Dans les systèmes de transmission multiporteuses et impliquant plusieurs utilisateurs, deux phénomènes viennent perturber la réception et la détection de symboles : le canal de propagation et le décalage des fréquences porteuses (DFP). Cette thèse traite de techniques d’égalisation et de synchronisation en fréquence reposant sur des techniques de type Kalman telles que le filtrage de Kalman étendu (EKF) du 1er ou du 2nd ordre, le filtrage de Kalman étendu itératif ou le filtrage de Kalman par sigma point (SPKF). Pour relaxer les hypothèses de Gaussianité sur les bruits de mesure et de modèle dans la représentation dans l’espace d’état, des approches de type H[infini] sont aussi étudiées.Ces méthodes sont ensuite exploitées dans des systèmes de type OFDMA ou OFDM-IDMA et sont combinées avec d’autres approches (MMSE-SD, tests statistiques, etc.) pour mettre en œuvre des récepteurs pouvant être notamment robustes à des interférences large bande, comme c’est le cas dans des applications de radio intelligence. / Multicarrier modulation is the common feature of high-data rate mobile wirelesssystems. In that case, two phenomena disturb the symbol detection. Firstly,due to the relative transmitter-receiver motion and a difference between the localoscillator (LO) frequency at the transmitter and the receiver, a carrier frequencyoffset (CFO) affects the received signal. This leads to an intercarrier interference(ICI). Secondly, several versions of the transmitted signal are received due to thewireless propagation channel. These unwanted phenomena must be taken intoaccount when designing a receiver. As estimating the multipath channel and theCFO is essential, this PhD deals with several CFO and channel estimation methodsbased on optimal filtering.Firstly, as the estimation issue is nonlinear, we suggest using the extended Kalmanfilter (EKF). It is based on a local linearization of the equations around the laststate estimate. However, this approach requires a linearization based on calculationsof Jacobians and Hessians matrices and may not be a sufficient descriptionof the nonlinearity. For these reasons, we can consider the sigma-point Kalmanfilter (SPKF), namely the unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and the central differenceKalman filter (CDKF). The UKF is based on the unscented transformationwhereas the CDKF is based on the second order Sterling polynomial interpolationformula. Nevertheless, the above methods require an exact and accurate apriori system model as well as perfect knowledge of the additive measurementnoisestatistics. Therefore, we propose to use the H∞ filtering, which is known tobe more robust to uncertainties than Kalman filtering. As the state-space representationof the system is non-linear, we first evaluate the “extended H∞ filter”,which is based on a linearization of the state-space equations like the EKF. As analternative, the “unscented H∞ filter”, which has been recently proposed in theliterature, is implemented by embedding the unscented transformation into the“extended H∞ filter” and carrying out the filtering by using the statistical linearerror propagation approach.The above techniques have been implemented in different multicarrier contexts:Firstly, we address the estimation of the multiple CFOs and channels by meansof a control data in an uplink orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) system. To reduce the amount of control data, the optimal filteringtechniques are combined in an iterative way with the so-called minimum meansquare error successive detector (MMSE-SD) to obtain an estimator that doesnot require pilot subcarriers.

L’optimisation des communications par satellite devient un enjeu crucial pour fournir un accèsInternet aux zones blanches et/ou défavorisées et pour supporter des réseaux à grande échelle.Dans ce contexte, l’utilisation des techniques d’accès aléatoires sur le lien retour permetd’améliorer les performances de ces systèmes. Cependant, les techniques d’accès aléatoireclassiques comme ‘Aloha’ et ‘Slotted Aloha’ ne sont pas optimales pour la transmission dedonnées sur le lien retour. En effet, ces techniques présentent un taux élevé de pertes depaquets suite aux collisions. Par conséquent, des études récentes ont proposé de nouvellesméthodes d’accès aléatoire pour résoudre les collisions entre les paquets et ainsi, améliorerles performances. En particulier, ces méthodes se basent sur la redondance de l’informationet l’annulation successive des interférences. Dans ces systèmes, l’estimation de canal sur le lien retour est un problème difficile en raison du haut niveau de collisions de paquets. Dans une première contribution dans cette thèse, nous décrivons une technique améliorée d’estimation de canal pour les paquets en collision. Par ailleurs, nous analysons l’impact des erreurs résiduelles d’estimation de canal sur la performance des annulations successives des interférences. Même si les résultats obtenus sont encore légèrement inférieurs au cas de connaissance parfaite du canal, on observe une amélioration significative des performances par rapport aux algorithmes d’estimation de canal existants. Une autre contribution de cette thèse présente une méthode appelée ‘Multi-Replica Decoding using Correlation based Localisation’ (MARSALA). Celle-ci est une nouvelle technique de décodage pour la méthode d’accès aléatoire synchrone ‘Contention Résolution diversité Slotted Aloha’ (CRDSA), qui est basée sur les principe de réplication de paquets et d’annulation successive des interférences. Comparée aux méthodes d’accès aléatoire traditionnelles, CRDSA permet d’améliorer considérablement les performances. Toutefois, le débit offert par CRDSA peut être limité à cause des fortes collisions de paquets. L’utilisation deMARSALA par le récepteur permet d’améliorer les résultats en appliquant des techniques de corrélation temporelles pour localiser et combiner les répliques d’un paquet donné. Cette procédure aboutit à des gains en termes de débit et de taux d’erreurs paquets. Néanmoins, le gain offert par MARSALAest fortement dépendant de la synchronisation en temps et en phase des répliques d’un mêmepaquet. Dans cette thèse, nous détaillons le fonctionnement de MARSALA afin de corriger ladésynchronisation en temps et en phase entre les répliques. De plus, nous évaluons l’impactde la combinaison imparfaite des répliques sur les performances, en fournissant un modèle analytique ainsi que des résultats de simulation. En outre, plusieurs schémas d’optimisationde MARSALA sont proposés tels que le principe du ‘MaximumRatio Combining’, ou la transmissiondes paquets à des puissances différentes. Utilisées conjointement, ces différentespropositions permettent d’obtenir une amélioration très significative des performances. Enfin,nous montrons qu’en choisissant la configuration optimale pour MARSALA, le gain deperformance est considérablement amélioré. / With the need to provide the Internet access to deprived areas and to cope with constantlyenlarging satellite networks, enhancing satellite communications becomes a crucial challenge.In this context, the use of Random Access (RA) techniques combined with dedicated accesson the satellite return link, can improve the system performance. However conventionalRA techniques like Aloha and Slotted Aloha suffer from a high packet loss rate caused bydestructive packet collisions. For this reason, those techniques are not well-suited for datatransmission in satellite communications. Therefore, researchers have been studying andproposing new RA techniques that can cope with packet collisions and decrease the packet lossratio. In particular, recent RA techniques involving information redundancy and successiveinterference cancellation, have shown some promising performance gains.With such methods that can function in high load regimes and resolve packets with high collisions,channel estimation is not an evident task. As a first contribution in this dissertation, wedescribe an improved channel estimation scheme for packets in collision in new RAmethodsin satellite communications. And we analyse the impact of residual channel estimation errorson the performance of interference cancellation. The results obtained show a performancedegradation compared to the perfect channel knowledge case, but provide a performanceenhancement compared to existing channel estimation algorithms. Another contribution of this thesis is presenting a method called Multi-Replica Decoding using Correlation based Localisation (MARSALA). MARSALA is a new decoding technique for a recent synchronous RAmethod called Contention Resolution Diversity Slotted Aloha (CRDSA). Based on packets replication and successive interference cancellation, CRDSA enables to significantly enhance the performance of legacy RA techniques. However, if CRDSA is unable to resolve additional packets due to high levels of collision, MARSALA is applied. At the receiver side, MARSALA takes advantage of correlation procedures to localise the replicas of a given packet, then combines the replicas in order to obtain a better Signal to Noise plus Interference Ratio. Nevertheless, the performance ofMARSALA is highly dependent on replicas synchronisation in timing and phase, otherwise replicas combination would not be constructive. In this dissertation, we describe an overall framework ofMARSALA including replicas timing and phase estimation and compensation, then channel estimation for theresulting signal. This dissertation also provides an analytical model for the performancedegradation of MARSALA due to imperfect replicas combination and channel estimation.In addition, several enhancement schemes forMARSALA are proposed likeMaximum RatioCombining, packets power unbalance, and various coding schemes. Finally, we show thatby choosing the optimal design configuration for MARSALA, the performance gain can besignificantly enhanced.

Si les drones militaires connaissent un développement important depuis une quinzaine d’année, suivi depuis quelques années par les drones civiles dont les usages ne font que se multiplier, en réalité les drones ont un siècle avec le premier vol d’un avion équipé d’un système de pilotage automatique sur une centaine de kilomètre en 1918. La question des règles d’usage des drones civiles sont en cours de développement malgré leur multiplication pour des usages allant de l’agriculture, à l’observation en passant par la livraison de colis. Ainsi, leur intégration dans l’espace aérien reste un enjeu important, ainsi que les standards de communication avec ces drones dans laquelle s’inscrit cette thèse. Cette thèse vise en effet à étudier et proposer des solutions pour les liens de communications des drones par satellite.L’intégration de ce lien de communication permet d’assurer la fiabilité des communications et particulièrement du lien de Commande et Contrôle partout dans le monde, en s’affranchissant des contraintes d’un réseau terrestre (comme les zones blanches). En raison de la rareté des ressources fréquentielles déjà allouées pour les futurs systèmes intégrant des drones, l’efficacité spectrale devient un paramètre important pour leur déploiement à grande échelle et le contexte spatiale demande l’utilisation d’un système de communication robuste aux non-linéarités. Les Modulations à Phase Continue permettent de répondre à ces problématiques. Cependant, ces dernières sont des modulations non-linéaire à mémoire entraînant une augmentation de la complexité des récepteurs. Du fait de la présence d’un canal multi-trajet (canal aéronautique par satellite), le principal objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des algorithmes d’égalisation (dans le domaine fréquentiel pour réduire leur complexité) et de synchronisation pour CPM adaptés à ce concept tout en essayant de proposer une complexité calculatoire raisonnable. Dans un premier temps, nous avons considéré uniquement des canaux sélectifs en fréquence et avons étudier les différents égaliseurs de la littérature. En étudiant leur similitudes et différences, nous avons pu développer un égaliseur dans le domaine fréquentiel qui proposant les mêmes performances a une complexité moindre. Nous proposons également des méthodes d’estimation canal et une méthode d’estimation conjointe du canal et de la fréquence porteuse. Dans un second temps nous avons montré comment étendre ces méthodes à des canaux sélectifs en temps et fréquence permettant ainsi de conserver une complexité calculatoire raisonnable. / If the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) has been booming for military applications since adecade, followed by civil applications since a few years (with a lot of completely different purposes), the first UAV has been developed and tested in 1918 with the first flight of a fight withthe first autopilot system. The issue of a complete and safe integration in the existing air trafficair craft system is currently being studied as the multiple use case of UAV are growing exponentially from agriculture, observation and package delivery. Hence, the integration of UAV inthe air traffic system is a global issue, and so are the communication standard in which the thesis take place. This thesis aims to study and propose solutions for the communication link by satellitefor UAV. This satellite link would ensure the reliability of the system, and above all of theCommand and Control Link, by avoiding the issue of a terrestrial communication network (such asover the ocean, where no terrestrial network is available). Due to spectral resource lack alreadyallocated for the UAV, the spectral efficiency of the communication link is a critical issue, as its robustness to non-linearity due to the spatial context. Continuous Phase Modulation is a potentialsolution to answer to those issues. However, this will lead to an increased computational complexity at the received compared to linear modulation scheme The aeronautical channel bysatellite is characterized by a doubly-selective channels due to Ground Reflections of the signal,and in this thesis, we proposed equalization algorithms and synchronization techniques for CPM in this context while trying to keep a reasonable computational complexity a. First, we have only considered transmission over frequency selective channels. We have made a study of the equalizers proposed by the literature and by studying their similitudes and differences, we have been able to propose a new equalizer with a lower computational complexity but having the same performance. We also have proposed a channel estimation method and a joint channel and carrier frequency estimation for CPM over frequency-selective channels. In a second time, we have extended our method to doubly selective channel (as there is Doppler Spread in our communication system due to the UAV speed) which allows us to have an overall receiver structure with a reasonable computational complexity.

This dissertation designs linear transceivers for the multiuser downlink in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The designs rely on an uplink/downlink duality for the mean squared error (MSE) of each individual data stream. We first consider the design of transceivers assuming channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter. We consider minimization of the sum-MSE over all users subject to a sum power constraint on each transmission. Using MSE duality, we solve a computationally simpler convex problem in a virtual uplink. The transformation back to the downlink is simplified by our demonstrating the equality of the optimal power allocations in the uplink and downlink. Our second set of designs maximize the sum throughput for all users. We establish a series of relationships linking MSE to the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios of individual data streams and the information theoretic channel capacity under linear minimum MSE decoding. We show that minimizing the product of MSE matrix determinants is equivalent to sum-rate maximization, but we demonstrate that this problem does not admit a computationally efficient solution. We simplify the problem by minimizing the product of mean squared errors (PMSE) and propose an iterative algorithm based on alternating optimization with near-optimal performance. The remainder of the thesis considers the more practical case of imperfections in CSI. First, we consider the impact of delay and limited-rate feedback. We propose a system which employs Kalman prediction to mitigate delay; feedback rate is limited by employing adaptive delta modulation. Next, we consider the robust design of the sum-MSE and PMSE minimizing precoders with delay-free but imperfect estimates of the CSI. We extend the MSE duality to the case of imperfect CSI, and consider a new optimization problem which jointly optimizes the energy allocations for training and data stages along with the sum-MSE/PMSE minimizing transceivers. We prove the separability of these two problems when all users have equal estimation error variances, and propose several techniques to address the more challenging case of unequal estimation errors.

This dissertation designs linear transceivers for the multiuser downlink in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The designs rely on an uplink/downlink duality for the mean squared error (MSE) of each individual data stream. We first consider the design of transceivers assuming channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter. We consider minimization of the sum-MSE over all users subject to a sum power constraint on each transmission. Using MSE duality, we solve a computationally simpler convex problem in a virtual uplink. The transformation back to the downlink is simplified by our demonstrating the equality of the optimal power allocations in the uplink and downlink. Our second set of designs maximize the sum throughput for all users. We establish a series of relationships linking MSE to the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios of individual data streams and the information theoretic channel capacity under linear minimum MSE decoding. We show that minimizing the product of MSE matrix determinants is equivalent to sum-rate maximization, but we demonstrate that this problem does not admit a computationally efficient solution. We simplify the problem by minimizing the product of mean squared errors (PMSE) and propose an iterative algorithm based on alternating optimization with near-optimal performance. The remainder of the thesis considers the more practical case of imperfections in CSI. First, we consider the impact of delay and limited-rate feedback. We propose a system which employs Kalman prediction to mitigate delay; feedback rate is limited by employing adaptive delta modulation. Next, we consider the robust design of the sum-MSE and PMSE minimizing precoders with delay-free but imperfect estimates of the CSI. We extend the MSE duality to the case of imperfect CSI, and consider a new optimization problem which jointly optimizes the energy allocations for training and data stages along with the sum-MSE/PMSE minimizing transceivers. We prove the separability of these two problems when all users have equal estimation error variances, and propose several techniques to address the more challenging case of unequal estimation errors.

Las técnicas de estimación de canal y de adaptación de la transmisión a las condiciones del entorno son temas de interés actual al estudiar la aplicación de técnicas de diversidad en transmisión en la tercera y cuarta generación de sistemas inalámbricos. En esta tesis se realiza un análisis del impacto del error de estimación de canal y la correlación en sistemas OFDM con diversidad en transmisión basados en codificación espacio-tiempo por bloques (STBC), se proponen técnicas de estimación de canal para estos sistemas y se propone una técnica de adaptación de la transmisión mediante la selección de código espacio-tiempo. En primer lugar, una técnica sencilla de mínimos cuadrados en el dominio de la frecuencia permite la estimación de canal en sistemas con dos antenas y constelaciones complejas, y con tres o cuatro antenas y constelaciones reales o complejas, utilizando STBCs ortogonales como bloques de entrenamiento. En segundo lugar, una representación 'sobre-completa' permite hacer una estimación diferencial de canal para un sistema con tres antenas transmisoras mediante la selección a partir de un banco de posibles estimadores, basándose en la redundancia provista por la matriz de transmisión no cuadrada del código ortogonal esporádico de tasa 3/4 para tres antenas transmisoras.En el contexto de sistemas con adaptación del transmisor, la técnica propuesta de diversidad por selección adaptativa de código espacio-tiempo se basa en el estado instantáneo del vector de canal y en un conjunto de niveles umbrales hallados fuera de línea en función del período de realimentación. Los resultados indican que esta técnica proporciona buenas prestaciones en canales correlados e incorrelados. Su aplicación a sistemas OFDM ha sido estudiada, superando a técnicas de selección de antena y a otras técnicas de transmisión adaptativa. / Channel estimation and adaptive transmission techniques are areas of increasing interest these days when considering transmit diversity systems for the 3G and 4G wireless communication systems. In this thesis an analysis of the channel estimation and channel correlation impact on transmit diversity OFDM systems based on space-time block coding (STBC) is presented, two channel estimation techniques are outlined and an adaptive space-time code selection technique is proposed. First, a simple frequency domain least square technique allows channel estimation for two transmitter systems with complex constellation, and three or four transmitter systems with real or complex constellation, using orthogonal STBCs as training blocks. Second, an 'overcomplete' representation allows a di.erential channel estimation for three transmitter systems through the instantaneous selection from a bank of estimators, based on the redundacy provided by the non-square transmission matrix of the sporadic 3/4-rate STBC for three transmitters.In the context of transmit adaptive systems, the proposed adaptive space-time code selection technique is based on both the instantaneous channel vector state and a set of predetermined threshold levels found o.-line as a function of the feedback period. Analytical and simulation results show that the proposed technique has a good performance in the presence of correlated and uncorrelated channels. Its application to OFDM systems has been considered, outperforming classical antenna selection techniques and other closed-loop adaptive transmission techniques.

As wireless communication becomes an ever-more important and pervasive part of our everyday life, system capacity and quality of service issues are becoming more critical. In order to increase the system capacity and improve the quality of service, it is necessary that we pay closer attention to bandwidth and power efficiency issues. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation technique for high speed data transmission and is generally regarded as bandwidth efficient. However, OFDM signals suffer from high peak-to-average power ratios (PARs) which lead to power inefficiency in the RF portion of the transmitter. Moreover, in OFDM, the well-known pilot tone assisted modulation (PTAM) technique utilizes a number of dedicated training pilots to acquire the channel state information (CSI), resulting in somewhat reduced bandwidth efficiency. In this dissertation, we will address the above mentioned bandwidth and power efficiency issues in wireless transmissions. To avoid bandwidth efficiency loss due to dedicated training, we will first develop a superimposed training framework that can be used to track the frequency selective as well as the Doppler shift characteristics of a channel. Later on, we will propose a generalized superimposed training framework that allows improved channel estimates. To improve the power efficiency, we adopt the selected mapping (SLM) framework to reduce the PARs for both OFDM and forward link Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). We first propose a dynamic SLM algorithm to greatly reduce the computational requirement of SLM without sacrificing its PAR reducing capability. We propose a number of blind SLM techniques for OFDM and for forward link CDMA; they require no side information and are easy to implement. Our proposed blind SLM technique for OFDM is a novel joint channel estimation and PAR reduction algorithm, for which bandwidth efficiency power efficiency - complexity - bit error rate tradeoffs are carefully considered.

Cooperative relaying is a promising diversity achieving technique to provide reliable transmission, high throughput and extensive coverage for wireless networks in a variety of applications. Two-way relaying is a spectrally efficient protocol, providing one solution to overcome the half-duplex loss in one-way relay channels. Moreover, incorporating the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology can further improve the spectral efficiency and diversity gain. A lot of related work has been performed on the two-way relay network (TWRN), but most of them assume perfect channel state information (CSI). In a realistic scenario, however, the channel is estimated and the estimation error exists. So in this thesis, we explicitly take into account the CSI error, and investigate its impact on the performance of amplify-and-forward (AF) TWRN where either multiple distributed single-antenna relays or a single multiple-antenna relay station is exploited. For the distributed relay network, we consider imperfect self-interference cancellation at both sources that exchange information with the help of multiple relays, and maximal ratio combining (MRC) is then applied to improve the decision statistics under imperfect signal detection. The system performance degradation in terms of outage probability and average bit-error rate (BER) are analyzed, as well as their asymptotic trend. To further improve the spectral efficiency while maintain the spatial diversity, we utilize the maximum minimum (Max-Min) relay selection (RS), and examine the impact of imperfect CSI on this single RS scheme. To mitigate the negative effect of imperfect CSI, we resort to adaptive power allocation (PA) by minimizing either the outage probability or the average BER, which can be cast as a Geometric Programming (GP) problem. Numerical results verify the correctness of our analysis and show that the adaptive PA scheme outperforms the equal PA scheme under the aggregated effect of imperfect CSI. When employing a single MIMO relay, the problem of robust MIMO relay design has been dealt with by considering the fact that only imperfect CSI is available. We design the MIMO relay based upon the CSI estimates, where the estimation errors are included to attain the robust design under the worst-case philosophy. The optimization problem corresponding to the robust MIMO relay design is shown to be nonconvex. This motivates the pursuit of semidefinite relaxation (SDR) coupled with the randomization technique to obtain computationally efficient high-quality approximate solutions. Numerical simulations compare the proposed MIMO relay with the existing nonrobust method, and therefore validate its robustness against the channel uncertainty. / Graduate

Τα σύγχρονα τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα, καθώς επίσης και οι επόμενες γενιές τους, πρέπει να προσαρμόζονται για να υποστηρίζουν ένα μεγάλο αριθμό από υπηρεσίες με διαφορετικές απαιτήσεις ποιότητας. Για παράδειγμα, στα κυψελικά συστήματα, οι κυψέλες μικραίνουν σε μέγεθος και αυξάνονται σε πλήθος για να υποστηρίζουν ένα συνεχώς αυξανόμενο πλήθος χρηστών. Επίσης, σε μια άλλη κατεύθυνση, τα δίκτυα αισθητήρων αποτελούνται από μικρές συσκευές που εισάγουν περιορισμούς μεγέϑους, ενέργειας και επεξεργαστικής ισχύος. Αυτά τα δυο παραδείγματα επιδεικνύου τόσο την αυξανόμενη πολυπλοκότητα των τηλεπικοινωνιακών συστημάτων όσο και τις ιδιαίτερες απαιτήσεις που υπάρχουν στους μεμονωμένους κόμβους τους. Τα τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα πολλαπλών εισόδων και εξόδων έχουν την δυνατότητα να προσφέρουν αυξημένη χωρητικότητα και αξιοπιστία στην μετάδοση δεδομένων μέσω της έννοιας της χωρικής ποικιλομορφίας (space diversity). Συγκεκριμένα, αυτό επιτυγχάνεται με την μετάδοση της ζητούμενης πληροφορίας μέσω ενός αριθμού από διαφορετικά χωρικά μονοπάτια τα οποία δημιουργούνται από την ύπαρξη πολλαπλών κεραιών στον πομπό ή/και στον δέκτη. Ωστόσο, η προαναφερόμενη πολυπλοκότητα στα τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα και οι ιδιαίτερες απαιτήσεις των κόμβων έχουν ως αποτέλεσμα να μην επαρκούν οι τεχνικές που έχουν αναπτυχθεί. Μια πιθανή διέξοδο έρχεται να δώσει η ιδέα της συνεργασίας. Η έννοια της συνεργασίας έχει διάφορες οπτικές γωνίες σε ένα τηλεπικοινωνιακό σύστημα. Πρώτον, αν οι συσκευές δεν μπορούν να υποστηρίξουν πολλαπλές κεραίες (π.χ. λόγω μεγέϑους όπως στα δίκτυα αισθητήρων και στα κινητά τηλέφωνα), σίγουρα μπορούν να συνεργαστούν ώστε με έναν κατανεμημένο τρόπο να προσφέρουν σε επίπεδο συστήματος τα απαραίτητα διαφορετικά χωρικά μονοπάτια. Δεύτερον, ακόμη και αν είναι δυνατή η χρήση πολλαπλών κεραιών σε κάποιον κόμβο ενός δικτύου, π.χ. σε σταθμούς ϐάσης κυψελικών συστημάτων, ο αριθμός τους μπορεί απλώς να μην αρκεί λόγω της αυξημένης πολυπλοκότητας και του μεγέθους του δικτύου. Η κατάλληλη χρήση συνεργατικών κόμβων μπορεί να δώσει επίσης λύση στον εν λόγω περιορισμό.Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή ϑα ϐασιστεί πάνω σε συνεργατικά συστήματα υπό την πρώτη οπτική γωνία που παρουσιάστηκε παραπάνω. Συγκεκριμένα, ϑα ϑεωϱηθεί ένα συνεργατικό δίκτυο με τρεις κόμβους, δηλαδή μια πηγή, έναν αναμεταδότη και έναν προορισμό. ϑα μελετηθούν τεχνικές εκτίμησης των καναλιών που συμμετέχουν στην μετάδοση της πληροφορίας αναδεικνύοντας τα ϐασικά χαρακτηριστικά που εισάγει η έννοια της συνεργασίας στις εν λόγω τεχνικές. Επίσης, ϑα παρουσιαστούν υλοποιήσεις διαφόρων συνεργατικών πρωτοκόλλων μετάδοσης σε ένα πραγματικό τηλεπικοινωνιακό σύστημα προσφέροντας έτσι την απαραίτητη πρακτική διαίσθηση πίσω από αυτά τα συστήματα. Συγκεκριμένα, αφού παρουσιαστούν κάποιες ϐασικές έννοιες για τις συνεργατικές επικοινωνίες και την λειτουργία της εκτίμησης καναλιών, ϑα μελετηθεί το πρόβλημα εκτίμησης με μερική επίβλεψη σε σχέση με το μοντέλο του συνεργατικού συστήματος που ϑεωρήθηκε. Προτείνονται εναλλακτικά σχήματα για την υλοποίηση του εκτιμητή καθώς επίσης και ένας απλός σχεδιασμός της ακολουθίας συμβόλων που υποβοηθάει το εφαρμοζόμενο κριτήριο ετεροσυσχέτισης. ΄Ολες οι έννοιες που παρουσιάζονται σε αυτό το κεφάλαιο υποστηρίζονται με πειραματικά και ημιαναλυτικά επιχειρήματα. Στην συνέχεια, παρουσιάζεται το πρόβλημα σχεδιασμού της κατανομής ενέργειας σε σύμβολα εκμάθησης για την εκτίμηση συσχετισμένων καναλιών. Αφού περιγραφεί το προς μελέτη πρόβλημα, ϑα επικεντρωθούμε στο κριτήριο ελαχίστων τετραγώνων για το οποίο παρουσιάζονται η ϐέλτιστη και τρεις υποβέλτιστες λύσεις που συνοδεύονται από χρήσιμα συμπεράσματα και παρατηρήσεις. ΄Επειτα, μελετάται το κριτήριο ελάχιστου μέσου τετραγωνικού σφάλματος για δυο περιπτώσεις. Στην πρώτη, παρουσιάζεται μια ανάλυση χειρότερης περίπτωσης και γίνεται η σύνδεση των λύσεων του προβλήματος με τις λύσεις του προηγούμενου κριτηρίου. Επίσης, υπό την υπόθεση των καναλιών χωρίς συσχέτιση, παρουσιάζεται η ϐέλτιστη λύση για τον σχεδιασμό της ακολουθίας των συμβόλων εκμάθησης. Στην τρίτη κατεύθυνση, ϑα παρουσιαστεί αρχικά το σύστημα στο οποίο ϑα υλοποιηθούν και εκτελεστούν τα πρωτόκολλα συνεργατικής επικοινωνίας. Στην συνέχεια, παρουσιάζονται τα εν λόγω σχήματα και το κεφάλαιο καταλήγει με την πειραματική διαδικασία, την παρουσίαση και αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων καθώς και την εξαγωγή χρήσιμων συμπερασμάτων. Στο τέλος της διατριβής περιγράφονται συνοπτικά τα ϐασικά συμπεράσματα που έχουν προκύψει και παρουσιάζονται κάποιες ενδιαφέρουσες νέες κατευθύνσεις. / Contemporary communication systems, as well as their next generations, are expected to adapt to a rapidly increasing number of desired applications and quality of service levels. For example, in cellular systems, the cells are getting smaller in size and larger in numbers in order to support the increasing number of users. Also, towards another direction, wireless sensor network consist of small devices that comply with stringent constraints such as size, consumed energy and computational power. These examples demonstrate both the high complexity of communication networks and the specific requirements that exist in individual communication nodes. Multiple input multiple output systems are capable of offering high capacity and reliable data communications utilizing the notion of spatial diversity. This is achieved by transmitting the desired information through different spatial paths that are created because of multiple antennas at the transmitter and/or the receiver side. However, the aforementioned complexity of communication networks and the specific requirements of the nodes have as a result that currently proposed techniques, for such systems, are inadequate. A possible solution to this dead end is the idea of cooperation. Cooperation has several aspects in a communication system. Firstly, if the nodes cannot support multiple antennas (e.g. due to size restriction as in sensor networks and mobile phones), they can cooperate in order to provide, in a distributed manner, the desired spatial paths. Secondly, even if multiple antennas can be used, as in base stations, their number might not be good enough because of the increased complexity and size of the network. The appropriate use of cooperative nodes can provide a solution to this problem, too. This dissertation has been focused on cooperative systems that are viewed according to the first aspect. Specifically, it has been assumed that the cooperative network consists of three nodes, a source, a relay and a destination. On this network, channel estimation techniques have been studied pointing out the main characteristics that are inherent to cooperation. Moreover, test-bed implementations have been provided for several well known cooperative schemes and protocols pointing out the practical aspects of such systems. In more detail, after the presentation of some introductory notions on cooperation and channel estimation, a semi-blind technique has been studied that is based on the so called cross-relation criterion. Two alternative schemes for constructing the channel estimator have been proposed as well as a simple training design procedure for improving the estimation performance has been devised. The results that have been produced are supported by semi analytic arguments and computer simulations. Then, a training design problem has been studied for a training based channel estimator. The design has been focused on the energy allocation of training symbols under the assumption that channel taps are correlated. After the description of the problem, the least squares criterion has been utilized and the optimal solution, along with three suboptimal ones, has been presented and useful conclusions have been drawn. Also, the problem has been studied under the minimum mean square error criterion for two cases. In the first one, a worst case analysis has been presented. There, a connection to the least squares solution was provided. In the second case, relaxing the assumption of correlated channel taps, the optimal solution has been presented. In the third direction, a number of well known protocols have been implemented in a test-bed system. A measurement campaign has been conducted to acquire the bit error performance and the computational complexity of the protocols. The protocols have been compared according to three different metrics and useful insights have been identified. The dissertation is concluded with a brief presentation of the main points that have been raised in the aforementioned directions. Moreover, new interesting research directions have been provided.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-20T12:09:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagorodriguesoliveira.pdf: 2429204 bytes, checksum: b1904f2bde31b546890c5bfa77d58c80 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-20T12:44:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagorodriguesoliveira.pdf: 2429204 bytes, checksum: b1904f2bde31b546890c5bfa77d58c80 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T12:44:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagorodriguesoliveira.pdf: 2429204 bytes, checksum: b1904f2bde31b546890c5bfa77d58c80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-28 / Esta dissertação apresenta, de forma detalhada, um conjunto de metodologias e técnicas destinadas à análise de redes de energia elétrica como meio de transmissão de dados (power line communication - PLC). As características das redes elétricas que influenciam um sistema de comunicação de dados consideradas neste trabalho são as seguintes: a impedância de acesso à rede elétrica, a resposta ao impulso e o ruído. Para tanto, técnicas de processamento de sinais para estimação da resposta em frequência, estimação do comprimento efetivo da resposta ao impulso, detecção e segmentação de ruídos impulsivos e análise espectral de ruídos aditivos são propostas e discutidas na presente contribuição. Os desempenhos objetivos e a apreciação subjetiva das técnicas propostas, a partir de dados sintéticos e medidos, evidenciam a adequação destas técnicas para a análise em questão. Além disso, formulações matemáticas para a resposta ao impulso de canais PLC invariantes, variantes e periodicamente variantes no tempo, derivadas a partir do modelo de multi-propagação para canais PLC, são apresentadas. Tais formulações proporcionam de forma simples e objetiva a emulação dos possíveis comportamentos temporais de canais PLC reais e, portanto, podem se constituir como ferramentas de grande utilidade para o projeto e a avaliação de sistemas de comunicações baseados na tecnologia PLC. / This thesis addresses a set of methodologies and techniques for the analysis of electric grids as a medium for data communications (power line communications - PLC). The main features influencing a communication system that are considered in this work are the input impedance, the channel impulse response, and the noise. In this regards, signal processing-based techniques are investigated, proposed and analyzed for the estimations of the channel frequency response and the effective length of the channel impulse response; the detection and segmentation of impulsive noise; and the power spectral analysis of the additive noise at the channel output. The numerical performance and subjective analysis regarding the use of the proposed techniques in synthetic and measured data indicate that those techniques fit well in the thesis purposes. In addition, mathematical formulation for invariant, time-varying, and periodically time-varying PLC channel models, which are based on multi-path channel model approach, are presented. These formulations are simple and elegant ones for the emulation of possible temporal behavior of existing PLC channels and, as a result, can constitute a useful tool for the design and analysis of PLC systems.