Notre étude croisée qui concerne trois pays francophones européens (Belgique, France et Suisse) montre qu'il existe des différences notables sur le plan national en matière d'immigration et de politique d'intégration. En Europe, on constate la mise en place d'un contrôle accru des flux migratoires, de la lutte contre l'immigration illégale et de la restriction des demandes d'asile alors que la construction d'une action centrée sur la question sociale de l'intégration des populations migrantes peine à se concrétiser. Nous nous sommes intéressée à la mise en place de ces politiques par le biais des dispositifs de formation et d'évaluation des compétences des migrants. Les dispositifs mis en place dans chaque Etat sont avant tout pensés en fonction des spécificités nationales et de l'histoire nationale. Ainsi, un examen précis des mesures prises dans les trois pays francophones laisse apparaitre des conceptions opposées dans la construction de l'équation « langue, immigration, intégration ». Notre étude fait émerger deux conceptions opposées : d'un côté, une conception de l'intégration linguistique focalisée sur l'effort individuel des migrants pour atteindre la « maîtrise linguistique » fixée par la société hôte et à l'opposé une conception de l'intégration sociale centrée autour d'un « processus » social » de longue durée engageant fortement la société hôte. Enfin, le troisième volet plus microsociologique, par le biais d'une recherche action autour de la mise en place d'un portfolio des langues, a permis de révéler les difficultés d'adaptation pédagogique des enseignants et les représentations traditionnelles des apprenants concernant l'apprentissage des langues. / Our research regarding three francophone european countries (Belgium, France and Switzerland) shows first that there are significant differences in terms of immigration and integration policy. At the European level we notice a greater control of migration, actions against illegal immigration and the restriction of asylum applications while building a European action centered around the question of the social integration of migrant populations hardly takes place. We focused then our attention on the implementation of these policies through training schemes and skills evaluation of migrants learners. The training devices implemented in each country are primarily designed according to national specificities and national history. Thus, a detailed examination of the measures taken in the three francophone countries show opposite interpretations of the equation 'language , immigration, integration'. Our study brings out two opposite designs : on one side, a design focused on the linguistic integration of migrants and their individual efforts to achieve 'language mastery' set by the host country and on the opposite a design focused on social integration centered around a social long-term process with the strong commitment of the host country. Finally, the third microsociological component, through an action research around the implementation of a language portfolio, has revealed the teachers 'difficulties of adapting their teaching methods and learners' traditional views regarding language learning.

Cette thèse aborde le problème de la vérification automatique de systèmesparamétrés complexes. Cette approche est importante car elle permet de garantircertaines propriétés sans connaître a priori le nombre de composants dusystème. On s'intéresse en particulier à la sûreté de ces systèmes et on traitele côté paramétré du problème avec des méthodes symboliques. Ces travauxs'inscrivent dans le cadre théorique du model checking modulo théories et ontdonné lieu à un nouveau model checker : Cubicle.Une des contributions principale de cette thèse est une nouvelle technique pourinférer des invariants de manière automatique. Le processus de générationd'invariants est intégré à l'algorithme de model checking et permet de vérifieren pratique des systèmes hors de portée des approches symboliquestraditionnelles. Une des applications principales de cet algorithme estl’analyse de sûreté paramétrée de protocoles de cohérence de cache de tailleindustrielle.Enfin, pour répondre au problème de la confiance placée dans le model checker,on présente deux techniques de certification de notre outil Cubicle utilisantla plate-forme Why3. La première consiste à générer des certificats dont lavalidité est évaluée de manière indépendante tandis que la seconde est uneapproche par vérification déductive du cœur de Cubicle. / This thesis tackles the problem of automatically verifying complexparameterized systems. This approach is important because it can guarantee thatsome properties hold without knowing a priori the number of components in thesystem. We focus in particular on the safety of such systems and we handle theparameterized aspect with symbolic methods. This work is set in the theoreticalframework of the model checking modulo theories and resulted in a new modelchecker: Cubicle.One of the main contribution of this thesis is a novel technique forautomatically inferring invariants. The process of invariant generation isintegrated with the model checking algorithm and allows the verification inpractice of systems which are out of reach for traditional symbolicapproaches. One successful application of this algorithm is the safety analysisof industrial size parameterized cache coherence protocols.Finally, to address the problem of trusting the answer given by the modelchecker, we present two techniques for certifying our tool Cubicle based on theframework Why3. The first consists in producing certificates whose validity canbe assessed independently while the second is an approach by deductiveverification of the heart of Cubicle.

Dans le contexte actuel de transition énergétique, les acteurs de la production électrique (dont EDF) s'orientent de plus en plus vers les technologies "bas carbone", permettant de développer leur mix énergétique et d'assurer une production toujours plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Parmi l'ensemble des alternatives progressivement industrialisées au cours de ces dernières décennies, l'énergie éolienne voit son développement s'accélérer. De nouveaux projets voient le jour, notamment avec le développement de parcs éoliens posés en mer le long des côtes françaises.Afin de garantir une sécurité maximale des installations vis-à-vis des défaillances mécaniques, les ingénieurs doivent mettre en place un ensemble de vérifications ayant pour but d'assurer l'intégrité structurelle pendant une durée de vie donnée. Cette étape, nécessaire à la certification et donc à l'industrialisation du projet, exige un investissement numérique important. Dans le cas particulier de l'estimation de l'endommagement à durée de vie, un ensemble complet d'analyses doit être effectué afin de simuler les réactions structurelles en différents points de la conception et ce, pour l'ensemble des conditions environnementales de chargement possibles (cas de charge). Au total, quelques milliers de simulations correspondant à l'ensemble des situations probables sont à prévoir pour la seule estimation de l'endommagement à durée de vie. De plus, la prise en compte des différents phénomènes physiques du problème (aérodynamique, hydrodynamique, mécanique élastique), ainsi que la considération des non-linéarités des réponses liées à l'asservissement de la turbine, impliquent l'utilisation de codes de résolution temporels et multi-physiques coûteux pour chacune des situations de chargement à simuler.Afin de réduire l'investissement lié à l'estimation de cet endommagement, l'utilisation de méthodes numériques de substitution (également appelées métamodèles) est une alternative prometteuse. Ces méthodologies ont montré leur efficacité dans divers domaines de l'ingénierie permettant d'approcher, par diverses hypothèses statistiques, la réponse de modèles numériques en ne considérant qu'un nombre réduit de simulations.Ce travail de thèse s'est focalisé sur le développement d'outils numériques pour le dimensionnement efficace des structures éoliennes en mer et plus particulièrement sur l'utilisation des métamodèles de Krigeage (ou méthode de régression par processus gaussien) pour l'estimation de l'endommagement mécanique. Sous certaines hypothèses, cette méthode de substitution se prête particulièrement bien à l'approximation des réponses de modèles physiques, notamment grâce à la mise en place facilitée d'architectures itératives d'enrichissement ("active learning strategy"). Deux domaines ont principalement été étudiés : l'estimation rapide des quantités d'endommagement structurel par le développement de la méthode "Adaptive Kriging for Damage Assessment" (AK-DA) et les possibilités d'utilisation de cette dernière dans le cadre d'études de la fiabilité conceptuelle au regard de la tenue à l'endommagement. L'applicabilité de ces méthodes a été illustrée via l'utilisation d'exemples numériques inspirés du contexte industriel et de ses contraintes. / The mechanical certification of wind turbine structures is required for the funding of newoffshore projects on the French coasts. In order to ensure a maximal safety level of installations,a series of structural analyzes are required by the certification bodies. Amongst all, thedamage based computations represent an important numerical effort for EDF. The presentedworks focus on the applicability and the performances of Kriging metamodels for the estimationof the lifetime cumulated damage of offshore wind turbine structures (AK-DA approach)and the damage based reliability assessment of new designs (AK-MCS/AK-DA coupling).

Le contexte de la thèse se situe sur le marché du NFC, des cartes sécurisées ainsi que du paiement sans contact qui sont en forte croissance ces dernières années. L’objectif est de développer un environnement de simulation afin de concevoir différents dispositifs NFC destinés à des produits nomades comme un smartphone ou une tablette tactile et qui répondent aux différentes normes NFC. / The thesis context is focused on the NFC market, secure cards and contactless paiement which are in strong development in recent years. The objective is to develop a simulation environment to design NFC features for mobile devices as smartphone or tactile tablet which satisfy NFC standards.

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of alignment to national and state standards in public and private university educational leadership certification programs in the state of Florida. The standards used were the National Educational Technology Standards for Administrators (NETS-A) and the Florida Principal Leadership Standard for Technology (FPLST). A total of 16 university technology leadership course syllabi were examined. Nine syllabi were obtained from 11 public universities and seven were obtained from 11 private universities in Florida. Syllabi were examined using rubrics and assigned to one of three categories: definitely aligned, somewhat aligned and not aligned. A percentage was calculated for each type of school and degree of alignment to national and state standards to determine degree of alignment of syllabi. Inferential statistics were used to compare the degree of alignment between public and private universities. Alignment to national standards was more prevalent in syllabi from public universities than private universities while no significant relationship existed between the type of university and state standards. No inferential tests were conducted comparing traditional course syllabi with blended and online course syllabi, as the sample size of online courses was too small. The study found that technology leadership courses are being offered in a majority of Florida's educational leadership programs, indicating a growing commitment to the field. Although most universities offer a course in technology leadership, syllabi are not addressing some key national and state standards. / Several recommendations were made including provide experiential learning opportunities for aspiring administrators based on national and state standards, assess current administrators in their knowledge of the NETS-A, provide ongoing district professional development to ensure current administrators are well prepared and promote the NETS-A as national guidelines in technology leadership. Syllabi should address new and emerging technology issues and be created as a best product model addressing all mandated state and national technology standards. National and state technology standards have a strong influence on leadership preparation and must be based on the best research with input from practitioners and higher education faculty. / by Angela M. Iudica. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

研究目的為一、經由文獻分析探討，建立小學教師資格檢覈制度的理論架 構。二、探討部分主要國家小學教師資格檢覈制度的現況及未來發展趨勢 。三、探討我國清末迄民國八十二年止小學教師資格檢覈制度的演進、現 況和未來發展方向，剖析各時期之實施情形及缺失。四、問卷調查社會大 眾對小學教師資格檢覈制度興革意見。五、依據研究所得資料，建構可行 理論模式，以供教育當局規畫我國未來國民小學教師資格檢定辦法參考。 研究設計以理論分析、文獻與比較分析、輿論分析和問卷調查等，進行探 討。小學教師、小學家長、師院師生、一般大學師生、民意代表、教育行 政人員、教育專業團體人員和學者專家等為研究對象，範圍包括臺灣、澎 湖和金門，回收有效樣本 1105 人，回收率為 53.3％，使用次數、百分 比、卡方考驗和對數線性模式等統計方法。研究結果如下：一、大多數人 支持教育部所提小學師資檢覈改革構想（88.8％）。二、57％受訪者認為 師院仍需存在但應加強對小學教育輔導和研究的功能。三、合計51.5％不 贊成師院生參加初檢，其中25.4％贊同以畢業會考替代初檢。四、師資檢 覈應兼重教學科目知識、教育專業知識、教學能力、意願性向和品行操守 （51％）。五、教育部主辦初、複檢（31.1％），以教育行政人員、師院 教師、教育專業團體人員和小學教師等擔任檢覈委員（ 48％）。六、84 ％受訪者贊成制訂褫奪證書規定。七、69.6％贊成現時可制訂換證規定， 在職進修成績、教學研究成果或教學服務績優表現和特殊貢獻等，可為延 長證書年限的條件（58％）。八、離開教職應重受檢覈的年限應縮短為4 ∼6年（48.4％）。九、初、複檢以口試、筆試和實地演練等方式考核 （54.8％），實習成績和表現應納入複檢考評的項目。十、實習教師證書 的有效年限為1∼3年（65.6％）。十一、多數人支持為短期代課教師舉辨 檢定考試（81.2％）。最後提出下列建議： 1.釐清小學教師的專業性質 ，確定資格檢覈的主旨和重點。2.進行小學教師基本能力標準的研究和建 立。3.制定小學師資檢覈政策的過程中應廣納眾議，酌採評鑑分析。4.改 善小學教師專業發展和生涯發展的相關問題。5.建立公正又具公信力的機 構，確實辦理小學教師資格檢覈工作。 6.加強師範學院的功能，吸引有 志從事教育工作者參加小學教職的行列。 7.改進研究調查問題之範疇， 增加有效樣本之回收。8.採用座談、辯論或公聽會等方式以博採眾議。3. 擴大理念層面的探索範疇。

Este trabalho apresenta a proposta de um instrumento para utilização nos ensaios previstos nas Normas Brasileiras para certificação das instalações elétricas de baixa tensão. Descreve-se o projeto e a implementação do instrumento desenvolvido, bem como a metodologia para a execução dos testes de conformidade, de acordo com as Normas Brasileiras aplicáveis, utilizando os recursos disponíveis na instrumentação proposta. Um conjunto de testes para exemplificação de uso e validação dos testes é também apresentado. / This work presents an instrumentation system to perform tests and certification of low voltage electrical networks on residential and industrial buildings in accordance to Brazilian Norms. It intends to propose a methodology for tests executions using available resources on the developed instrumentation system. To show how the proposed system works several tests were done regarding to attend Brazilian technical standards.

Este trabalho apresenta a proposta de um instrumento para utilização nos ensaios previstos nas Normas Brasileiras para certificação das instalações elétricas de baixa tensão. Descreve-se o projeto e a implementação do instrumento desenvolvido, bem como a metodologia para a execução dos testes de conformidade, de acordo com as Normas Brasileiras aplicáveis, utilizando os recursos disponíveis na instrumentação proposta. Um conjunto de testes para exemplificação de uso e validação dos testes é também apresentado. / This work presents an instrumentation system to perform tests and certification of low voltage electrical networks on residential and industrial buildings in accordance to Brazilian Norms. It intends to propose a methodology for tests executions using available resources on the developed instrumentation system. To show how the proposed system works several tests were done regarding to attend Brazilian technical standards.

Este trabalho apresenta a proposta de um instrumento para utilização nos ensaios previstos nas Normas Brasileiras para certificação das instalações elétricas de baixa tensão. Descreve-se o projeto e a implementação do instrumento desenvolvido, bem como a metodologia para a execução dos testes de conformidade, de acordo com as Normas Brasileiras aplicáveis, utilizando os recursos disponíveis na instrumentação proposta. Um conjunto de testes para exemplificação de uso e validação dos testes é também apresentado. / This work presents an instrumentation system to perform tests and certification of low voltage electrical networks on residential and industrial buildings in accordance to Brazilian Norms. It intends to propose a methodology for tests executions using available resources on the developed instrumentation system. To show how the proposed system works several tests were done regarding to attend Brazilian technical standards.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Nadia_Velleda_Caldas.pdf: 8911937 bytes, checksum: 44f474a82788bd8e046c76bf07e5a819 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-15 / It has become almost a truism the allusions about of the growth in importance assumed by organic or ecological production in contemporary societies, as well as the reasons that presumably explain this increase, both in developed countries and in the context of developing countries. This process was accompanied by an expansion of certification systems, which ultimately aim to offer consumers assurance that products are consumed to meet the requirements that identify a way to produce defined as organic or ecological. There are certainly many mechanisms that are triggered to ensure this condition, since the word of the farmer, through a personal relationship and direct, to complex insurance instruments, whose overwhelming majority are operated by companies pursuing certification certified classic (by auditing) or by third party. No wonder that the certification has become a huge business that drives significant figures, but that has also been responsible for generating new mechanisms of exclusion in access to markets for peasants and family farmers. This is one of the causes to understanding the reasons and circumstances that have conspired to the emergence of what is now called "participatory guarantee systems (PGS) in various countries of the world. This form of certification does not appear as an alternative to the conventional system of certification, but as a result of socio-political process extremely important to understand the capacity of family farming to adapt to an institutional environment invariably unfavorable. The object of this thesis is to analyze classical or conventional certification and the certification and participatory network, led by Ecovida Agroecology Network, based on a crop of reality that conforms two empirical universes quite different, namely, the state of Rio Grande do South and Andalusia (Spain). What factors might cause this approach? Reasons and factors that have converged so that there was an attempt to implement a PGS Andalusian inspired in Brazil? What aspects contributed to this experience does not thrive? The research was developed between the years 2009 and 2011 based on various instruments, especially in semi-structured Interviews with farmers and members of nongovernmental organizations, technical of certification companies, government agents, consumer associations and other social actors linked to the issue of certification. This thesis focuses on the effort to answer this and other questions related to this strategy of differentiation of agricultural products, now converted into the essence of an important process of organizing of family farmers in the name of the imperatives of environmental sustainability. / Tornou-se quase uma obviedade as alusões acerca do crescimento na importância assumida pela produção ecológica ou orgânica nas sociedades contemporâneas, assim como das razões que presumivelmente explicam esse incremento, tanto no âmbito dos países desenvolvidos quanto no contexto dos países em desenvolvimento. Esse processo foi acompanhado de uma expansão dos sistemas de certificação, que em última análise, visam oferecer garantias aos consumidores de que os produtos a serem consumidos respondem às exigências que identificam uma forma de produzir definida como orgânica ou ecológica. Existem, decerto, diversos mecanismos que são acionados para assegurar tal condição, desde a palavra do agricultor, mediante uma relação pessoal e direta, até complexos instrumentos de garantia, cuja esmagadora maioria é operacionalizada por empresas certificadoras que levam a cabo a certificação clássica (por auditagem) ou por terceira parte. Não é à toa que a certificação tornou-se um grande negócio que move cifras importantes, mas que também tem sido responsável por gerar novos mecanismos de exclusão no acesso aos mercados para camponeses e agricultores familiares. Essa é uma das causas essenciais para compreender as razões e circunstâncias que conspiraram para o surgimento do que se passou a denominar sistemas participativos de garantia (SPGs) em diversos países do mundo. Esta forma de certificação não aparece como uma forma alternativa ao sistema de certificação convencional, mas como resultado de um processo sócio-político extremamente importante para entender a capacidade da agricultura familiar em adaptar-se a um ambiente institucional invariavelmente desfavorável. O objeto desta tese é analisar comparativamente a certificação convencional ou clássica e a certificação participativa e em rede, protagonizada pela Rede Ecovida de Agroecologia, tendo por base um recorte de realidade que conforma dois universos empíricos bastante distintos, quais sejam, o estado do Rio Grande do Sul e a Andaluzia (Espanha). Que elementos poderiam advir dessa aproximação? Que razões e fatores convergiram para que houvesse uma tentativa de implementação de um SPG Andaluz inspirado na experiência brasileira? Que aspectos contribuíram para que essa experiência não prosperasse? O trabalho de campo desenvolveu-se entre os anos 2009 e 2011 com base em diversos instrumentos de investigação, especialmente entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com agricultores, membros de organizações não-governamentais, técnicos de empresas certificadoras, agentes de governo, associações de consumidores e outros atores sociais ligados à questão da certificação. Esta tese centra-se no esforço de responder a esta e outras questões relacionadas com esta estratégia de diferenciação dos produtos agrícolas, convertida hoje na essência de um processo importante de organização dos agricultores familiares em nome dos imperativos da sustentabilidade ambiental e agrícola