This study probes the impact that the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) certification process has on teachers, schools, and school districts. In particular the study provides research to determine if National Board Certification significantly affects teachers staying in the classrooms as full time teachers. The NBPTS process is explored to better understand the background of the endeavor and how it may thereby assist in promoting teacher retention and whether this concept is being realized. The history of leadership is also explored and discussed as it pertains to education and the NBPTS process. Beyond researching the relationship between National Board Certification and teachers leaving the classroom as full time teachers, this study also sought to determine if ethnicity (Black, White, Hispanic or Other) and/or gender were statistically significant moderators of this relationship. Of the total number of National Board Certified Teachers (NBCTs) who completed the survey (N=220), 22 participants reported that they were not teaching full time in the classroom at the time of this study. Of the total number of teachers who had not obtained NBC (general education teachers or GETs) who completed the survey (N=110), 28 participants reported that they were not teaching full time in the classroom at the time of this study. The results from this study indicate that GETs left the classroom as full time teachers, while remaining employed with the Broward School Board, at more than twice the rate of NBCTs. / by Lewis Jackson. / Thesis (Ed.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

As certificações socioambientais, a fim de tornarem-se mais acessíveis a pequenos produtores proporcionam métodos alternativos para obtenção dos selos. O FSC, além da possibilidade de certificação em grupo oferece, desde 2004, o padrão de certificação Small and Slow Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF). No Brasil, para atender a alta demanda do mercado e manterem-se competitivas, empresas florestais, além de estabelecer contratos de fomento, vêm incentivando e auxiliando pequenos produtores a certificarem-se. Para os pequenos produtores, a certificação pode contribuir com a diversificação dos meios de vida. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: i) caracterizar quais são os fatores que geram mudanças nos meios de vida de grupos de pequenos produtores florestais fomentados certificados; e ii) verificar a influência do tempo de certificação na mudança dos capitais dos meios de vida destes grupos. Para isso foram estudados quatro grupos de produtores florestais fomentados e certificados com FSC SLIMF, e um grupo fomentado, porém não certificado. Estes grupos localizam-se nas regiões brasileiras do extremo sul do estado da Bahia e norte do Espírito Santo, e vale do rio Tibagi, no estado do Paraná. Os grupos foram caracterizados por meio de entrevistas e levantamento bibliográfico. Os impactos da certificação nos meios de vida dos grupos de pequenos produtores florestais foram mensurados por meio questionário baseado em adaptação da abordagem dos Meios de Vida Sustentáveis. Foram propostos cenários da influência da certificação nos meios de vida de cada grupo certificado e interpretadas as interações entre os capitais dos meios de vida. O bom desempenho da certificação foi influenciado pela demanda do mercado por produtos certificados, pela situação prévia do capital social dos grupos de produtores e suas condições socioeconômicas. A certificação FSC SLIMF promoveu mudanças positivas em todos os capitais dos meios de vida, porém em intensidade diferente em cada grupo. Foi unânime a percepção de maior mudança no capital natural. O capital financeiro, principal motivador para participação na certificação, não apresentou o Preço Premium esperado pelos produtores. O tempo de certificação influenciou positivamente os resultados em todos os meios de vida, entretanto o engajamento e a participação dos membros na gestão dos grupos é determinante para o sucesso da certificação. Aspectos como escolaridade e renda influenciaram no interesse em se certificar e na percepção de melhorias. / Socio-environmental certifications, in order to become more accessible to small producers, provide alternative methods of obtaining the acreditation. The FSC, in addition to the possibility of group certification, has offered the Small and Slow Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF) certification standard since 2004. Brazilians forestry companies, in order to meet the market\'s high demand and to remain competitive, not only have established outgrower schemes, but also have encouraged and assisted small producers to certificate. Certification can contribute to the diversification of smallholders\' livelihoods. The present study had as objectives: i) to characterize the factors that generate changes in groups of certified forest smallholders\' livelihoods; and ii) to verify the influence of time of certification on the change of livelihood assets of these groups. Four groups of FSC SLIMF certified smallholders outgrowers, and a not certified smallholder outgrower group were selected to this study. These groups are located in the Brazilian regions of the extreme south of Bahia and north of Espirito Santo, and the Tibagi river valley in Paraná. The groups were characterized by interviews and bibliographic surveys. The certifications\' impacts on the smallholders\' livelihoods were measured using a questionnaire based on an adaptation of the Sustainable Livelihoods approach. Scenarios on the certification\'s influence on each group\'s livelihoods were developed and the interactions between livelihood capitals were interpreted. The certification\'s positive performance was influenced by the market demand for certified products, the smallholders groups previous situation on the social capital and their socioeconomic conditions. The FSC SLIMF certification promoted positive changes in all livelihoods\' capitals, but at different intensities in each group. The perception of higher change in the natural capital was unanimous. The financial capital, considered to be the main participation motivator in the certification, did not present the Premium Price expected by the producers. Certification time positively influenced outcomes across all livelihoods, however engagement and participation of group members in management is key to successful certification. Aspects such as schooling and income influenced the interest in pursuing certification and perceiving improvements.

La plupart des processus informatiques mettent en jeu la notion de transformation, en particulier la compilation. Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à fournir des outils et des méthodes, utilisant la réécriture, permettant d'accroître la confiance que l'on peut placer dans ces processus. Nous développons dans un premier temps un cadre permettant de valider la compilation de constructions de filtrage, produisant une preuve formelle de la validité de la compilation, ainsi qu'un témoin de cette preuve, à chaque exécution du compilateur. Afin de permettre l'écriture sûre de transformations complexes, nous proposons un générateur de structures de données efficaces intégrant des invariants algébriques, et un langage de stratégies permettant de contrôler l'application des transformations. Ces résultats constituent donc une avancée vers la constitution de methodes génériques sûres pour le développement de transformations de confiance. / Most computer processes involve the notion of transformation, in particular the compilation processes. We interest in this thesis in providing tools and methods, based on rewriting, giving the opportunity to increase the confidence we can place into those processes. We develop first a framework used to validate the compilation of matching constructs, building a formal proof of the validity of the compilation process along with a witness of this proof, for each run of the compiler. Then, in order to allow one to write safely complex transformations, we propose a tool that generates an efficient data structure integrating algebraic invariants, as well as a strategy language that enables to control the application of transformations. Those results can be seen as a first step towards the constitution of generic and safe methods for the development of trustworthy transformations.

La résolution de la crise ivoirienne nécessite l’organisation d’une élection présidentielle inclusive. Sur la base de l’Accord de Pretoria, les Nations Unies vont s’impliquer dans la gestion du processus électoral, conformément à la Résolution 1765(2005) du Conseil de sécurité, instituant le mandat de certification.La certification du processus électoral ivoirien constitue dés lors une activité électorale inédite au cœur de la souveraineté nationale. En effet, la gestion du processus électoral par les organes nationaux et un organe international repose sur une architecture juridique hybride, mélangeant le droit national et le droit international, devant permettre la sauvegarde des résultats de l’élection présidentielle. L’acceptation du mécanisme de la certification par les autorités nationales dans ce processus régalien modifie substantiellement la traditionnelle hiérarchie des normes qui attribue à la Constitution et au Conseil constitutionnel une place privilégiée dans les rapports internes et externes.Ainsi, la mise en œuvre du mandat de la certification enlève toute force obligatoire à la décision du Conseil constitutionnel censée revêtir l’autorité de la chose jugée. La déclaration de certification des Nations Unies accorde au candidat proclamé par la Commission électorale indépendante, une légitimité et une crédibilité internationales au détriment du candidat proclamé vainqueur par le Conseil constitutionnel. Cette situation pousse le Conseil constitutionnel ivoirien à se dédire, et reconnaître la supériorité de la certification sur sa décision. / The resolution of the Ivorian crisis requires the holding of an inclusive presidential election. On the basis of the Pretoria Agreement and in accordance with Security Council Resolution 1765 (2005) establishing the certification mandate, the United Nations throughout the Special Representative of the Secretary-General were involved in the electoral process.The certification of the Ivorian electoral process constitutes an unprecedented electoral activity at the heart of national sovereignty. Indeed, the management of the electoral process by national bodies and an international body built on a hybrid legal framework, including national law and international law, to safe-guard the results of the presidential election. The acceptance of the certification’s mechanism by the national authorities in this stately process modifies substantially the traditional hierarchy of the norms which assigns to the Constitution and the Constitutional Council a privileged place in the internal and external reports.Thus, the implementation of the Special Representative’s mandate deprives all binding force from the Constitutional Council’s decision, which is supposed to have the authority of res judicata. The United Nations certification’ statement grants international legitimacy and credibility to the candidate proclaimed by the Independent Electoral Commission to the detriment of the candidate proclaimed victor by the Constitutional Council. This situation urges the Ivorian Constitutional Council to recant, and recognizes the superiority of certification on its decision.

As certificações socioambientais, a fim de tornarem-se mais acessíveis a pequenos produtores proporcionam métodos alternativos para obtenção dos selos. O FSC, além da possibilidade de certificação em grupo oferece, desde 2004, o padrão de certificação Small and Slow Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF). No Brasil, para atender a alta demanda do mercado e manterem-se competitivas, empresas florestais, além de estabelecer contratos de fomento, vêm incentivando e auxiliando pequenos produtores a certificarem-se. Para os pequenos produtores, a certificação pode contribuir com a diversificação dos meios de vida. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: i) caracterizar quais são os fatores que geram mudanças nos meios de vida de grupos de pequenos produtores florestais fomentados certificados; e ii) verificar a influência do tempo de certificação na mudança dos capitais dos meios de vida destes grupos. Para isso foram estudados quatro grupos de produtores florestais fomentados e certificados com FSC SLIMF, e um grupo fomentado, porém não certificado. Estes grupos localizam-se nas regiões brasileiras do extremo sul do estado da Bahia e norte do Espírito Santo, e vale do rio Tibagi, no estado do Paraná. Os grupos foram caracterizados por meio de entrevistas e levantamento bibliográfico. Os impactos da certificação nos meios de vida dos grupos de pequenos produtores florestais foram mensurados por meio questionário baseado em adaptação da abordagem dos Meios de Vida Sustentáveis. Foram propostos cenários da influência da certificação nos meios de vida de cada grupo certificado e interpretadas as interações entre os capitais dos meios de vida. O bom desempenho da certificação foi influenciado pela demanda do mercado por produtos certificados, pela situação prévia do capital social dos grupos de produtores e suas condições socioeconômicas. A certificação FSC SLIMF promoveu mudanças positivas em todos os capitais dos meios de vida, porém em intensidade diferente em cada grupo. Foi unânime a percepção de maior mudança no capital natural. O capital financeiro, principal motivador para participação na certificação, não apresentou o Preço Premium esperado pelos produtores. O tempo de certificação influenciou positivamente os resultados em todos os meios de vida, entretanto o engajamento e a participação dos membros na gestão dos grupos é determinante para o sucesso da certificação. Aspectos como escolaridade e renda influenciaram no interesse em se certificar e na percepção de melhorias. / Socio-environmental certifications, in order to become more accessible to small producers, provide alternative methods of obtaining the acreditation. The FSC, in addition to the possibility of group certification, has offered the Small and Slow Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF) certification standard since 2004. Brazilians forestry companies, in order to meet the market\'s high demand and to remain competitive, not only have established outgrower schemes, but also have encouraged and assisted small producers to certificate. Certification can contribute to the diversification of smallholders\' livelihoods. The present study had as objectives: i) to characterize the factors that generate changes in groups of certified forest smallholders\' livelihoods; and ii) to verify the influence of time of certification on the change of livelihood assets of these groups. Four groups of FSC SLIMF certified smallholders outgrowers, and a not certified smallholder outgrower group were selected to this study. These groups are located in the Brazilian regions of the extreme south of Bahia and north of Espirito Santo, and the Tibagi river valley in Paraná. The groups were characterized by interviews and bibliographic surveys. The certifications\' impacts on the smallholders\' livelihoods were measured using a questionnaire based on an adaptation of the Sustainable Livelihoods approach. Scenarios on the certification\'s influence on each group\'s livelihoods were developed and the interactions between livelihood capitals were interpreted. The certification\'s positive performance was influenced by the market demand for certified products, the smallholders groups previous situation on the social capital and their socioeconomic conditions. The FSC SLIMF certification promoted positive changes in all livelihoods\' capitals, but at different intensities in each group. The perception of higher change in the natural capital was unanimous. The financial capital, considered to be the main participation motivator in the certification, did not present the Premium Price expected by the producers. Certification time positively influenced outcomes across all livelihoods, however engagement and participation of group members in management is key to successful certification. Aspects such as schooling and income influenced the interest in pursuing certification and perceiving improvements.

The issue of migration within the European Union has grown in member countries to considerable size. Management representatives of EU institutions have decided to address this situation. They established community program Solidarity and management of migration flows. The European Commission has decided that for the financial management of this program will be used the principle of shared management. The principle of shared financial management is the delegation of powers and responsibilities for funding and implementing the program from the institutions of the European Commission to the Member State. This decision creates an obligation for a Member State to establish a system of financial management programs in accordance with financial rules of the European Union (not by the financial rules of the Member State). So the general program "Solidarity and management of migration flows" became the first community program in the CR, which is being implemented on the principle of shared financial management. Member states are obliged to create their own theoretical and methodological basis of a new financial management. This method of financial management has three pillars - Responsible Authority, Audit Authority and Certification Authority. The recipient of funds may be non-profit organizations or state or public nonprofit organization. The financial management of the Responsible Authority is responsible for program implementation in the Member State through projects of final beneficiaries. The Audit Authority is the control body. The Certification Authority is the authority for confirmation. It is the last link between the European Commission and Member States. The task of the Certification Authority and at the same time of this dissertation was to develop new theoretical and methodological system of internationally recognized certification of public expenditures for services that are financed from the EU budget. In the past, the issue of certification of the expenditures financed by community programs in the CR was not addressed. The goal set in my work was met. New theoretical and methodological certification system was created. Functionality and effectiveness of the system was checked before being put into practice through expert assessment by experts of the Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Finance. Also theoretical and methodological approach was developed, which was approved by the Minister of the Interior, and which became a mandatory certification standard for all involved organizations in the CR. The system was put into practice and has been used since 2009.

L’essor des réseaux AFDX comme infrastructure de communication entre les équipements de bord des aéronefs civils motive de nombreux travaux de recherche pour réduire les délais de communication tout en garantissant un haut niveau de déterminisme et de qualité de service. Cette thèse traite de l’effet des accolements de trames sur l’End System de réception, notamment sur le buffer interne afin de garantir une non perte de trames et un dimensionnement mémoire optimal. Une modélisation pire cas du flux de trames est réalisée selon une première méthode pessimiste, basée sur un flux de trames périodiques ; puis une seconde, plus optimiste, basée sur des intervalles de réception et un placement de trames itératif. Une étude probabiliste met en œuvre des distributions gaussiennes pour évaluer les probabilités d’occurrences des pires cas d’accolements et apporte un éclairage qui ouvre une discussion sur la pertinence de ne considérer que la modélisation pire cas pour dimensionner le buffer de réception. Un gain mémoire supplémentaire peut être obtenu par la mise en œuvre de la compression sans perte LZW. / The rise of AFDX networks as a communication infrastructure between on-board equipment of civil aircraft motivates many research projects to reduce communication delays while guaranteeing a high level of determination and quality of service. This thesis deals with the effect of the back-ot-back frame reception on the reception End System, in particular, on the internal buffer, in order to guarantee a non-loss of frames and optimal memory dimensioning. A worst-case modeling of the frame flow is carried out according to a first pessimistic method, based on a periodic frame flow. Then a more optimistic method is presented based on the reception intervals and an iterative frame placement. A probabilistic study implements Gaussian distributions to evaluate the occurrence probabilities of the worst back-to-back frames and provides an illumination that opens a discussion on the relevance of not considering the worst-case modeling to size the reception buffer. Additional memory gain can be achieved by implementing LZW lossless compression.

The Federal education system has 12 nationally accredited and portable qualifications issued by the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) which cover three sectors; Higher Education, Vocational Education and Training (VET) and Schools. A mandatory minimum bachelor qualification together with education units, state registration and ongoing professional development is imposed for all classroom music teachers. In direct contrast, however, Australian studio piano teachers and school instrumental teachers may or may not have formal qualifications, registration with professional associations, or ongoing professional development. All teachers must be registered with State registration boards for Working With Children (WWC) but no monitoring controls exist for studio teachers. Qualifications are available from public examination boards, private enterprises and state Music Teacher Associations (MTAs) but these are not recognised within the national system and consequently have no status or portability, although they are used and recommended within the industry and higher education institutions as course prerequisites. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether a National Accreditation System (NAS) for Australian studio piano teachers could be a viable system, adding unprecedented professionalism to the field and drawing upon the existing systems of government, private industry and educational institutions. In the thesis, current systems of accreditation, education and training available for classroom music teachers, school instrumental music teachers and other recognised professions such as lawyers, engineers, accountants, health professionals and sports coaches were reviewed as a comparative basis upon which to assess similar contexts for studio piano teachers. Results are combined with a survey of Australian piano teachers' perceptions, from which the study ascertained the extent to which studio piano teachers' needs were being catered for and met in available systems of accreditation and training.

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published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education