Chemokines are a family of chemotactic cytokines that play a multifaceted role in human biology. Chemokine receptor CCR7, activated by its ligands CCL19 & CCL21, is known to play a significant role in cancer metastasis. In view of the wider roles that chemokines play in the biology of the cell, we hypothesised that CCR7 could influence cancer progression through other mechanisms in particular increased proliferation and/or increased chemo- and radioresistance, and whether these effects may have a physiological/clinical relevance. Interestingly, CXCR4 involvement in cancer recurrence, metastasis and proliferation is already well established. Thus, it was used as a point of reference to compare whether CCR7 axis effect on cancer proliferation and chemoresistance is similar to that observed in CXCR4 axis. It is proven that hypoxia is a driving factor in increased CCR7 expression. This study shows that CCR7 expression is upregulated as a response to a number of other stress factors, in particular that caused by different chemotherapeutic treatments. In addition, we showed that CCL21, one of the two endogenous ligands for CCR7 is similarly produced under these conditions We used several techniques to establish the expression and functionality of CCR7 and CXCR4 in different cancer cell lines. We then showed that activation of the CCR7 axis by physiologically relevant concentrations of CCL21 induces cancer cell proliferation and chemo- and radio-resistance. Furthermore, these effects are abrogated by small molecule antagonists (ICT13069), neutralizing monoclonal antibody, or CCR7 knockdown. Our findings support the hypothesis that antagonising CCR7 receptor will not only inhibit cancer metastasis, as it is well-illustrated in the literature, but it would also lead to alternative therapeutic approaches as well as potential clinical endpoints. / University of Tobruk, and the Ministry of Higher Education of Libya

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24801号 / 医博第4993号 / 新制||医||1067(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 鈴木 実, 教授 溝脇 尚志, 教授 江木 盛時 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Despite 35 years of clinical trials, there has been little improvement in one-year survival rates with any chemotherapeutic regimen for the treatment of metastatic melanoma due to resistance to all known agents. Regardless of advances in detection and prevention, diagnosis of metastatic disease remains a death sentence. Resistance mechanisms, including aberrant kinase signaling and drug transport pumps, indicate a need for identification of other therapeutic targets that impinge upon multiple signaling pathways. The Abl family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases (c-Abl, Arg) has been indicted as a causative force in leukemia for more than three decades; however, their role in solid tumors has only recently been described. We first demonstrated that activated Abl family kinases promote breast cancer development and progression, and recently identified them to be novel therapeutic targets in metastatic melanoma cells by demonstrating that they promote proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis. We now present evidence that inhibitors of Abl family kinases abrogate resistance to a number of commonly used chemotherapeutics (i.e., 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, paclitaxel, camptothecin) in a panel of breast cancer cells. We proceed to show that inhibitors of Abl family kinases, likewise, sensitize both breast cancer and melanoma cells to doxorubicin by blocking cell proliferation and dramatically inducing apoptosis. These findings were extended to advanced multi-drug resistant melanoma cells, in which we show for the first time that c- Abl promotes expression of the drug transporter, ABCB1, during acquired resistance, and drugs that inhibit c-Abl/Arg prevent ABCB1 expression and function. Moreover, c-Abl/Arg also promote acquired chemoresistance independent of ABCB1 by modulating multiple survival pathways. We demonstrate that c-Abl/Arg promote chemoresistance by upregulating STAT3, preventing doxorubicin-mediated conversion of NF-κB into a transcriptional repressor, activating an HSP27/p38/Akt survival pathway, and modulating ERK signaling. Therefore, c-Abl/Arg promote chemoresistance in highly resistant melanoma cells by impinging on drug transporter and cell survival pathways. Taken together, these data indicate that c-Abl/Arg inhibitors are likely to reverse acquired resistance in metastatic melanomas harboring activated c-Abl/Arg, and thus, may be effective in a combination regimen.

Comme nous l’indiquions dans le But du Travail, le mélanome figure parmi les cancers associés aux pronostics les plus sombres, et ce en raison de son taux de réponse très faible à la radiothérapie et à la chimiothérapie. Cette résistance à la radiothérapie et à la chimiothérapie provient essentiellement du fait que les cellules de mélanomes sont résistantes à l’apoptose, et que la radiothérapie ainsi que bon nombre d’agents chimiothérapiques induisent la mort des cellules cancéreuses en y induisant l’apoptose. Nous avons voulu investiguer les rôles de la gastrine et de la galectine 1 sur le comportement biologique des cellules de mélanomes afin de voir s’il était possible de proposer la gastrine et/ou la galectine 1 comme nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles dans le cas du mélanome. Notre stratégie de recherche est basée sur le principe (démontré sur le plan expérimental par de nombreuses études) selon lequel les cellules cancéreuses migrantes résistent à l’apoptose, et sont dès lors protégées contre les effets pro-apoptotiques de la chimiothérapie et de la radiothérapie qui représentent la quasi totalité de l’arsenal thérapeutique dont disposent les oncologues pour combattre les cancers. Diverses études expérimentales ont démontré que le fait de réduire le taux de migration de cellules cancéreuses résistantes à l’apoptose conférait à celles-ci une sensibilité accrue aux agents pro-apoptotiques. Nos résultats démontrent que la gastrine modifie de manière très significative les propriétés migratoires des cellules de mélanomes, sans toutefois modifier leur sensibilité à des agents pro-apoptotiques. Au contraire, la gastrine protègerait les cellules de mélanomes contre l’apoptose. Nous démontrons également dans notre travail, in vivo, un rôle pro-angiogénique pour la gastrine au sein de xénogreffes de mélanomes humains. Signalons que notre travail est le premier à démontrer un rôle potentiel de la gastrine au niveau de la biologie des mélanomes, tout au moins sur le plan expérimental. Tout comme nous l’avons observé pour la gastrine, la galectine 1 semble également conférer aux cellules de mélanomes un certain degré de résistance aux agressions chimiothérapiques. Cette fois, le fait de diminuer le taux d’expression de la galectine 1 au sein de cellules du mélanome murin expérimental B16F10 (qui exprime des quantités importantes de galectine 1) renforce l’effet thérapeutique du témozolomide qui est une molécule cytotoxique. Cet effet semble survenir, tout au moins partiellement, suite à une diminution du taux d’expression de la protéine Hsp70 (suite à la diminution du taux d’expression de la galectine 1), avec pour conséquence une augmentation de la mort cellulaire par perméabilisation de la membrane des lysosomes. Nous proposons une nouvelle approche thérapeutique pour combattre les mélanomes en faisant appel à la technique des petits ARN interférants (siRNA), dirigés dans le cas présent contre la galectine 1.

Background: Children with Down syndrome (DS) have increased risk for developing AML (DS-AMKL), and they usually experience severe therapy-related toxicities compared to non DS-AMKL. Refractory/ relapsed disease has very poor outcome, and patients would benefit from novel, less toxic, therapeutic strategies that overcome resistance. Relapse/resistance are linked to cancer stem cells with high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. The purpose of the present work was to study less toxic alternative therapeutic agents for relapsed/refractory DS-AMKL. Methods: Fourteen AML cell lines including the DS-AMKL CMY and CMK from relapsed/refractory AML were used. Cytarabine (Ara-C), bortezomib (BTZ), disulfiram/copper (DSF/Cu2+) were evaluated for cytotoxicity, depletion of ALDH-positive cells, and resistance. BTZ-resistant CMY and CMK variants were generated by continuous BTZ treatment. Cell viability was assessed using CellTiter-Glo((R)), ALDH activity by ALDELUOR(TM), and proteasome inhibition by western blot of ubiquitinated proteins and the Proteasome-Glo(TM) Chymotrypsin-Like (CT-like) assay, apoptosis by Annexin V Fluos/Propidium iodide staining, and mutations were detected using PCR, cloning and sequencing. Results: Ara-C-resistant AML cell lines were sensitive to BTZ and DSF/Cu2+. The Ara-C-resistant DS-AMKL CMY cells had a high percentage of ALDHbright "stem-like" populations that may underlie Ara-C resistance. One percent of these cells were still resistant to BTZ but sensitive to DSF/Cu2+. To understand the mechanism of BTZ resistance, BTZ resistant (CMY-BR) and (CMK-BR) were generated. A novel mutation PSMB5 Q62P underlied BTZ resistance, and was associated with an overexpression of the beta 5 proteasome subunit. BTZ-resistance conferred increased resistance toAra-C due to G1 arrest in the CMY-BR cells, which protected the cells from S-phase damage by Ara-C. CMY-BR and CMK-BR cells were cross-resistant to CFZ and MG-132 but sensitive to DSF/Cu2+. In this setting, DSF/Cu2+ induced apoptosis and proteasome inhibition independent of CT-like activity inhibition. Conclusions: We provide evidence that DSF/Cu2+ overcomes Ara-C and BTZ resistance in cell lines from DS-AMKL patients. A novel mutation underlying BTZ resistance was detected that may identify BTZ-resistant patients, who may not benefit from treatment with CFZ or Ara-C, but may be responsive to DSF/Cu2+. Our findings support the clinical development of DSF/Cu2+ as a less toxic efficacious treatment approach in patients with relapsed/refractory DS-AMKL.

Activation of the stress-responsive transcription factor NRF2 is the major line of defense to combat oxidative or electrophilic insults. Under basal conditions, NRF2 is continuously ubiquitylated by the KEAP1-CUL3-RBX1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and is targeted to the proteasome for degradation ( the canonical mechanism). However, the path from the CUL3 complex to ultimate proteasomal degradation was previously unknown. p97 is a ubiquitin-targeted ATP-dependent segregase that extracts ubiquitylated client proteins from membranes, protein complexes, or chromatin and has an essential role in autophagy and the ubiquitin proteasome system ( UPS). In this study, we show that p97 negatively regulates NRF2 through the canonical pathway by extracting ubiquitylated NRF2 from the KEAP1-CUL3 E3 complex, with the aid of the heterodimeric cofactor UFD1/NPL4 and the UBA-UBX containing protein UBXN7, for efficient proteasomal degradation. Given the role of NRF2 in chemoresistance and the surging interest in p97 inhibitors to treat cancers, our results indicate that dual p97/NRF2 inhibitors may offer a more potent and long-term avenue of p97-targeted treatment.

Ovarian carcinoma is a serious illness with the highest mortality rate among all female cancers. No suitable methods for early diagnosis, precise determination of prognosis or prediction of therapy efficacy are currently available, which leads to diagnosis in advanced stages of disease and therapy efficacy limitation. Consequently, the development of chemoresistance to conventional drugs and frequent relapse of the disease pose a fundamental complication too. The main goal of the current study was identification of new putative prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers, whose introduction into clinical practice could help to improve the dismal outcome of ovarian carcinoma patients. The present master thesis provides results of expression analysis of genes whose products take part in the transport, metabolism and mechanism of action of platinum based drugs and taxanes, and also the regulation of cell cycle and signaling. Transcript levels of these genes have been assessed in series of tumor and control ovarian tissue samples and the difference between both tissue types was evaluated. Gene expression level in tumors was then compared with patient's clinical data and candidate genes, ABCA2 and PRC1, were selected from the obtained results for more detailed analysis. The protein level of candidate genes...

Das translationell kontrollierte Tumorprotein (TCTP) ist ein hochkonserviertes, ubiquitär in Eukaryonten vorkommendes Protein. Seine Bezeichnung geht auf die erstmalige Beschreibung in Tumorzellen zurück und weist zugleich auf seine besondere translationelle Regulation hin. Das zugehörige Gen wird als TPT1 bezeichnet und befindet sich beim Menschen auf dem langen Arm des Chromosom 13. Eine pathophysiologische Bedeutung für TCTP wurde bei Tumorerkrankungen, Erkrankungen des allergischen Formenkreises sowie bei Infektionen durch Parasiten beschrieben. Für diese Arbeit wurde zur Untersuchung grundlegender Regulationsphänomene die TCTP-mRNA des Kaninchens als geeignetes Modell ausgewählt. Es wurden die volllangen TCTP-mRNA1 und 2, die sich in der Länge ihrer 3'UTR unterscheiden, sowie Deletionsvarianten, denen die UTR-Abschnitte fehlen, kloniert. In Proteinbindungsstudien (Electromobility Shift Assays, UV-Crosslinking-Experimente, RNA-Affinitätschromatographie) wurden potentielle Bindungsfaktoren der TCTP-UTRs analysiert. Die an der mRNA des Kaninchens erarbeiteten Ergebnisse wurden durch Untersuchungen an humanen Melanomzellen ergänzt. In in vitro Translationsexperimenten wurde gezeigt, dass die Regulation der TCTP-mRNA durch ihre 5'UTR und 3'UTR2 vermittelt wird. In RNA-Bindungsstudien konnte eine Reihe potentieller Bindungsfaktoren der UTRs charakterisiert werden. Bei Verwendung von Extrakten aus verschiedenen Kaninchengeweben zeigten sich deutliche gewebsspezifische Unterschiede. Frühere Untersuchungen hatten gezeigt, dass es in der Melanomzelllinie MeWo bei der Ausbildung einer Chemoresistenz zu einer Expressionssteigerung des TCTP kommt. In einem ersten Schritt wurde der Beitrag von Transkription und Translation in vergleichenden Northern und Western Blot Analysen untersucht. Auf mRNA-Niveau findet man in den resistenten Zellen eine deutliche Steigerung der Expression im Vergleich zu den sensiblen Zellen. Der mRNA-Menge in den chemosensiblen Zellen steht eine vergleichsweise geringe Menge an Protein gegenüber. Folglich liegt die mRNA in diesen Zellen in einem inaktiven Zustand vor. Es konnten drei Cytoskelettproteine gamma-Actin, beta-Tubulin und alpha-Actinin als Bindungspartner der TCTP-3'UTR in den Melanomzellen identifiziert werden. Eine Bedeutung von TCTP für die Entstehung der Chemoresistenz lässt sich aufgrund seiner anti-apoptotischen Wirkung vermuten. Die Regulation der TCTP-Translation stellt bei durch Cytostatika hervorgerufener Hemmung der Transkription einen wichtigen Pathomechanismus in chemoresistenten Melanomzellen dar. / The translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a highly conserved protein expressed in all eukaryotic organisms. It was first described in tumor cells showing a special regulation of translation. The chromosomal localisation of the respective human gene TPT1 has been determined (13q14). TCTP has been implicated in cellular processes such as cell growth and apoptosis. Its medical importance has been shown in malignant transformation, allergic reactions and immunity against parasitic organisms. In order to investigate basic mechanisms of translational regulation the rabbit TCTP-mRNA was chosen due to its high homology to its human counterpart. The TPT1 gene is transcribed into two TCTP-mRNAs differing in the length of their 3'untranslated regions. These two mRNAs and variants missing the untranslated regions were cloned into expression vectors. In Electro mobility shift assays, UV-crosslinking assays and RNA affinity purification several TCTP-mRNA binding factors were characterised. Furthermore, the role of TCTP in human chemoresistant melanoma cells was investigated. In cell-free translation assays the importance of the 5'UTR and 3'UTR2 was shown. However, in wheat germ extracts the regulation of the TCTP-mRNA mediated by its 5'UTR is less important. In Electro mobility shift assays and UV-crosslinking assays with radiolabelled transcripts of the untranslated regions great variations in tissue-specific protein binding were found. Recently, TCTP had been implicated in the development of chemoresistance in the human melanoma cell line MeWo. As a first step, the contribution of transcriptional and translational regulation was analysed by comparing TCTP-expression in Northern and Western blot assays. Transcription of the TPT1 gene is increased in chemoresistant melanoma cells whereas translation is inhibited in those cells susceptible to chemotherapeutic agents. Three proteins, gamma-actin, beta-tubulin and alpha-actinin, were identified as factors binding to the TCTP-3'UTR in melanoma cells. For the interaction of these cytoskeleton components their ability to bind intracellular calcium ions could be of great importance. The role of TCTP in the development of chemoresistance can be explained by its anti-apoptotic function. In conclusion, the regulation of TCTP-translation when transcription is blocked by inhibitors of DNA-function is an important mechanism to overcome the effect of these anti-proliferative agents.

Le cancer épithélial de l’ovaire (EOC) a la particularité d’être diagnostiqué à un stade avancé chez 75% des patientes et de récidiver dans un grand nombre de cas malgré une bonne réponse initiale à la chimiothérapie, expliquant ainsi son pronostic sombre. Le rôle du microenvironnement tumoral semble être de premier plan dans le développement et la survie des cellules cancéreuses mais il existe encore peu de données concernant les cellules mésenchymateuses souches (MSC). Dans ce travail nous avons donc cherché à déterminer les mécanismes moléculaires entre les MSC et les cellules tumorales ovariennes. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence l’émergence d’un profile pro-métastatique des cellules tumorales ovariennes après contact avec les MSC. Nous avons ensuite développé un modèle d’infiltration tumorale 3D révélant que les MSC augmentaient la dissémination tumorale ovarienne par la sécrétion d’IL6. Enfin nous avons démontré que les MSC étaient capables d’induire chez les cellules tumorales ovariennes un phénotype thermotolérant lié à la sécrétion CXCL12. Ces données vont donc toutes dans le même sens en démontrant les propriétés pro-tumorales des MSC et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives de thérapies ciblant les interactions entre le stroma et la tumeur. / Patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are diagnosed with advanced stage in 75% of cases and most of them will relapse despite a good primary response to chemotherapy, thus explaining the bad prognosis of EOC. While tumor microenvironment seems to play an important role for the development and survival of cancer cells, there is only few data regarding the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in EOC. In this work we therefore aimed at identifying the molecular determinant between MSC and ovarian cancer cells. In the first part of this work, we demonstrated that ovarian cancer cells acquired pro-metastatic profile upon contact with MSC. We then showed that MSC could enhance ovarian cancer cells infiltration through IL6 secretion in an amniochorionic membrane based 3D model. Finally we showed that MSC could protect ovarian cancer cells from hyperthermia through CXCL12 secretion. Taken together, our data are concordant to reveal the pro-tumoral properties of MSC. Cytokine inhibitors interrupting the cross-talk between OCC and MSC should now be tested as new therapies for EOC.