups, especially those related to health in Ceres and the retail trade in Rialma. These actors show a group of entrepreneurs linked to the quick time. But there is also the subject of slow time, which remained under these conditions brings a dynamic that no longer hegemonic. The crossing time is found within the subjects themselves, which represent the dimension of space where they live, revealing a dynamic socio-space fruit of the action of a historical process and the locations, especially the lives of those who (re) produce there, the social relations of production / Olhar Ceres e Rialma, duas pequenas cidades goianas, é se colocar diante de uma problemática espacial: se remeter ao desafio de entendê-las no contexto em que se inserem: o território goiano. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi o de compreender a dinâmica socioespacial desses municípios no âmbito da modernização de Goiás. Para tanto, recorremos ao território para entender a cidade em sua essência plena (fundada nela mesma e nas lógicas externas). Esse processo, que envolve a ação, fundamenta o movimento, as localizações, sobretudo o cruzamento das variáveis locais e distantes. Os procedimentos metodológicos da pesquisa foram baseados em revisão e leitura bibliográfica, onde realizamos, também, um levantamento de dissertações e teses sobre cidades médias e pequenas na proposta de averiguar as metodologias relacionadas ao tema. Fizemos um levantamento de dados oficiais referentes às instituições de serviços, à infra-estrutura produtiva, à dinâmica demográfica e ao sistema financeiro de Ceres e Rialma junto aos órgãos públicos desses municípios, à Secretaria de Estado do Planejamento e Desenvolvimento SEPLAN, e institutos como o IBGE, IPEA e Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional. Também foram aplicados questionários em instituições de saúde, educação, em órgãos públicos e estabelecimentos do comércio varejista. Realizamos entrevistas com autoridades locais, secretários, comerciantes, trabalhadores, funcionários e estudantes. Apresentamos Ceres/Rialma (nome proposto por se tratar de cidades irmãs) pela via da paisagem, onde destacamos elementos que dizem respeito à forma social, aos aspectos visíveis, estatísticos e à natureza da paisagem desses municípios. As informações do objeto proporcionaram novas questões. Procuramos respondê-las pela análise da formação territorial, onde foram evidenciados os períodos da modernização do território goiano, a Colônia Agrícola Nacional de Goiás e a (re)funcionalização de Ceres/Rialma pela entrada das lógicas da globalização em Goiás. Buscamos compreender esses municípios pela via do território, onde foram analisados a atual conjuntura socioespacial, a posição, a função e a nova divisão territorial do trabalho proveniente da expansão da cana-de-açúcar pela região. Apesar da diminuição da área de influência do núcleo urbano, proveniente do crescimento de outras cidades (como Goianésia, Rubiataba e Itapaci), houve uma especialização do aparelho terciário, especialmente da saúde em Ceres, o que evidencia o papel dessa cidade em uma região de forte cunho agrícola. Por conseguinte, a função do pequeno núcleo urbano Ceres/Rialma lhe confere uma dinâmica bastante incomum entre as pequenas cidades goianas, o que nos fez rever alguns conceitos referentes aos espaços não metropolitanos. Por último, verificamos que a estrutura montada nessas duas cidades decorre da atuação de alguns grupos sociais, sobretudo daqueles ligados à saúde em Ceres e ao comércio varejista em Rialma. Esses atores evidenciam um grupo de empreendedores ligados ao tempo rápido. Mas há, também, os sujeitos do tempo lento, que permaneceram nessas condições trazendo consigo uma dinâmica que deixou de ser hegemônica. O cruzamento de tempos é verificado no interior dos próprios sujeitos, que representam a dimensão do espaço onde vivem, revelando-nos uma dinâmica socioespacial fruto da ação, de um processo histórico e das localizações, sobretudo, da vida daqueles que (re)produzem ali, as relações sociais de produção