Asian elephants utilize two chemical signals that have been described to function in reproduction: (1) (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac) is released by females near ovulation, and (2) frontalin is released by males around the time of musth. Signaling theory posits that the concentration at which either compound is emitted should have implications for the response of the receiver, varying with factors such as sex and reproductive experience. Here, the objectives were to: (1) investigate the effect of concentration on receiver chemosensory behavior in an effort to identify detection thresholds and concentrations of maximum response for reproductively experienced or inexperienced male and female Asian elephants, and (2) characterize the broader behavioral impacts of each of these compounds in an effort for application as environmental enrichment in captive settings. Concentrations from 0.0 mM to 2.0 mM of both frontalin and Z7-12:Ac were bioassayed simultaneously with captive elephants housed at facilities across North America in two experiments: one that tested mid-range concentrations and a second that tested low and high concentrations. There was a general increase in chemosensory response with increasing concentration of both compounds regardless of sex or reproductive experience. Females exhibited a lower detection threshold for frontalin, and the opposite was true for males with Z7-12:Ac. Reproductive experience also influenced thresholds: inexperienced males had a higher threshold than experienced males for frontalin (the same was true for females), and experienced males were able to detect Z7-12:Ac samples as low as 10–7 mM. Aside from inexperienced males, all elephants responded maximally to the 1.0 mM samples of both compounds. Elephants exposed to mid-range concentrations of either compound showed no notable changes in behavior after application of the signals, although inexperienced males spent less time inactive and more time walking after frontalin bioassays, and inexperienced females foraged more after exposure to Z7-12:Ac. Interpreted together, this suggests that the concentration at which either compound is emitted has strong implications for chemosensory response based on the identity of the receiver in Asian elephants, although it is unclear whether these compounds have other behavioral effects that can be targeted for a goal-oriented olfactory enrichment program.

The studies presented in this thesis were designed to investigate the effects of reduced sea water pH on the behaviour of intertidal decapod crustaceans, both within the context of the variations occurring naturally in the pH of rock pool habitats, and in relation to predicted changes to ocean pH resulting from ocean acidification and potential carbon dioxide (CO2) leaks from carbon capture storage (CCS) sites. Recent studies on marine fish have shown behavioural disruptions as a result of increased CO2 concentrations in sea water and reduced pH, but the effects on crustaceans are as yet unknown. The first two studies investigated the effects of reduced pH upon the olfactory behaviour of the prawn Palaemon elegans and the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus, focussing on their responses to food odours. Short-term (five day) exposures to highly reduced pH (pHNBS = 6.60, 6.80) revealed disruptions to the chemo-sensory behaviour of both species with a reduction in their ‘sniffing’ response, and the inability of P. bernhardus to locate the chemical cue. This was also accompanied by elevated haemolymph chloride ions. in In a further study P. bernhardus was subjected to a longer exposure (60 days) and to a range of pH levels (pHNBS = 8.00, 7.90, 7.70, 7.35 and 6.80) in order to detect a threshold for the behavioural disruptions observed, and to determine if there would be any sign of acclimation over a longer period. A clear gradient in the disruptions to the chemo-sensory responses and survival rates of the hermit crabs, and disruption to a physiological marker (elevated haemolymph calcium ions), was found. Possible thresholds for disruption were also identified at levels that match predictions for ocean acidification and leaks from proposed CO2 CCS sites. Some of the crabs in the lower pH treatments exhibited a recovery in their responses by day 60, possibly indicating an acclimation effect. The presence of disruption to haemolymph ion concentrations in both the short and longer term hermit crab studies suggest a mechanism for behavioural disruption. In a final study the effects of reduced sea water pH on a more complex behaviour, involving decision making, was investigated. Reduced sea water pH was shown to disrupt the shell assessment and selection behaviour of P. bernhardus affecting its decision making processes, although not all crabs were affected in the same way. The work presented here therefore demonstrates that reduced sea water pH could have disruptive effects upon both information gathering, via chemo-sensory processes, and decision making in intertidal crustaceans. The mechanism responsible is unlikely to be due to changes in the odour molecule, or physical damage to receptor organs. Rather the observed disruptions could be due (a) to ionic changes, causing metabolic depression or interference with neurotransmitter function, or (b) to disruption to chemoreception per se. Such disturbances to key behavioural processes have implications for inter and intraspecific species interactions and population dynamics in the marine environment. Changes in pH are already experienced by intertidal animals for short periods when rock pools are emersed, but future anthropogencially-induced reductions in sea water pH are likely to cause more sustained and widespread disruptions with, as yet, unpredictable consequences. The differential responses observed between individuals in these studies may warrant further investigation as such differences may provide the basis for selection and adaptation to projected changes in ocean pH.

The Sargassum community consists of a unique and idverse assemblage of fauna critical to pelagic food chains. Associated organisms presumably have adaptations to assist in finding Sargassum. This study investigated cues used for habitat location and selection by the Sargassum crab, Portunus sayi. Chemical detection trials were conducted with a two-chamber choice apparatus with Sargassum spp. and Thalassia testudinum as source odors. Visual detection trials (devoid of chemical cues) and habitat selection trials were conducted in which crabs were given a choice of habitats. Results showed that P. sayi respoded to chemical odors from Sargassum spp. Crabs visually located habitats but did not visually distinguish between different habitats. In habitat selection trials, crabs selected Sargassum spp. over artificial Sargassum and T. testudinum. These results suggest that crabs isolated from Sargassum likely use chemoreception from longer distances ; within visual proximity of a potential patch, crabs use both chemical and visual information. / by Lorin E. West. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

As formigas cortadeiras coletam material vegetal para cultivar um fungo simbionte utilizado como fonte de alimento. Colônias de formigas agricultoras podem ser atacadas por micro-organismos invasores e, para proteção do ninho, as formigas se associaram com bactérias produtoras de antibióticos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar os produtos naturais produzidos por micro-organismos associados aos ninhos da formiga cortadeira Atta sexdens rubropilosa. Formigas e amostras dos jardins foram lavadas com solução aquosa estéril e bactérias dos gêneros Serratia, Pseudonocardia e Burkholderia foram isoladas em meio ágar ISP-2 e quitina. A bactéria Serratia marcescens 3B2 produz as substâncias 3-etil-2,5-dimetil-pirazina e 2,5-dimetil-pirazina, que são componentes do feromônio de trilha das formigas Atta sexdens rubropilosa, e ácido indol-3-acético e ácido fenilacético, que são encontrados nas glândulas metapleurais dessas formigas. O genoma dessa bactéria foi sequenciado e os antibióticos andrimide, oocidina e serratamolide foram identificados por genome mining e desreplicação dos extratos. Os estudos biossintéticos da 3-etil-2,5-dimetil-pirazina e 2,5-dimetil-pirazina utilizando precursores isotopicamente marcados revelaram que o aminoácido L-treonina é precursor biossintético dessas substâncias. Bactérias Pseudonocardia spp., isoladas das formigas e jardins do fungo simbionte, inibiram o crescimento do fungo Escovopsis sp., que é parasita dos jardins cultivados pelas formigas. O extrato em acetato de etila da bactéria Pseudonocardia sp. 1B7 foi submetido ao isolamento monitorado pela atividade antifúngica, o que levou a identificação do ácido indol-3-acético como responsável pela inibição observada. O ácido indol-3-acético inibiu seletivamente o crescimento de esporos de cinco linhagens de Escovopsis spp. e não foi ativo contra o fungo cultivado como alimento pelas formigas, Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. O genoma da bactéria Pseudonocardia sp. 1B7 foi sequenciado e a biossíntese do ácido indol-3-acético foi determinada como dependente do aminoácido L-triptofano. A bactéria Burkholderia sp. JB2, isolada do jardim fúngico, produz o antibiótico tropolone, que apresenta elevada atividade inibitória frente ao fungo Escovopsis sp. devido a privação de ferro. Análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelaram que os jardins do fungo simbionte estão encobertos por uma camada resistente a água, que aparenta estar relacionada com a proteção dos jardins. O fungo entomopatogênico Aspergillus nomius ASR3 foi isolado de uma rainha morta de Atta sexdens rubropilosa e as aflatoxinas B1 e G1 foram produzidas por esse fungo em condições laboratoriais e na formiga de onde foi isolado. Os resultados obtidos destacam a importância de metabólitos produzidos pela microbiota bacteriana para a defesa e comunicação das formigas. O conhecimento gerado pode servir de inspiração no desenvolvimento de novas estratégias terapêuticas e formas de controle das formigas cortadeiras que sejam menos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente / Leaf-cutter ants collect plant material to cultivate their food source, a symbiotic fungus. Their colonies can be attacked by invading microorganisms and the ants have associated with protective antibiotic-producing bacteria. This work aimed to study the natural products produced by microorganisms associated with nests of the leaf-cutter ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa. Ants and fungal garden samples were washed with sterile aqueous solution and bacteria of the genera Serratia, Pseudonocardia and Burkholderia were isolated using ISP-2 and chitin agar plates. Serratia marcescens 3B2 produces 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine and 2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, which are components of the ant trail pheromone, and the components of the metapleural glands secretions indole-3-acetic acid and phenylacetic acid were also produced by this strain. Serratia marcescens 3B2 genome was sequenced and the production of the antibiotics andrimid, oocydin A and serratamolide were identified by genome mining and dereplication of the crude extracts. Isotope labeling experiments have revealed that the amino acid L-threonine is the biossyntetic precursor of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine and 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine. Pseudonocardia spp., isolated from the ants and fungal garden, inhibited the growth of the fungus Escovopsis sp., a specialized fungal garden parasite. A bioassay-guided isolation of the Pseudonocardia sp. 1B7 ethyl acetate extract revealed indole-3-acetic acid as the active compound. This natural product selectively inhibited the spores growth of five Escovopsis spp. strains and it was not active against the fungal cultivar Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Isotope feeding experiments and whole-genome sequencing of Pseudonocardia sp. 1B7 indicated that indole-3-acetic acid is biosynthesized by L-tryptophan dependent pathway. Burkholderia sp. JB2 was isolated from the fungal garden and it produces the antibiotic tropolone, which inhibits the Escovopsis sp. growth by iron privation. The fungal gardens produce a water-resistant layer that seems to be related to the garden protection, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy analysis. The entomopathogenic fungus Aspergillus nomius ASR3 was isolated from a dead Atta sexdens rubropilosa queen and the aflatoxins B1 and G1 were produced by this fungus in laboratory and natural conditions. The results highlight the importance of bacterial microbiota for the defense and communication of Atta sexdens rubropilosa. These results could contribute for future development of new therapeutic strategies and environmentally friendly techniques to control leaf-cutter ants

The ecosystem created by pelagic Sargassum is important in the life histories of a number of economically and ecologically important associated organisms. Fishes play a vital role in this food web and nutrient flow within these systems, but it is unknown how they locate these floating habitats. This study examined the role of natural chemical cues from Sargassum patches and the synthetic chemical Dimethylsulfonionpropionate (DMSP) for an associated fish, the planehead filefish (Stephanolepis hispidus) and a control fish species not associated with Sargassum, the masked goby (Coryphopterus personatus). Choice trials with a Y-maze apparatus determined that S. hispidus responded significantly to chemical cues from Sargassum while C. personatus did not. DMSP cues did not result in any significant behavioral responses for either fish. Demonstrating that S. hispidus can respond to chemical cues from Sargassum helps further our understanding of this unique floating algal reef and how fishes may locate it. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

O estudo foi dividido em capítulos que incluíram diversos aspectos da ecologia química de insetos e espécies de Piperaceae como se seguem: O Capítulo 1 descreve as informações taxonômicas, a história natural dos insetos, as observações de campo e a organização das espécies hospedeiras de Piperaceae segundo as preferências alimentares dos insetos. Observou-se forte especificidade química de espécies de Coleoptera (Naupactus bipes) e Homoptera (Membracis foliata, Callocanophora sp., e Aethalium reticulatum) por Piper aduncum, P. gaudichaudianum, P. arboreum e P. hispidum que possuem ácidos benzóicos prenilados como produtos predominantes. As Lepidoptera (Quadrus u-lucida, Heraclydes brasiliensis e H. helicorides) constituíram-se num segundo grupo de insetos para o qual constatou-se forte especificidade. Nesse caso as espécies de Piperaceae, P. regnellii e P. solmsianum, são nitidamente acumuladores de neolignanas e/ou lignanas. Os Capítulos 2 e 3 (coleópteros - besouros e lepidópteros - borboletas, respectivamente) descrevem os resultados relacionados aos estudos das reações que ocorreram durante o processo de digestão de folhas de espécies de Piper, seqüestros de metabólitos secundários pelos insetos. O estudo de possíveis fatores atrativos presentes em óleos essenciais foram investigados mediante o uso de ensaios eletrofisiológicos. Foram observadas reações de desmetilações em lignanas tetraidrofurânicas, esterificação de ácidos benzóicos, hidrólise de amidas, reação do tipo ozonólise de lignanas, neolignanas e fenilpropanóides durante o processo digestivo das borboletas (larvas) e dos besouros adultos. Foram observados seqüestros de neolignanas das folhas e raízes de P. regnellii pelas larvas da borboleta Heraclides hectorides e ácidos benzóicos prenilados das raízes de P. gaudichaudianum pelas larvas do besouro Naupactus bipes. Os experimentos de EAG com antenas do besouro N. bipes indicou que os óleos de P. gaudichaudianum, P. regnellii e P. hispidum foram ativos, e tal comportamento foi confirmado por observações em campo, sendo que as respostas mais intensas foram observadas para as fêmeas em relação às respostas para os machos. A análise de GC/EM-EAD permitiu a determinação dos compostos bioativos como os monoterpenos α- pineno, ß-pineno e ß-mirceno. O Capítulo 4 descreve as espécies de homópteros que têm especificidade por P. gaudichaudianum, P. arboreum e P. aduncum que são acumuladoras de ácidos benzóicos 7 prenilados. Outros possíveis fatores determinantes para tal especificidade foram atribuídos ao baixo teor de metabólitos secundários nas seivas, alto teor de micronutrientes, baixo teor de macronutrientes, ausência de lignanas ou neolignanas nas seivas, lignificação com predominância de resíduo siringila (S). O Capítulo 5 descreve a determinação e caracterização estrutural dos 49 metabólitos secundários envolvidos neste estudo. O Capítulo 6 descreve o estudo da estabilidade de lignanas tetraidrofurânicas realizado em função da rara ocorrência na natureza de isômeros com a configuração toda cis. O estudo da estabilidade para os dez possíveis estereoisômeros para a lignana tetraidrofurânica através do cálculo do funcional de densidade, B3LYP, com a base 6- 316(dp) mostrou que a configuração toda cis é de fato menos estável do que a toda trans. / The study was presented in six chapters that included several aspects of chemical ecology of insects and Piperaceae species as following: The Chapter 1 describes taxonomical aspects, natural history of the insects and field observation and the organization of hosts Piperaceae according to the observed feeding preferences of the associated insects. It was observed strong chemical specificity of Coleoptera and Homoptera species by Piper aduncum, P. gaudichaudianum, P. arboreum and P. hispidum which contain prenylated benzoic acids. The Lepidoptera showed preference for species containing neolignanas and/or lignanas such P. regnellii and P. solmsianum. The Chapters 2 and 3 (coleopterous - beetles and lepdopterous-butterflies, respectively), were addressed for the studies of biotransformation reactions, sequestration and attractive assays. The study of possible factors present attractions in essential oils was investigated by the use of electrophysiological essays. It were observed several reactions as esterification, hydrolyses and ozonolyse-type for lignans, neolignans, phenylpropanoids and amides occurring in from species of Piperaceae during the digestive process of the butterflies and of beetles. It was observed sequestration of neolignans of P. regnellii by larvae of Heraclides hectorides and prenylated of benzoic acids from roots of P. gaudichaudianum by the larva of the beetle Naupactus bipes. The experiments of EAG using antennas of the beetle N. bipes showed that the oils of P. gaudichaudianum, P. regnellii and P. hispidum were active and such results were in agreement with field observations and the most intense response was observed for the females in relation to the response for the males. The analyses of GC/EM-EAD allowed the determination of the bio-actives compounds as the monoterpenes α-pinene, β-pinene and β-mircene. The Chapter 4 describes the homopteros species that have specificity for the P. gaudichaudianum, P. arboreum and P. aduncum accumulative of prenylated benzoic acids. Further determinant factors for specificity included: low percentage of secondary metabolites in saps, high percentage of micro-nutrients and low percentage of macro-nutrients, absence of lignans or neolignans in the saps, lignifications with predominance of siringyl residues (S) which confer a pattern related to Angiosperms. The Chapter 5 describes the determination and structural characterization of the 49 secondary metabólitos involved in this study. The Chapter 6 shows the study of stability versus natural occurrence of tetrahydrofuran lignans was carried out due to the rare occurrence of all-cis configuration. The study of the stability for the ten possible stereoisomers for the tetrahydrofuran lignans was through the calculation of the functional of density, B3LYP, with the base 6-316(dp), it showed that the all-cis configuration is less stable than the all-trans tetrahydrofuran lignans.

As relações entre flores e abelhas durante a evolução tiveram um importante papel na adaptação desses insetos, uma vez que eles se utilizam dos recursos florais (néctar e pólen) para sua alimentação. A adaptação a essa estratégia alimentar fica evidente pela presença de estruturas morfológicas nessas abelhas relacionadas à esse comportamento, como a corbícula. Apesar da utilização de recursos florais estar presente em praticamente todas as espécies de abelhas, algumas espécies de abelhas sem ferrão (Meliponini) apresentam um tipo de comportamento alimentar que difere bastante de todos os outros encontrados em abelhas sociais. No comportamento conhecido como cleptoparasita, as abelhas não visitam flores e conseguem seu alimento através do saque a outras colônias. Este comportamento está presente como estratégia exclusiva nos gêneros Lestrimelitta e Cleptotrigona. Durante o saque são levados da colônia pilhada, mel, pólen, cerúmen e, principalmente, alimento larval. Apesar de alguns estudos já terem sido realizados, muitas questões importantes relacionadas à ecologia química e comportamental do cleptoparasitismo ainda permaneciam sem respostas. Sendo assim, o presente estudo objetivou investigar esses dois aspectos do cleptoparasistismo em L. limao. Dentro do aspecto comportamental as análises se concentraram na investigação da escolha das colônias hospedeiras. As análises ecoquimícas, por sua vez, focaram na identificação dos compostos presentes nas glândulas mandibular e salivar cefálica e na identificação do papel ecológico desses compostos durante os saques. Os resultados obtidos trouxeram novas e importantes informações sobre o comportamento cleptoparasita de L. limao. Foi possível observar uma menor frequência dos ataques à espécie que apresenta respostas agressivas ao saque, em comparação às que agem passivamente. Além disso, os dados obtidos nas análises químicas trouxeram novidades importantes, relacionadas à proporção dos isômeros do citral presente na glândula mandibular das operárias, à presença de ésteres na glândula salivar cefálica e ao papel ecológico do citral. Ainda, a evolução do cleptoparasitismo em abelhas sem ferrão é amplamente discutida e, por fim, é explicitada a necessidade de uma nova classificação para os diferentes tipos de parasitismo presentes no grupo das abelhas. / The interactions between flowers and bees played an important role in the behavioral evolution of these insects since they feed on floral resources. Nevertheless, some species of stingless bees have a different feeding strategy, which is known as cleptoparasitism. These species obtain their food exclusively through pillaging of other beehives. The exclusivity of this stealing behavior can be found in two different groups of stingless bees, Lestrimelitta and Cleptotrigona. Although some studies concerning this interesting behaviour have already been made, there are many questions related to its chemical and behavioral ecology that remain virtually unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate these aspects of the cleptoparasitism in Lestrimelitta limao. The behavioral analyses focused on the investigation of host choice by the cleptoparasitic bees while eco-chemical analyses investigated the chemical profile of the cephalic glands (mandibular and cephalic salivary) and their ecological role during the pillage. The results brought new important information concerning the cleptoparasitic behavior of L. limao. The host choice analysis indicates a lower frequency of attacks in the aggressive hosts. Chemical investigations showed different proportions of the citrals isomers which are present in the mandibular gland, the chemical profile of cephalic salivary glands and the ecological role of citral. Furthermore, the evolution of cleptoparasitic behaviour is widely discussed and the necessity of a new classification for the parasitism among bees is presented.

As formigas da tribo Attini são obrigatoriamente dependentes da simbiose que mantêm com fungos cultivados no interior de suas colônias.N as Attini mais derivadas (gêneros Atta e Acromyrmex)esse fungo é cultivado com substratos vegetais frescos cortados pelas formigas, constituindo a única fonte de nutrientes durante os estágios imaturos (larvas e pupas) e fonte parcial de nutrientes durante a fase adulta. N esta fase, as formigas obtêm grande parte de seus nutrientes através da ingestão de seivas foliares durante o corte e o processamento do materiala ser incorporado ao fungo.Assim,dado o duplo destino que os produtos vegetais têm nessa relação simbiótica entre fungos e formigas, os metabólitos secundários contidos nas plantas cortadas pelas formigas são também capazes de atuar nessas duas instâncias.D entre os metabólitos secundários, os glucosinolatos são conhecidos por intermediarem muitas das interações das plantas que os contêm e por possuírem um mecanismo de ação envolvendo a hidrólise pela enzima mirosinase. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos da sinigrina sobre o crescimento radialdo fungo mutualista de Atta sexdens e sobre a mortalidade das operárias isoladas das colônias.Para isso os fungos foram cultivados in vitro em meio de cultura M EA-LP contendo sinigrina e incubados a 25° C em BO D .A mortalidade dos insetos foi avaliada de duas maneiras:com o oferecimento sinigrina em dietas sólidas ou em solução aquosa.O s resultados mostraram que a sinigrina intacta não apresentou efeitos sobre qualquer um dos dois. Porém, apresentou indícios de que os produtos de hidrólise podem vir a inibir o crescimento do fungo. Também foram analisadas as composições de glucosinolatos em plântulas de 6 variedades de B. oleraceae utilizando-se Cromatagrafia Líquida de Alta Eficiência com detecção em U V (CLAE) e em espectrômetro de massas (CLAE/M S).Dez glucosinolatos foram encontrados,dentre os quais glucoiberina, sinigrina e progoitrina foram os mais abundantes. O s resultados também apontaram que, apesar de se tratarem da mesma espécie, o conteúdo de glucosinolatos é bastante distinto entre as variedades. Entretanto, as amostras da mesma variedade mostraram um padrão relativamente bem estável, apresentando sempre os mesmos glucosinolatos em proporções relativas semelhantes. / vide dissertação

Comprendre les facteurs favorables à l’établissement et au maintien de proliférations d’algues toxiques et nuisibles est essentiel afin de mieux les prévoir. L’allélopathie, c’est-à-dire la libération de composés qui inhibent les compétiteurs, favorise l’espèce allélopathique et contribue ainsi à modifier la communauté planctonique. Les dinoflagellés toxiques du genre Alexandrium produisent des composés allélopathiques, cependant les interactions allélopathiques sont encore mal comprises. L'objectif de cette thèse était de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes d’allélopathie en étudiant l'interaction allélopathique entre A. minutum et la diatomée Chaetoceros muelleri. Les résultats de ces travaux ont mis en évidence que les composés allélopathiques d'A.minutum perturbaient le fonctionnement des membranes des diatomées en quelques minutes. La cascade d'événements physiologiques suivant l'interaction allélopathique comprend des effets tels que la perméabilisation de membranes, l'inhibition de la photosynthèse, la production d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène et la modification de la composition des membranes. Ce projet a mis en évidence le fait que l’allélopathie d’A. minutum est sous contrôle environnemental, son activité s’est accrue d’un facteur 4 en présence de concentrations toxiques de Cu. Enfin, le développement d’un bioessai a facilité la purification des composés allélopathiques par fractionnement guidé. Nous avons isolé un groupe de candidats hydrophobes dont l’activité doit être testée après isolement. Cette thèse propose de nouveaux outils et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour étudier les conséquences de ces interactions dans les écosystèmes marins. / Understanding the factors that favor the establishment and the persistance of harmful algal blooms is essential for predicting them. Allelochemical potency, i.e. the release of compounds that inhibit competitors, is hypothesized to favor the organisms that produce them and shape plankton community. The toxic dinoflagellates from the genus Alexandrium produce allelochemicals, however, associated interactions are poorly understood. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to our understanding by studying the mechanisms behind the allelochemical interactions between the A. minutum and the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri. The results of this work have highlighted that A. minutum allelochemicals disrupted membrane functioning of the diatoms within minutes. The cascade of physiological events following the allelochemical interaction that was described here, included permeabilisation of membranes, inhibition of photosynthesis, production of reactive oxygen species and modifications of the biochemical composition of membranes. This project has also highlighted that the allelochemical potency of A. minutum can be significantly modulated by environmental parameters, as allelochemical potency increased 4 times when exposed to toxic concentrations of Cu. Finally, a bioassay developed during this PhD eased the partial isolation of the allelochemicals through fractionation. We isolated a hydrophobic candidates whose activity have to be investigated following their isolation. This PhD provides a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying allelochemical interactions and offers new tools and raises new perspectives to study the consequences of these interactions on marine ecosystems.

A idade das fêmeas colonizadoras de Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) durante o abandonamento do hospedeiro, assim como sua resposta aos voláteis de flores de café, Coffea arabica L. var. Tupi, foram investigadas neste trabalho. Um dispositivo experimental que simulasse as condições de dentro do fruto de café e permitisse a observação da saída dos insetos foi utilizado para a determinação da idade das fêmeas colonizadoras. Em média, os besouros apresentaram 15 dias de idade no momento em que abandonaram o dispositivo experimental. Nesta idade as fêmeas estavam acasaladas, possuiam o tegumento totalmente melanizado, foram capazes de voar e produzir ovos viáveis. Os voláteis de flores de café, foram coletados por aeração, analisados por GC-EAD e GC-MS, e testados em bioensaios olfatométricos. As fêmeas colonizadoras de H. hampei foram atraídas pelos voláteis de flores de café. Dos 50 compostos encontrados nos extratos naturais, sete foram eletrofisiologicamente ativos aos insetos. Destes sete, somente metil salicilato, neral e geranial puderam ser identificados, e a mistura de seus padrões sintéticos foi a mais atrativa nos bioensaios olfatométricos. Tomados juntos, estes resultados trazem novas informações sobre a bioecologia e ecologia química da broca-do-café, as quais poderão ser usadas futuramente em pesquisas de base e naquelas focadas no desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de manejo para H. hampei em cafezais. / The age of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) females during the host abandonment, as well as their response to coffee flower volatiles were determinated under laboratory conditions. A experimental device that simulated the conditions inside a coffee berry, and that allowed the observation the insects coming out was used to determinate the age of colonizing females. On average, the beetles were 15 d-old at the moment they abandoned the experimental device. In this age, the females were mated, had a fully melanized tegument, were able to fly and to produce viable eggs. The volatiles of coffee, Coffea arabica L. var. Tupi, flowers were colected by aeration, analyzed in GC-EAD and GC-MS, and tested in olfactometer bioassays. The colonizing H. hampei females were attracted by the coffee flower volatiles. Of 50 compounds found in the natural extracts, seven were electrophysiologically actives to the insects. Of these seven, only methyl salicylate, neral and geranial could be identified, and the blend with their syntetic standards was the most atractive in the olfactometer bioassays. Taken together, these results bring new information on the bioecology and chemical ecology of the coffee berry borer, which may be used in the future by basic researchs or by those focused on the development of new strategies for the management of H. hampei in coffee farms.