Well testing has long been used to determine the dynamic characteristics of a reservoir. However due to the increase in interest in exploring deep offshore reservoirs and the expense associated with performing well tests of sufficient duration, alternative methods for retrieving reservoir specific information from tests of limited duration are necessary. This thesis presents analysis of derivative plots from well tests in different locations along a heterogeneous channelized environment and the information that can be derived the shape of these plots. The viability of calibrating a multiple point proxy that captures the reservoir flow connectivity information contained in well test data is explored. Such a proxy can provide useful insight into the nature of reservoir heterogeneity in the vicinity of the well. The behavior of the log-log derivative plot gives invaluable information about the nature of the reservoir surrounding the penetrating wells. Based on the change in slope of the derivative plot one can tell if a flow conduit or a low permeability zone is close to the well. Proximity to these features is also indicated in the curvature of the derivative plot with the test plot showing increasing symmetry as flow boundaries are approached. This was found to be true in both systematic simulations as well as in real build up test data. The calibration of the multiple point permeability proxy also provides information about the connectivity of the reservoir. Single point statistics provide the best estimate for wells either inside a channel or very close to the channel boundary. This is because of the relative homogeneity of permeability values within the spatial template used for averaging. The further the well gets from the channel fewer high permeability blocks will be picked up by the template and thus multiple point models provide the best estimate for effective permeability, Keff. Three point models were found to be the most accurate when the template exhibited complex permeability transition from the mudstone to the channel facies. / text

Reservoir characterization is one of the most important problems in petroleum engineering. It involves forward reservoir modeling that predicts the fluid behavior in the reservoir and inverse problem that calibrates created reservoir models with given data. In this dissertation, we focus on two problems in the field of reservoir characterization: depth of investigation in heterogeneous reservoirs, and history matching and uncertainty quantification of channelized reservoirs. The concept of depth of investigation is fundamental to well test analysis. Much of the current well test analysis relies on analytical solutions based on homogeneous or layered reservoirs. However, such analytic solutions are severely limited for heterogeneous and fractured reservoirs, particularly for unconventional reservoirs with multistage hydraulic fractures. We first generalize the concept to heterogeneous reservoirs and provide an efficient tool to calculate drainage volume using fast marching methods and estimate pressure depletion based on geometric pressure approximation. The applicability of proposed method is illustrated using two applications in unconventional reservoirs including flow regime visualization and stimulated reservoir volume estimation. Due to high permeability contrast and non-Gaussianity of channelized permeability field, it is difficult to history match and quantify uncertainty of channelized reservoirs using traditional approaches. We treat facies boundaries as level set functions and solve the moving boundary problem (history matching) with the level set equation. In addition to level set methods, we also exploit the problem using pixel based approach. The reversible jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach is utilized to search the parameter space with flexible dimensions. Both proposed approaches are demonstrated with two and three dimensional examples.

Maintaining or even improving image quality while lowering patient dose is always the desire in clinical computed tomography (CT) imaging. Iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms have been designed to allow for a reduced dose while maintaining or even improving an image. However, we have previously shown that the dose-saving capabilities allowed with IR are different for different clinical tasks. The channelized scanning linear observer (CSLO) was applied to study clinical tasks that combine detection and estimation when assessing CT image data. The purpose of this work is to illustrate the importance of task complexity when assessing dose savings and to move toward more realistic tasks when performing these types of studies. Human-observer validation of these methods will take place in a future publication. Low-contrast objects embedded in body-size phantoms were imaged multiple times and reconstructed by filtered back projection (FBP) and an IR algorithm. The task was to detect, localize, and estimate the size and contrast of low-contrast objects in the phantom. Independent signal-present and signal-absent regions of interest cropped from images were channelized by the dense-difference of Gauss channels for CSLO training and testing. Estimation receiver operating characteristic (EROC) curves and the areas under EROC curves (EAUC) were calculated by CSLO as the figure of merit. The one-shot method was used to compute the variance of the EAUC values. Results suggest that the IR algorithm studied in this work could efficiently reduce the dose by similar to 50% while maintaining an image quality comparable to conventional FBP reconstruction warranting further investigation using real patient data. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

Abstract The focus of this thesis is on the binary signal detection problem, i.e., if a signal or signals are present or not. Depending on the application, the signal to be detected can be either unknown or known. The detection is based on some function of the received samples which is compared to a threshold. If the threshold is exceeded, it is decided that signal(s) is (are) present. Energy detectors (radiometers) are often used due to their simplicity and good performance. The main goal here is to develop and analyze energy based detectors as well as power-law based detectors. Different possibilities for setting the detection threshold for a quantized total power radiometer are analyzed. The main emphasis is on methods that use reference samples. In particular, the cell-averaging (CA) constant false alarm rate (CFAR) threshold setting method is analyzed. Numerical examples show that the CA strategy offers the desired false alarm probability, whereas a more conventional strategy gives too high values, especially with a small number of reference samples. New performance analysis of a frequency sweeping channelized radiometer is presented. The total power radiometer outputs from different frequencies are combined using logical-OR, sum and maximum operations. An efficient method is presented for accurately calculating the likelihood ratio used in the optimal detection. Also the effects of fading are analyzed. Numerical results show that although sweeping increases probability of intercept (POI), the final probability of detection is not increased if the number of observed hops is large. The performance of a channelized radiometer is studied when different CFAR strategies are used to set the detection threshold. The proposed iterative methods for setting the detection threshold are the forward consecutive mean excision (FCME) method with the CA scaling factors in final detection decision (FCME+CA), the backward consecutive mean excision (BCME) method with the CA scaling factors in detection (BCME+CA) and a method that uses the CA scaling factors for both censoring and detection (CA+CA). Numerical results show that iterative CFAR methods may improve detection performance compared to baseline methods. Finally, a method to set the threshold of a power-law detector that uses a nonorthogonal transform is presented. The mean, variance and skewness of the decision variable in the noise-only case are derived and these are used to find a shifted log-normal approximation for the distribution of the decision variable. The accuracy of this method is verified through simulations.

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Siekiant, kad į paviršinius vandens telkinius nepatektų pavojingų medžiagų, vandens telkinių krantai būtų apsaugoti nuo erozijos, būtų užtikrintas vandens telkinių pakrančių ekosistemų stabilumas, saugomas vandens telkinių pakrančių gamtinis kraštovaizdis bei jo estetinės vertybės yra nustatomos paviršinio vandens telkinio apsaugos zonos, o jų dalyje prie vandens telkinio nustatomos pakrantės apsaugos juostos. Kol kas Lietuvoje yra skiriamas mažas dėmesys pakrančių apsaugos juostom. Taigi šiose magistro tezėse aptariami pastaruoju metu Lietuvoje ir Europos sąjungoje naudojami teisės aktai ir reglamentai susiję su vandens apsauga ir pakrančių apsaugos juostomis. Šio magistrinio darbo metu buvo pasirinktas Nevėžio pabaseinio reguliuotas Trikojo upelis. Tyrimo metu buvo atlikta statistinė analizė, kuri parodė, kad Trikojo upelio pakrančių apsaugos juostos esminiai nesiskiria. Dauguma pakrančių apsaugos juostų pločiai 2,5 m. Buvo nustatyta, kad apsaugos juostos atitinka aplinkosauginius reikalavimus ties pievomis ir mišku. Taip pat buvo nustatinėjama sumedėjusios augalijos pasiskirstymas upelio šlaituose, rūšių skaičius ir tankis. / In order to protect surface water reservoirs against dangerous substances, to protect water reservoir banks from erosion, to ensure water reservoir coastal ecosystem stability, to save natural landscape of water reservoir coasts and its esthetical valuables, surface water reservoir protection zones are established. Coastal protection bands are determined in their proximity to water reservoir. Still, little attention is paid to coastal protection bands in Lithuania. This Master Thesis analyzes legal acts and regulation relative to water protection and coastal protection bands and valid in Lithuania and the European Union in present time. The regulated Trikojis streamlet of Nevėžis catchment basin was chosen for this Master Thesis. Statistical analysis was performed during this research, which showed no essential differences between Trikojis streamlet coastal protection bands. Most coastal protection bands were 2,5 m wide. It was determined, that protection bands meet the environmental protection requirements in meadow and forest regions. Ligneous vegetation division on the streamlet slopes was determined, so as the amount of its species and their density.

Les systèmes méandriformes constituent la plupart des rivières terrestres ou sous-marines qui modèlent les paysages par leur évolution temporelle et spatiale. Les témoins de leur évolution peuplent les plaines traversées par celles-ci. Parmi eux, des barres d’accrétion latérale témoignant de la migration des boucles du chenal peuvent être identifiées, tout comme des méandres abandonnés par simplification naturelle de la trajectoire du chenal ou encore des chenaux entiers abandonnés lors d’un changement de direction principale du chenal par avulsion. La diversité et le volume des dépôts résultant font des systèmes chenalisés, une fois enfouis, de bons candidats pour le stockage de ressources naturelles. L’étude de la disposition des différents faciès est donc cruciale pour leur exploitation. Les techniques d’imagerie satellitaire ou LIDAR permettent l’étude des systèmes actuels. L’architecture en subsurface peut être imagée globalement par image sismique ou GPR, ou localement par des puits d’investigation. Ces techniques permettent d’avoir une bonne évaluation du dernier état du système chenalisé. Les états précédents, quant à eux, peuvent être observés par morceaux lorsqu’ils ont été épargnés par l’érosion. En effet, le remaniement de la ceinture de méandres par migration latérale des chenaux rend souvent difficile l’analyse des états antérieurs que ce soit en termes de géométrie ou de chronologie des dépôts. Cette thèse propose une méthode de simulation des systèmes chenalisés qui respecte au mieux les différentes informations disponibles. Parmi celles-ci, souvent, l’image sismique permet d’identifier le dernier état du système et des boucles de méandres abandonnés en contrastant avec la ceinture de méandres par des dépôts souvent plus argileux et datant de la période succédant l’abandon. Des barres d’accrétion latérale peuvent aussi être observées, témoignant des directions de migration des méandres. Parfois, des données de puits sont aussi accessibles et informent sur la nature des faciès rencontrés (e.g., sableux, argileux). La méthode présentée dans ce manuscrit part du dernier état du système observé sur l’image sismique. Une simulation en temps inversé de la migration du chenal, inspirée par l’analyse des cartes chronologiques du Mississippi, est appliquée et permet, pas de temps par pas de temps, de retrouver de potentiels états antérieurs. Selon une simulation de la chronologie estimée par des critères spatiaux et statistiques (e.g., distance et orientation au chenal courant, probabilité d’abandon), les méandres abandonnés sont intégrés à l’étape de temps voulue dans le chenal principal. Les boucles de méandres disparues par érosion sont compensées par la simulation d’autres méandres dans la ceinture de méandres. Cette simulation respecte les critères géométriques observés sur les méandres épargnés par l’érosion mais également d’autres critères statistiques tels que la probabilité d’érosion observée sur des analogues sédimentaires tels que le Mississippi. Cette approche ouvre la possibilité d’honorer les faciès observés sur les puits par la simulation de méandres abandonnés en ces points. Elle a été appliquée sur divers jeux de données bidimensionnels satellite ou sismique / Meandering systems constitute the majority of aerial and sub-marine rivers which shape the landscapes by their temporal and spatial evolution. The witnesses of this evolution can be observed on the plains crossed by these channels. Among them, lateral point bar resulting from the channel migration but also abandoned meanders created by the natural stream rectifying and abandoned channels originating from the main direction change by avulsion. Once buried, the channelized systems are good candidates for natural resources storage thanks to the diversity and the volume of the resulting deposits. The understanding of the internal architecture of facies is thus crucial for resource exploitation. Satellite and LIDAR images permit current system studies. Subsurface architecture can be imaged by seismic images, GPR or LIDAR. These techniques give a good evaluation of the system last channel path. However, anterior stages, when spared by the erosion can be observed locally. Indeed, the reworking of the channel belt by lateral and downstream migration makes it difficult to observe the geometric or chronologic features of anterior deposits. This thesis proposes a simulation method of channelized systems conditioning to available information. Among them, the seismic image often permits to identify the last system stage and the abandoned meanders thanks to their muddy filling after the abandonment time contrasting with the channel belt. Lateral point bars can also be observed, witnessing of meander paleo-migration direction. Sometimes, well data inform on the facies (e.g., muddy, sandy). The method presented here starts from the last channel path observed on the seismic image and go back in time by reverse migration to reconstruct anterior channel paths. This stochastic migration model is inspired by the analysis of historic Mississippi maps. According to a chronology simulation based on spatial and statistical criteria (e.g., distance and orientation to the current channel, abandonment probability distribution), abandoned meanders are integrated at the relevant time step inside the main channel path. Erosion of abandoned meanders is addressed by abandoned meander simulation inside the meander belt. This stochastic simulation conditions to geometrical criteria observed on the abandoned meanders spared by the erosion but also to statistical criteria observed on sedimentary analogs such as the Mississippi river (e.g., erosion probability distribution). One of the main perspectives is to condition to well data through the simulation of abandoned meanders. This technique has been applied on two satellite and seismic 2D case studies

The functionality provided by mobile devices such as cellular phones and tablets continues to increase over the years, with integration of an ever larger number of wireless standards within a given device. In several of these designs, each standard supported by a device requires its own IC receiver to be mounted on the device’s PCB. In multistandard and multimode radios, it is desirable to integrate all receivers onto the same IC as the digital processors for the standards, in order to reduce device cost and size. Ideally all the receivers should also share a single signal chain. Since each standard has its own requirements for linearity and noise figure, and each standard operates at a different RF carrier frequency, implementing such a receiver is very challenging. Such a receiver could be theoretically implemented using a broadband mixing receiver or by direct sampling by a high-speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Broadband mixing requires the use of a harmonic rejection mixer (HRM) or tunable band pass filter to remove harmonic mixing effects, which in the past have suffered from a large primary clock tuning range and high power consumption. However, direct sampling of the RF input requires a high-speed ADC with large dynamic range which is typically limited by clock timing skew, clock jitter, or harmonic folding. In this dissertation, techniques for programmable broadband radio receivers are proposed. A local oscillator (LO) synthesis method within HRMs is proposed which reduces the required primary clock tuning range in broadband receivers. The LO synthesis method is implemented in 130-nm CMOS. A clocking technique is introduced within the two-stage HRM, which helps in achieving state-of-the-art harmonic rejection performance without calibration or harmonic filtering. An analog frequency synthesis based broadband channelizer is proposed using the LO synthesis method which is capable of channelizing a broadband input using a single mixing stage and primary clock frequency. A frequency-folded ADC architecture is proposed which enables high-speed sampling with high dynamic range. A receiver based on the frequency-folded ADC architecture is implemented in 65-nm CMOS and achieves a sample rate of 2-GS/s, a mean 49-dB SNDR, and 8.5-dB NF. / text

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No description available.