This thesis is based in the research area of Design for Sustainable Behaviour (DfSB), a field which seeks to reduce the social and environmental impact of products in the use phase of their life cycle. There has been significant theoretical development in this area in recent years, leading to a proliferation of intervention strategies and design methodologies. However, there has been a recognised lack of a reliable means of selecting which intervention strategy to use in a given situation, and a lack of real world intervention case studies generating measurable medium-to-long term reductions in energy consumption. Addressing these gaps was a central focus of this research. This thesis documents four distinct research phases; an extensive literature review, an in-depth user study of existing energy consuming behaviours and motivations, the development and trialling of design interventions, and the evaluation of the generated theories as a tool for designers. Literature on domestic energy consumption, human behaviour, and approaches to changing behaviour was reviewed to establish the current level of thinking and to identify opportunities for further research. This guided the undertaking of the user study with a number of families in the East Midlands of the UK, which illuminated the relevant motivational goals, and highly routinized nature, displayed in many energy consuming behaviours. Over the course of this phase of the research journey a new conceptual model of behaviour in context was developed, and refined to create the Behavioural Intervention Selection Axis (BISA). These theoretical developments were then applied to the generation of DfSB intervention concepts, one of which was selected and developed to a functional prototype stage. These prototypes were trialled in situ in family homes for an extended period, and achieved a significant change in behaviour and related energy consumption. Further evaluation of the BISA as a tool to guide designers was performed through a series of workshops with design students, which ascertained its usefulness in this respect. Both the intervention development and trialling and the design workshops showed the conceptual model and BISA to be successful in providing designers with a reliable and useful means of selecting appropriate intervention strategies to change behaviour. In addition the intervention trial provided a wealth of qualitative insight into the way in which DfSB can effect behaviour, and the range of new motivational goals it can engender.

As organisations operate in a globalised, competitive and ever-changing environment, the process of making strategic decisions, the introduction and implementation of organisational changes, and employees’ responses towards these changes are typical challenges in organisational life. In this content, the recent financial crisis of 2007-2008 had a profound impact on the Greek economy, as the Greek banking sector had undergone a series of profound organisational changes that were met with a mixed response from employees. The aim of this study is to investigate and propose an integrated theoretical model on the relationship among strategic decision-making process (SDMP), organisational change and employees’ responses to change in Greek banks. To achieve this aim, the SDMP by which organisational changes were introduced in Greek banks, and employees’ EVLN behavioural responses towards these changes are examined. Two questionnaire surveys were conducted and data were collected from 11 CEOs and 78 members of top management teams, and 1,259 Greek bank employees. The study adopted the positivistic approach and data were quantitatively analysed by using the statistical software of SPSS version 2.1 and AMOS version 22.0. The findings suggest that top management teams used their Rationality, Intuition and Political behaviour during SDMP, and different contextual factors had a different impact on this process. Moreover, employees’ EVLN behavioural responses varied depending on the type of organisational change and the level of impact of organisational commitment, job satisfaction and psychological contract breach on their responses. Also, significant differences were found on employees’ responses in terms of their age, gender, educational level, length of service at the bank, position at the bank, and the bank they worked for before the changes. The key contribution to knowledge is that this is the first study that develops an integrated theoretical model that examines the relationship among SDMP, organisational change and employees’ EVLN behavioural responses. It also enhances our knowledge and extends the literature on a number of relationships such as the impact of the antecedents of SDMP on SDMP dimensions, the effect of SDMP dimensions on organisational change, and the impact of different types of organisational change on employees’ EVLN responses. Such contribution has significant implications on making strategic decisions and managing change in times of crises.

<p><strong>Syfte och frågeställningar</strong></p><p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka faktorer som samvarierar med utnyttjandet av friskvård på arbetsplatsen för att på så sätt få en djupare förståelse för vad som kännetecknar individer som är fysiskt aktiva eller inaktiva. Frågeställningarna var: Vilka är de främsta motivationsfaktorerna till att vara fysiskt aktiv? a) bland dem som utnyttjar friskvård, b) bland dem som inte utnyttjar friskvård men är fysiskt aktiva. Vilka är det vanligaste hindren till att inte utnyttja friskvård i form av fysisk aktivitet? Vilka olika beteendemässiga och sociala faktorer samvarierar med utnyttjandet av friskvård?</p><p><strong>Metod</strong></p><p>Undersökningen var en tvärsnittsstudie som genomfördes med hjälp av en web-enkät som mestadels bestod av strukturerade svarsalternativ. Urvalet bestod av 272 anställda inom administration och service. Bearbetningen av resultatet har gjorts i statistikprogrammet SPSS där signifikansnivån sattes till (p<0,05). Tolkningen av resultatet har gjorts med utgångspunkt från Social Cognitive Theory och<em> Self Determination Theory.</em><em></em></p><p><strong>Resultat</strong></p><p>De som utnyttjade friskvårdserbjudandena motiverades främst av att ”hålla sig i form och må bra” vilket enligt teorin är ett yttre motiv. De som inte utnyttjade friskvårdserbjudandena men var fysiskt aktiva motiverades främst av att de ”tycker det är kul” vilket tolkas som ett inre motiv. Det mest förekomna hindret för att inte vara fysiskt aktiv var ”jag hinner inte på grund av familjesituationen”. Resultatet visade en statistiskt signifikant samvariation mellan utnyttjande och ålder, kön, fysiskt aktiva vänner och måttet på självtillit/självförmåga.</p><p><strong>Slutsats</strong></p><p>Denna studie visar, liksom tidigare forskning antytt, att det finns ett samband mellan beteendemässiga och sociala faktorer och fysisk aktivitet. Personer som var fysiskt aktiva genom friskvård hade en högre självtillit/självförmåga än de som inte deltog, de uppgav också att de hade vänner som var fysiskt aktiva vilket antyder att det sociala stödet fungerar som en motiverande faktor men även utgör ett hinder när det saknas. Det är viktigt att sträva efter att individer styrs av inre motiv samt uppnår en hög självtillit/självförmåga som kan bidra till att man lättare klarar av de hinder som kan uppstå. Sett ur ett ledarskaps- och hälsopedagogs-perspektiv kan dessa kunskaper vara till hjälp i samband med friskvårdssatsningar på arbetsplatsen samt vid arbete med beteendeförändringar för fysisk aktivitet.</p> / <p><strong>Aim</strong><strong></strong></p><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that covary with the use of wellness in the workplace in order to gain a deeper understanding of the characteristics of individuals who are physically active or inactive. Questions were: What are the main factors of motivation to be physically active? a) among users of the wellness benefit, b) among those who do not use the wellness benefit but are physically active. What are the most common barriers for not using health care in the form of physical activity? What are the various behavioural and social factors that correlated with the utilization of the wellness benefit? <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Method</strong></p><p>The study was a cross-sectional study conducted using a web survey that consisted mostly of structured answers. The sample consisted of 272 employees in administration and service positions. The results were processed using the statistical program SPSS where the significance level was set at (p <0.05). The interpretation of the results was based on Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Determination Theory. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results</strong></p><p>Those who used wellness benefits were primarily motivated by "keeping in shape and feel good" which in theory is an external motive. Those who did not utilize wellness benefits but were physically active were primarily motivated by the fact that they "think it's fun" which is interpreted as a single motif. The most common reason given for not being physically active was "I do not have time due to family situation". The results showed a statistically significant correlation between use and age, gender, physically active friends, and active friends, and the measure of self-efficacy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions </strong><strong></strong></p><p>This study indicated that there is a correlation between the behavioural and social factors and physical activity. People who were physically active through fitness had a higher self-efficacy than those who did not participate; they also reported that they had friends who were physically active, suggesting that social support acts not only as a motivating factor but also an obstacle when it is missing. It is important to seek that individuals are guided by an inner motivation and that they reach a high level of self-efficacy that can help them coop with the obstacles that may arise. From a leadership perspective these knowledge can be helpful in the context of wellness initiatives in the workplace and when working with behaviour change for physical activity.<strong></strong></p>

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka faktorer som samvarierar med utnyttjandet av friskvård på arbetsplatsen för att på så sätt få en djupare förståelse för vad som kännetecknar individer som är fysiskt aktiva eller inaktiva. Frågeställningarna var: Vilka är de främsta motivationsfaktorerna till att vara fysiskt aktiv? a) bland dem som utnyttjar friskvård, b) bland dem som inte utnyttjar friskvård men är fysiskt aktiva. Vilka är det vanligaste hindren till att inte utnyttja friskvård i form av fysisk aktivitet? Vilka olika beteendemässiga och sociala faktorer samvarierar med utnyttjandet av friskvård? Metod Undersökningen var en tvärsnittsstudie som genomfördes med hjälp av en web-enkät som mestadels bestod av strukturerade svarsalternativ. Urvalet bestod av 272 anställda inom administration och service. Bearbetningen av resultatet har gjorts i statistikprogrammet SPSS där signifikansnivån sattes till (p&lt;0,05). Tolkningen av resultatet har gjorts med utgångspunkt från Social Cognitive Theory och Self Determination Theory. Resultat De som utnyttjade friskvårdserbjudandena motiverades främst av att ”hålla sig i form och må bra” vilket enligt teorin är ett yttre motiv. De som inte utnyttjade friskvårdserbjudandena men var fysiskt aktiva motiverades främst av att de ”tycker det är kul” vilket tolkas som ett inre motiv. Det mest förekomna hindret för att inte vara fysiskt aktiv var ”jag hinner inte på grund av familjesituationen”. Resultatet visade en statistiskt signifikant samvariation mellan utnyttjande och ålder, kön, fysiskt aktiva vänner och måttet på självtillit/självförmåga. Slutsats Denna studie visar, liksom tidigare forskning antytt, att det finns ett samband mellan beteendemässiga och sociala faktorer och fysisk aktivitet. Personer som var fysiskt aktiva genom friskvård hade en högre självtillit/självförmåga än de som inte deltog, de uppgav också att de hade vänner som var fysiskt aktiva vilket antyder att det sociala stödet fungerar som en motiverande faktor men även utgör ett hinder när det saknas. Det är viktigt att sträva efter att individer styrs av inre motiv samt uppnår en hög självtillit/självförmåga som kan bidra till att man lättare klarar av de hinder som kan uppstå. Sett ur ett ledarskaps- och hälsopedagogs-perspektiv kan dessa kunskaper vara till hjälp i samband med friskvårdssatsningar på arbetsplatsen samt vid arbete med beteendeförändringar för fysisk aktivitet. / Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that covary with the use of wellness in the workplace in order to gain a deeper understanding of the characteristics of individuals who are physically active or inactive. Questions were: What are the main factors of motivation to be physically active? a) among users of the wellness benefit, b) among those who do not use the wellness benefit but are physically active. What are the most common barriers for not using health care in the form of physical activity? What are the various behavioural and social factors that correlated with the utilization of the wellness benefit? Method The study was a cross-sectional study conducted using a web survey that consisted mostly of structured answers. The sample consisted of 272 employees in administration and service positions. The results were processed using the statistical program SPSS where the significance level was set at (p &lt;0.05). The interpretation of the results was based on Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Determination Theory. Results Those who used wellness benefits were primarily motivated by "keeping in shape and feel good" which in theory is an external motive. Those who did not utilize wellness benefits but were physically active were primarily motivated by the fact that they "think it's fun" which is interpreted as a single motif. The most common reason given for not being physically active was "I do not have time due to family situation". The results showed a statistically significant correlation between use and age, gender, physically active friends, and active friends, and the measure of self-efficacy. Conclusions This study indicated that there is a correlation between the behavioural and social factors and physical activity. People who were physically active through fitness had a higher self-efficacy than those who did not participate; they also reported that they had friends who were physically active, suggesting that social support acts not only as a motivating factor but also an obstacle when it is missing. It is important to seek that individuals are guided by an inner motivation and that they reach a high level of self-efficacy that can help them coop with the obstacles that may arise. From a leadership perspective these knowledge can be helpful in the context of wellness initiatives in the workplace and when working with behaviour change for physical activity.