Sexual assault has consistently been found to be associated with depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. Research shows that self-blaming attributions are directly linked to distress (Walsh, & Foshee, 1998; Walsh & Bruce, 2011). More specifically, the type of self-blame (i.e., behavioral and characterological) an individual associates with their experienced sexual assault, may influence their perceptions of avoidability of future assault and post-assault recovery. However, the role of self-efficacy in the relationship between behavioral and characterological self-blame in PTSD sexual assault survivors has been unexamined. The purpose of the proposed study is to assess the influence of self-efficacy in the association between variants of self-blame and post-assault distress. The proposed study considers the critical relationship between self-efficacy and self-blame, and aims to evaluate how these factors can ultimately influence posttraumatic adjustment in sexual assault survivors. Results revealed positive associations between behavioral self-blame and depression (r = .28, p < .05). Positive associations were also found between characterological self-blame, PTSD (r =. 42, p < .001) and depression (r =. 50, p p < .001) and self-efficacy was positively related to PTSD and depression symptom severity (r = -.27, p < .05; r = -.54, p < .001). Mediation was found between characterological self-blame, self-efficacy and depression, b = .11; CI: .04 - .21. Findings for this study can help with implication for postassault interventions by creating opportunities for therapist to custom-tailor patient treatments to match the self-blame they most associate with. This may lead to treatments that are more effective.

<p>I denna uppsats tas frågan upp om vilka drivkrafter som låg bakom förändringen i urvalsprocessen för stridspiloter under 70-talet. 1970 skedde en reform av urvalssystemet där det gick från ett karakterologiskt urval till ett stegvist urval. Det karakterologiska urvalet baserades till större del på psykologiska intervjuer medan det stegvisa urvalet var en rad olika tester som riktade sig mot vissa specifika områden inom flygandet. Även i det stegvisa urvalet använder man sig utav psykologintervjuer men det är inte längre den övervägande största delen av informationskälla för UTK. Arbetet är upplagt som en hypotesprövning där forskaren ställt upp fyra olika hypoteser för vad som var drivkraften bakom förändringen i urvalsprocessen. De olika hypoteserna testar om det är förändringar i utbildningen, flygsäkerhets faktorer, flygteknologisk utveckling eller effektivitet i examinerande av piloter som är huvuddrivkraften. Det forskaren kommit fram till är att huvuddrivkraften bakom förändringen i urvalsprocessen är effektivitetstänkandet. Arbetet med att ta fram en ny urvalsprocess har skett i syfte att minska antalet avgångar från utbildningen men har uppnått det genom att kunna införa DMT som testmetod och en ny utbildningssyn på flygskolan. Genom noggrannare tester och tolkningar av testresultat kan UTK numera utgå från att varje elev som tas ut i urvalsprocessen har de grundförutsättningar som krävs för att genomföra en godkänd GFU, vilket är en viktig del i dagens effektiva utbildning.</p> / <p>In this essay raises the question about the driving forces behind the change in the selection process for fighter pilots during the 70s is raised. 1970 there was a reform of the fighter pilot selection system where it went from a characterological selection to “stegvist urval”. The characterological selectionwas based mostly on psychological interviews while “stegvist urval” was a range of tests directed against certain specific areas of flying. Even in the “stegvist urval” interviews by psychologists are used, but is no longer the main source of information for UTK. The work is structured as a hypothesis which the researcher has set four different hypotheses for what was the driving force behind change in the selection process. The different hypotheses test if it is the changes in training, flight safety factors, technological development or the graduating of pilots that isthe main driving force. The researcher arrived at the conclusion that the main driving force behind the change in the selection process is effectivity. The work of developing a new selection process has been in purpose to reduce the number of drop-offs from the flight training. That has been achieved by introducing the DMT method in the selection process and a new way of conducting the flight training at flight school. By carefully testing and interpreting test results, UTK now can assume that every student that passes the selection process has the necessary pre requisites to complete basic flight training, which is an important part of today's effective flight training.</p>

I denna uppsats tas frågan upp om vilka drivkrafter som låg bakom förändringen i urvalsprocessen för stridspiloter under 70-talet. 1970 skedde en reform av urvalssystemet där det gick från ett karakterologiskt urval till ett stegvist urval. Det karakterologiska urvalet baserades till större del på psykologiska intervjuer medan det stegvisa urvalet var en rad olika tester som riktade sig mot vissa specifika områden inom flygandet. Även i det stegvisa urvalet använder man sig utav psykologintervjuer men det är inte längre den övervägande största delen av informationskälla för UTK. Arbetet är upplagt som en hypotesprövning där forskaren ställt upp fyra olika hypoteser för vad som var drivkraften bakom förändringen i urvalsprocessen. De olika hypoteserna testar om det är förändringar i utbildningen, flygsäkerhets faktorer, flygteknologisk utveckling eller effektivitet i examinerande av piloter som är huvuddrivkraften. Det forskaren kommit fram till är att huvuddrivkraften bakom förändringen i urvalsprocessen är effektivitetstänkandet. Arbetet med att ta fram en ny urvalsprocess har skett i syfte att minska antalet avgångar från utbildningen men har uppnått det genom att kunna införa DMT som testmetod och en ny utbildningssyn på flygskolan. Genom noggrannare tester och tolkningar av testresultat kan UTK numera utgå från att varje elev som tas ut i urvalsprocessen har de grundförutsättningar som krävs för att genomföra en godkänd GFU, vilket är en viktig del i dagens effektiva utbildning. / In this essay raises the question about the driving forces behind the change in the selection process for fighter pilots during the 70s is raised. 1970 there was a reform of the fighter pilot selection system where it went from a characterological selection to “stegvist urval”. The characterological selectionwas based mostly on psychological interviews while “stegvist urval” was a range of tests directed against certain specific areas of flying. Even in the “stegvist urval” interviews by psychologists are used, but is no longer the main source of information for UTK. The work is structured as a hypothesis which the researcher has set four different hypotheses for what was the driving force behind change in the selection process. The different hypotheses test if it is the changes in training, flight safety factors, technological development or the graduating of pilots that isthe main driving force. The researcher arrived at the conclusion that the main driving force behind the change in the selection process is effectivity. The work of developing a new selection process has been in purpose to reduce the number of drop-offs from the flight training. That has been achieved by introducing the DMT method in the selection process and a new way of conducting the flight training at flight school. By carefully testing and interpreting test results, UTK now can assume that every student that passes the selection process has the necessary pre requisites to complete basic flight training, which is an important part of today's effective flight training.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Physicians were interviewed and asked about their perspectives on communicating with patients, media, and the ways in which the biomedical and biopsychosocial models function in the practice of medicine. Fisher’s Narrative Paradigm was the primary critical method applied to themes that emerged from the interviews. Those emergent themes included the importance of a team approach to patient care; perspectives on physicians as bad communicators; and successful communication strategies when talking to patients. Physicians rely on nurses and other support staff, but the most important partnership is that between the physician and patient. Narrative fidelity and probability are satisfied by strategies physicians use in communicating with patients: using understandable language when talking to patients; engaging in nonverbal tactics of sitting down with patients, making eye contact with patients, and making appropriate physical contact with them in the form of a handshake or a light touch on the arm. Physicians are frustrated by media’s reporting of preliminary study results that omit details as well as media’s fostering of expectations for quick diagnostic processes and magical cures within the public. Furthermore, physicians see the biomedical and biopsychosocial models becoming increasingly interdependent in the practice of medicine, which carries the story of contemporary medicine further into the realm of partnership, revealing its humanity as well as its fading paternalism.