There exists a dire need for improved therapeutics to achieve predictable and effective bone regeneration. Non-viral gene therapy is a safe method that can efficiently transfect target cells, therefore is a promising approach to overcoming the drawbacks of protein delivery of growth factors. The goal of this study was to employ cost-effective biomaterials to deliver genetic materials (DNA or RNA) in a controlled manner in order to address the high cost issues, safety concerns, and lower transfection efficiencies that exist with protein and gene therapeutic approaches. To achieve our goal, we set several aims: 1) To assess the bone regeneration capacity of polyethylenimine (PEI)-chemically modified ribonucleic acid (cmRNA) (encoding bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)) activated matrices, compared to PEI-plasmid DNA (BMP-2)-activated matrices. 2) To explore the osteogenic potential of cmRNA-encoding BMP-9, in comparison to cmRNA-encoding BMP-2. 3) To use collagen membranes as integral components of a guided bone regeneration protocol and to enhance the bioactivity of collagen membranes by incorporating plasmid DNA (pDNA) or cmRNA encoding bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9). 4) To test whether the delivery of pDNA encoding BMP-2 (pBMP-2) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (pFGF-2) together can synergistically promote bone repair in a leporine model of diabetes mellitus, a condition that is known to be detrimental to union. 5) To investigated whether there is a synergistic effect on bone regeneration following delivery of pBMP-2 and pFGF-2, insulin and/or vitamin D. These investigations together provided new insights regarding the appropriate treatment methods for patients with fractures. Here we develop and test a non-viral gene delivery system for bone regeneration in challenging animal models utilizing a scaffold carrying PEI-nucleic acid complexes. We utilized three kinds of pDNA encoding either BMP-2, BMP-9 or FGF-2 as well as two kinds of cmRNA encoding either BMP-2 or BMP-9 formulated into PEI complexes. The fabricated nanoplexes were assessed for their size, charge, in vitro cytotoxicity, and capacity to transfect human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The in vivo functional potency of different nanoplexes embedded in scaffolds was evaluated using a calvarial bone defect model in rats, diaphyseal long bone radial defects in a diabetic rabbit model and intramuscular implantation in a diabetic rat. The results indicate that our non-viral gene delivery system induced migration and differentiation of resident cells to enhance bone regeneration. Together these findings suggest that scaffolds loaded with non-viral vectors harboring cmRNA or pDNA encoding osteogenic proteins may be a powerful tool for stimulating bone regeneration with significant potential for clinical translation.

<p>We present an investigation of the magnetic field geometries and inhomogeneous distribution of chemical elements in the atmospheres of peculiar A and B stars. Our study combines high-quality spectroscopic and spectropolarimetric stellar observations with the development and application of novel techniques for theoretical interpretation of the shapes and variability of stellar line profiles. In particular, we extend the method of Doppler imaging to the analysis of spectra in the four Stokes parameters, making it possible to derive detailed and reliable stellar magnetic maps simultaneously with the imaging chemical inhomogeneities.</p><p>The magnetic Doppler imaging is applied to study of magnetic topologies and distributions of chemical elements in the peculiar stars α² CVn and 53 Cam. We found that the magnetic field geometry of 53 Cam is considerably more complex than a low-order multipolar topology, commonly assumed for magnetic A and B stars. Our Doppler imaging analysis also led to a discovery and study of spots of enhanced mercury abundance in the atmosphere of α And, a star where the presence of a global magnetic field is unlikely.</p><p>The ESO 3.6-m telescope is used to collect unique, very high spectral- and time-resolution observations of rapidly oscillating peculiar A (roAp) stars and to reveal line profile variations due to stellar pulsations. We present a detailed characterization of the spectroscopic pulsational behaviour and demonstrate a remarkable diversity of pulsations in different spectral lines. The outstanding variability of the lines of rare-earth elements is used to study propagation of pulsation waves through the stellar atmospheres and identify pulsation modes. This analysis led to a discovery of a non-axisymmetric character of pulsations in roAp stars.</p><p>Our study of chemical stratification in the atmosphere of the roAp star γ Equ provides a compelling evidence for significant variation of the chemical composition with depth. We find a combined effect of extreme chemical anomalies and a growth of pulsation amplitude in the outermost atmospheric layers to be the most likely origin of the high-amplitude pulsational variations of the lines of rare-earth elements.</p><p>Observations of cool magnetic CP stars are obtained with the ESO Very Large Telescope and are used for empirical investigation of the anomalies in the atmospheric temperature structure. We show that the core-wing anomaly of the hydrogen Balmer lines observed in some cool CP stars can be attributed to a hot layer at an intermediate atmospheric depth.</p>

We present an investigation of the magnetic field geometries and inhomogeneous distribution of chemical elements in the atmospheres of peculiar A and B stars. Our study combines high-quality spectroscopic and spectropolarimetric stellar observations with the development and application of novel techniques for theoretical interpretation of the shapes and variability of stellar line profiles. In particular, we extend the method of Doppler imaging to the analysis of spectra in the four Stokes parameters, making it possible to derive detailed and reliable stellar magnetic maps simultaneously with the imaging chemical inhomogeneities. The magnetic Doppler imaging is applied to study of magnetic topologies and distributions of chemical elements in the peculiar stars α2 CVn and 53 Cam. We found that the magnetic field geometry of 53 Cam is considerably more complex than a low-order multipolar topology, commonly assumed for magnetic A and B stars. Our Doppler imaging analysis also led to a discovery and study of spots of enhanced mercury abundance in the atmosphere of α And, a star where the presence of a global magnetic field is unlikely. The ESO 3.6-m telescope is used to collect unique, very high spectral- and time-resolution observations of rapidly oscillating peculiar A (roAp) stars and to reveal line profile variations due to stellar pulsations. We present a detailed characterization of the spectroscopic pulsational behaviour and demonstrate a remarkable diversity of pulsations in different spectral lines. The outstanding variability of the lines of rare-earth elements is used to study propagation of pulsation waves through the stellar atmospheres and identify pulsation modes. This analysis led to a discovery of a non-axisymmetric character of pulsations in roAp stars. Our study of chemical stratification in the atmosphere of the roAp star γ Equ provides a compelling evidence for significant variation of the chemical composition with depth. We find a combined effect of extreme chemical anomalies and a growth of pulsation amplitude in the outermost atmospheric layers to be the most likely origin of the high-amplitude pulsational variations of the lines of rare-earth elements. Observations of cool magnetic CP stars are obtained with the ESO Very Large Telescope and are used for empirical investigation of the anomalies in the atmospheric temperature structure. We show that the core-wing anomaly of the hydrogen Balmer lines observed in some cool CP stars can be attributed to a hot layer at an intermediate atmospheric depth.

Retinol (vitamin A) and its active metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid, signal through nuclear retinoic acid and retinoid X receptor (RAR/RXR) heterodimers. These complexes regulate the expression of genes involved in developmental processes such as limb development. In excess, retinoids are potent teratogens and cause marked reductive effects on the developing limb. The goal of this thesis was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying retinoid-induced limb dysmorphogenesis. Specifically, using an in vitro limb culture system, I examined the involvement of one RAR isoform, RARgamma, in mediating retinoid insult. / My first objective was to examine how limbs deficient in RARgamma responded to exogenous retinoid exposure. I showed that RARgamma-null limbs (on an RARalpha1-null background) exhibited less severe limb defects following retinoid insult when compared to their wild-type counterparts. Additionally, the absence of RARgamma abolished the retinoid-induced misregulation of genes important for chondrogenesis (Sox9 and Col2a1 ) and limb outgrowth (Meis-1 and -2). / The next objective set out to determine how pharmacological activation of RARgamma affected limb development. The RARgamma-selective agonist (BMS-189961) caused limb dysmorphology (namely, effects on cartilage) that was comparable to pan-RAR activation with all-trans retinoic acid. A chondrogenesis-focused gene array analysis identified Mgp and Gdf10 as two RARgamma-responsive genes that may mediate retinoid-induced limb insult. / Subsequently, I assessed the functional involvement of Mgp in mediating retinoid teratogenicity. Limbs were treated with all- trans retinoic acid and warfarin (an inhibitor of MGP); warfarin co-treatment rescued limbs from retinoid-induced insult. / My final objective was to determine the importance of Gdf10 in mediating limb development. Recombinant human Gdf10-soaked beads were implanted into distal limb structures; ectopic overexpression of Gdf10 in the web (but not the digital ray) resulted in marked proximal limb malformations. / Collectively, these studies have illustrated the importance of RARgamma in retinoid teratology and have identified several potential mechanisms by which retinoids cause limb defects.

Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS), a form of irritant-induced asthma (IIA) has been observed in humans following acute chlorine (Cl 2) gas exposure in occupational and domestic settings. Following Cl 2 injury, subepithelial fibrosis, mucous hyperplasia, and non-specific airway hyperresponsiveness have been reported. Based on the disease profile, we hypothesized that pulmonary damage may be oxidative in nature. / The aim of this work was to develop a murine model of irritant-induced asthma in order to investigate the pathogenic processes and potential oxidative mechanisms involved in response to Cl2 exposure, with a secondary aim of examining the role of iNOS in response to Cl2 inhalation. / A/J, C57BI/6J (wild type) and iNOS-1- mice exposed to various concentrations of Cl2 were mechanically ventilated for measurement of lung mechanics and responses to i.v. methacholine (MCh). Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed to examine total protein, cell populations and nitrate/nitrates. Tissues were harvested for histology and immunocytochemistry for iNOS, 3NT and carbonyl residues. To examine the role of iNOS, a subset of animals were treated with a selective iNOS inhibitor (1400W) and non-selective NOS inhibitor LNAME. / Chlorine exposure caused airway hyperresponsiveness, which appeared to be mitigated by iNOS blockade with 1400W, however this was not the case in iNOS-1- mice. Cl2 exposure also caused increases in total BAL protein, total cells, NOx, neutrophils, iNOS, 3NT and carbonyl residues. / In conclusion, chlorine exposure causes lung injury, similar to reactive airways dysfunction syndrome, characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, epithelial sloughing, inflammatory cell influx, oxidative injury and increases in both the activity and expression of iNOS. Chlorine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness is mitigated, in part, by selective blockade of iNOS with the use of pharmacological intervention.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of South Florida, 2007. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 80 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Devaney Ribeiro do Carmo / Banca: Newton Luiz Dias Filho / Banca: Jeosadaque José de Sene / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho esta resumido através de três etapas. 1 - A primeira etapa consistiu em funcionalizar e caracterizar a sílica gel com grupos 3- aminopropiltrietoxisilano. Nesta etapa o material obtido (Si) foi caracterizado por técnicas de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear no estado sólido (24Si e 13C) e espectroscopia vibracional (FTIR). 2- Numa segunda etapa promoveu-se a adsorção de íons de cobre (II) e de cobalto (II) na superfície da sílica (Si). Os materiais obtidos (SiCu e SiCo) foram caracterizados por espectroscopia vibracional e voltametria cíclica. 3- Na terceira etapa reagiu-se os materiais preparados (SiCu e SiCo) com nitroprussiato de sódio para formar os complexos binucleares (SiCuNP e SiCoNP). Estes materiais também foram caracterizados por espectroscopia vibracional e voltametria cíclica. Estes materiais foram utilizados na construção do eletrodo de pasta de grafite e testados na oxidação eletrocatalítica de substâncias biologicamente importantes tais como a hidrazina e N-acetilcisteína sendo empregado para isto a técnica de voltametria cíclica. Observou-se que o eletrodo de SiCuNP apresentam dois pares redox nos potenciais (Em)1 = 0,34 V e (Em)2 = 0,76 V vs Ag/AgCl, O primeiro foi atribuído ao processo de oxidação do par Cu(I)/Cu(II) e o segundo ao processo de oxidação Fe(II)(CN)5NO / Fe(III)(CN)5NO do complexo binuclear. O sistema SiCoNP foram observados dois pares redox distintos com os seguintes potenciais médios (Em); (Em)1 = 0,29 V e (Em)2 = 0,56 V vs Ag/AgCl, o primeiro foi atribuído ao processo redox do par Co(II)/Co(III) e o segundo ao processo redox Fe(II)(CN)5NO / Fe(III)(CN)5NO do complexo binuclear formado. O sistema SiCuNP foi sensível a concentração de hidrazina apresentando um limite de detecção e sensibilidade amperométrica de 3,07×10-4 mol L-1 e 5,84×10-6 A / mol L-1... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this work is summarized in three stages. 1 - The first stage functionalizes and characterizes the silica gel with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane groups. At this stage the material obtained (Si) was characterized by solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques (24Si and 13C) and vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR). 2 - The second stage promotes the adsorption of copper (II) and cobalt (II) ions on the surface of the silica (Si). The materials obtained (SiCu and SiCo) were characterized by vibrational spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. 3 - The third stage prepares the reaction of the materials (SiCu and SiCo) with sodium nitroprusside to form the binuclear complex (SiCuNP and SiCoNP). These materials were characterized by vibrational spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. These materials were used to construct the electrode carbon paste and were tested for electrocatalytic oxidation of biologically important substances such as hydrazine and N-acetylcysteine using the cyclic voltammetry technique. It was observed that the electrode SiCuNP has two redox pairs in the potential (Em)1 = 0.34 V and (Em)2 = 0.76 V vs. Ag/AgCl, the first was attributed to the oxidation process of the pair Cu(I)/Cu(II) and the second to the oxidation process Fe(II)(CN)5NO / Fe(III)(CN)5NO of the binuclear complex. For the SiCoNP system, two distinct redox couples were observed with the following mean potentials (Em); (Em)1 = 0.29 V and (Em)2 = 0.56 V vs Ag/AgCl, the first one was assigned to the redox process of the Co(II)/Co(III) pair and the second one to the redox process Fe(II)(CN)5NO / Fe(III)(CN)5NO of the binuclear complex formed. The SiCuNP system was sensitive to the hydrazine concentration, exhibiting a detection limit and amperometric sensitivity of 3.07×10-4 mol L-1 and 5.84×10-6 A / mol L-1 respectively and was also... (Summary complete electronic access click below) / Mestre

Introdução: Nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) está associada a piores desfechos intra-hospitalar e a longo prazo. Estudos recentes sugerem que hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio possa ser útil na sua prevenção; no entanto, essa medida de prevenção de NIC não foi, ainda, avaliada em pacientes diabéticos. Método: Subanálise de um estudo multicêntrico envolvendo 301 pacientes com creatinina sérica ≥ 1,2 mg/dl ou depuração de creatinina endógena (DCE) < 50 ml/min submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia ou angioplastia coronária, randomizados para receber hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio ou solução salina (soro fisiológico – SF) a 0,9%. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados com contraste iônico de baixa osmolaridade. Os desfechos avaliados foram incidência de NIC (definida como aumento de 0,5 mg/dl) e variação da creatinina e da DCE em 48 horas após o procedimento. Da totalidade de pacientes, 87 tinham diabetes melito e foram incluídos nesse subestudo. Resultados: Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação a características demográficas, volume de contraste e níveis basais de creatinina e DCE. Entre os pacientes avaliados, 8 desenvolveram NIC: 4 (9,8%) pacientes no grupo bicarbonato e 4 (8,9%) no grupo SF 0,9% (p = 0,9). A variação da creatinina sérica e da DCE foi similar entre os grupos. Conclusão: Hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio não demonstrou benefício em reduzir a incidência de NIC em pacientes diabéticos submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco ou angioplastia coronária em comparação à hidratação com SF 0,9%. / Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with worse clinical outcomes both at short and long-term follow-up. Recent evidence indicates that intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate may reduce the incidence of CIN. However, this strategy has not been reported in diabetic patients. Methods: Sub-analysis of a multicenter study involving 301 patients with serum creatinine ≥ 1,2 mg/dL or creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min submitted to coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention and randomized to intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate or normal saline. All patients received low-osmolar contrast media. We assessed the incidence of CIN (defined as creatinine increase ≥ 0,5 mg/dL), and the average change in creatinine and creatinine clearance 48 hours after the procedure. A total of 87 diabetic patients were analyzed. Results: There was no difference between groups regarding baseline characteristics, contrast volume used, baseline creatinine levels and creatinine clearance. Eight patients presented CIN: 4 (9.8%) in the bicarbonate group and 4 (8.9%) in the saline group (p = 0.9). The average change in serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were similar between groups. Conclusion: Intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate did not reduce the incidence of CIN in diabetic patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention as compared to hydration with normal saline.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:53:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 soares_la_me_ilha.pdf: 1532013 bytes, checksum: 0f4004d265a97a7015b084d2b64eb7b7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho apresenta a preparação de um silsesquioxano nanoestruturado, o cloropropilsilsesquioxano (S) que foi organofuncionalizado com os seguintes agentes modificadores: 4-amino-3-hidrazinico-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol (Purpald®) e o 4-amino-5-4(piridil)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-tiol (APTT), os materiais obtidos dessa funcionalização foram descritos como SP e SA, respectivamente. Os materiais SP e SA foram caracterizados por diversas técnicas espectroscópicas: Espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FT-IR), Ressonância magnética nuclear 29Si e 13C no estado sólido (RMN), Difração de Raios- X (DRX), Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva de Raios X (EDX), Termogravimetria e Análise Térmica Diferencial (TG – DTA). Após a devida caracterização, realizaram-se estudos de adsorção de íons metálicos (Cu2+, Cd2+ e Ni2+) nos sítios ativos do SA, porém, curiosamente não se observou a mesma capacidade de sorção pelo SP. Diferentes meios foram estudados no processo de adsorção dos íons metálicos supracitados: aquoso, etanólico 99% e etanólico 42%, determinando-se o tempo de equilíbrio de adsorção, que para ambos os meios e metais esse tempo máximo foi em média 35 min. Determinado o tempo de equilíbrio de adsorção dos íons metálicos em cada sistema, determinou-se a capacidade específica de sorção (Nfmax) através de isotermas de adsorção. Para o Cu2+, os valores de Nf foram: meio aquoso (3,09 × 10-4 mol g-1), etanólico 42% (1,03 × 10-4 mol g-1) e etanólico 99% (1,86 × 10-4 mol g-1), com concentrações de íons Cu2+ variando de 1,74 a 29,64 mol L-1. Os valores encontrados para o Ni2+ foram: em meio aquoso (2,11 × 10-4 mol g-1), etanólico 42% (0,97 × 10-4 mol g-1) e etanólico 99% (1,05 × 10-4 mol g-1), com concentrações de íons Ni2+ variando de 2,25 a 33,18 mol L-1. Para os íons cádmio não foram... / This work presents the preparation of a nanostructured silsesquioxane, the cloropropilsilsesquioxano (S) that was organofunctionalised with the following modifying agents: 4-amino-3-hydrazino 5 - mercapto 1,2,4 triazole (Purpald ®) and 4- amino-5-4 (pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (APTT), the materials obtained of the functionalization were described as SP and SA, respectively. The materials SA and SP were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as spectroscopy in the region of infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance 29Si and 13C solid-state (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy Rays (EDS), Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis (TG - DTA). After proper characterization, were carried studies on adsorption of metallic ions such as Cu2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+ in the active sites of SA, but curiously did not observe the same sorption capacity of the SP. Different methods were studied in the adsorption of metal ions above: aqueous, 99% ethanolic and 42% ethanolic, determining the adsorption equilibrium time, which for both means and metals the maximum time averaged 35 min. After determining the adsorption equilibrium time of metal ions in each system, we determined the specific sorption capacity (Nfmax) through adsorption isotherms. For Cu2+, the values of Nf were: aqueous solution (3.09 × 10-4 mol g-1), 42% ethanolic (1.03 × 10-4 mol g-1) and 99% ethanolic (1.86 × 10-4 mol g-1), with Cu2 + ion concentrations ranging from 1.74 to 29.64 mol L-1. The values obtained for the Ni2+ were: aqueous solution (2.11 × 10-4 mol g-1), 42% ethanolic (0.97 × 10-4 mol g-1) and 99% ethanolic (1.05 × 10-4 mol g-1), with Ni2 + ion concentrations ranging from 2.25 to 33.18 mol L-1. For the cadmium ions were not observed saturation of adsorption sites in the concentration range studied, not getting the maximum... (Summary complete electronic access click below)

Introdução: Nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) está associada a piores desfechos intra-hospitalar e a longo prazo. Estudos recentes sugerem que hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio possa ser útil na sua prevenção; no entanto, essa medida de prevenção de NIC não foi, ainda, avaliada em pacientes diabéticos. Método: Subanálise de um estudo multicêntrico envolvendo 301 pacientes com creatinina sérica ≥ 1,2 mg/dl ou depuração de creatinina endógena (DCE) < 50 ml/min submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia ou angioplastia coronária, randomizados para receber hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio ou solução salina (soro fisiológico – SF) a 0,9%. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados com contraste iônico de baixa osmolaridade. Os desfechos avaliados foram incidência de NIC (definida como aumento de 0,5 mg/dl) e variação da creatinina e da DCE em 48 horas após o procedimento. Da totalidade de pacientes, 87 tinham diabetes melito e foram incluídos nesse subestudo. Resultados: Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação a características demográficas, volume de contraste e níveis basais de creatinina e DCE. Entre os pacientes avaliados, 8 desenvolveram NIC: 4 (9,8%) pacientes no grupo bicarbonato e 4 (8,9%) no grupo SF 0,9% (p = 0,9). A variação da creatinina sérica e da DCE foi similar entre os grupos. Conclusão: Hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio não demonstrou benefício em reduzir a incidência de NIC em pacientes diabéticos submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco ou angioplastia coronária em comparação à hidratação com SF 0,9%. / Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with worse clinical outcomes both at short and long-term follow-up. Recent evidence indicates that intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate may reduce the incidence of CIN. However, this strategy has not been reported in diabetic patients. Methods: Sub-analysis of a multicenter study involving 301 patients with serum creatinine ≥ 1,2 mg/dL or creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min submitted to coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention and randomized to intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate or normal saline. All patients received low-osmolar contrast media. We assessed the incidence of CIN (defined as creatinine increase ≥ 0,5 mg/dL), and the average change in creatinine and creatinine clearance 48 hours after the procedure. A total of 87 diabetic patients were analyzed. Results: There was no difference between groups regarding baseline characteristics, contrast volume used, baseline creatinine levels and creatinine clearance. Eight patients presented CIN: 4 (9.8%) in the bicarbonate group and 4 (8.9%) in the saline group (p = 0.9). The average change in serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were similar between groups. Conclusion: Intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate did not reduce the incidence of CIN in diabetic patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention as compared to hydration with normal saline.