A Educação Infantil tem sido um importante contexto de desenvolvimento para muitas crianças. No caso de bebês, os cuidados, as interações educadora-bebê e os espaços precisam ser pensados para que atendam as necessidades individuais de cada um, considerando o momento delicado do seu desenvolvimento. Deste modo, a presente pesquisa investigou, em dois estudos, as contribuições do Programa de acompanhamento para educadoras de berçário – PROACEB, baseado na abordagem pikleriana, para a promoção da qualidade das interações educadora-bebê. O Estudo 1 investigou, a partir dos relatos de sete educadoras de dois berçários da rede pública municipal de Porto Alegre, as contribuições do PROACEB para a atividade autônoma do bebê, a organização do espaço e a rotina do berçário, bem como as competências das próprias educadoras na interação com o bebê. As contribuições do PROACEB foram examinadas através de entrevistas, realizadas antes e após a intervenção. Já o Estudo 2 apresenta um estudo de caso que investigou os relatos de uma educadora sobre os conteúdos de cada encontro do PROACEB em relação as mesmas categorias de análise, que buscou destacar as impressões da educadora sobre o PROACEB e os diálogos educadora-pesquisadora frente a cada conteúdo apresentado no acompanhamento. Os resultados de ambos os estudos revelaram que o PROACEB propiciou um espaço de escuta e sensibilização para os conteúdos abordados, bem como de troca de conhecimento. Além disto, contribuiu para a promoção da qualidade das interações educadora-bebê, principalmente no que diz respeito ao reconhecimento da autonomia do bebê e organização do ambiente. A abordagem pikleriana, embasadora do PROACEB, se mostrou útil como ponto de partida para abordar conhecimentos e competências importantes para uma interação educadora-bebê de qualidade. / The Early Childhood Education has been an important development context for many children. In the case of infants, the care, the child-educator interactions and the spaces must be designed to meet the individual needs, considering the delicate moment of its development. Thus, this research investigated in two studies, the contributions of the Monitoring Program for Nursery Educators – PROACEB, based on piklerian approach, to promote the quality of child-educator interactions. The Study 1 investigated, from reports of seven educators from two nurseries of the public services of Porto Alegre, PROACEB contributions to the autonomous activity of the child, the organization of space and the routine of the nursery as well as the educators’ skills to interaction with the child. The PROACEB contributions were examined through interviews conducted before and after the intervention. While Study 2 presents a case study which investigated reports of an educator on the contents of each PROACEB meeting, in relation to the same categories of analysis. It sought to highlight the impressions of the educator on PROACEB and educator-researcher dialogues in front of each content approached on the monitoring. The results of both studies revealed that PROACEB provided a space for listening and awareness of the content covered, as well as exchange of knowledge. In addition, it contributed to the promotion of the quality of the child-educator interactions, especially with regard to the recognition of the child's autonomy and organization of the environment. The piklerian approach that based the PROACEB, proved useful as a starting point for addressing important knowledge and skills for a child-educator quality interaction.

A Educação Infantil tem sido um importante contexto de desenvolvimento para muitas crianças. No caso de bebês, os cuidados, as interações educadora-bebê e os espaços precisam ser pensados para que atendam as necessidades individuais de cada um, considerando o momento delicado do seu desenvolvimento. Deste modo, a presente pesquisa investigou, em dois estudos, as contribuições do Programa de acompanhamento para educadoras de berçário – PROACEB, baseado na abordagem pikleriana, para a promoção da qualidade das interações educadora-bebê. O Estudo 1 investigou, a partir dos relatos de sete educadoras de dois berçários da rede pública municipal de Porto Alegre, as contribuições do PROACEB para a atividade autônoma do bebê, a organização do espaço e a rotina do berçário, bem como as competências das próprias educadoras na interação com o bebê. As contribuições do PROACEB foram examinadas através de entrevistas, realizadas antes e após a intervenção. Já o Estudo 2 apresenta um estudo de caso que investigou os relatos de uma educadora sobre os conteúdos de cada encontro do PROACEB em relação as mesmas categorias de análise, que buscou destacar as impressões da educadora sobre o PROACEB e os diálogos educadora-pesquisadora frente a cada conteúdo apresentado no acompanhamento. Os resultados de ambos os estudos revelaram que o PROACEB propiciou um espaço de escuta e sensibilização para os conteúdos abordados, bem como de troca de conhecimento. Além disto, contribuiu para a promoção da qualidade das interações educadora-bebê, principalmente no que diz respeito ao reconhecimento da autonomia do bebê e organização do ambiente. A abordagem pikleriana, embasadora do PROACEB, se mostrou útil como ponto de partida para abordar conhecimentos e competências importantes para uma interação educadora-bebê de qualidade. / The Early Childhood Education has been an important development context for many children. In the case of infants, the care, the child-educator interactions and the spaces must be designed to meet the individual needs, considering the delicate moment of its development. Thus, this research investigated in two studies, the contributions of the Monitoring Program for Nursery Educators – PROACEB, based on piklerian approach, to promote the quality of child-educator interactions. The Study 1 investigated, from reports of seven educators from two nurseries of the public services of Porto Alegre, PROACEB contributions to the autonomous activity of the child, the organization of space and the routine of the nursery as well as the educators’ skills to interaction with the child. The PROACEB contributions were examined through interviews conducted before and after the intervention. While Study 2 presents a case study which investigated reports of an educator on the contents of each PROACEB meeting, in relation to the same categories of analysis. It sought to highlight the impressions of the educator on PROACEB and educator-researcher dialogues in front of each content approached on the monitoring. The results of both studies revealed that PROACEB provided a space for listening and awareness of the content covered, as well as exchange of knowledge. In addition, it contributed to the promotion of the quality of the child-educator interactions, especially with regard to the recognition of the child's autonomy and organization of the environment. The piklerian approach that based the PROACEB, proved useful as a starting point for addressing important knowledge and skills for a child-educator quality interaction.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A Escala de AvaliaÃÃo da Capacidade para Cuidar de CrianÃas Expostas ao HIV (EACCC-HIV) à um instrumento que estima o cuidado de mÃes Ãs crianÃas nascidas na vigÃncia do HIV. Objetivou-se avaliar a capacidade de mÃes para cuidar de crianÃas expostas ao HIV mediante a EACCC-HIV e verificar a associaÃÃo entre as dimensÃes da escala e as caracterÃsticas maternas. Estudo transversal desenvolvido em 2010 em Fortaleza-CE. Participaram 62 cuidadoras (mÃes) HIV+ com 64 filhos (dois gemelares) nascidos expostos ao HIV menores de 1 ano. Apreciaram-se as caracterÃsticas das mÃes e das crianÃas; as estratÃgias para reduÃÃo da transmissÃo vertical do HIV; Apgar familiar e a EACCC-HIV. A escala possui 52 itens e cinco fatores que sÃo utilizados para determinadas idades entre zero e 1 ano: Fator 1: capacidade para administrar o AZT xarope (crianÃas atà 42 dias de vida); Fator 2: capacidade para preparar e administrar o leite em pà (crianÃas atà 1 ano); Fator 3: capacidade para preparar e administrar alimentaÃÃo complementar (crianÃas > de 4 meses); Fator 4: capacidade para administrar a profilaxia com sulfametoxazol e trimetoprim (crianÃas > 42 dias); Fator 5: capacidade para garantir a adesÃo ao acompanhamento clÃnico e vacinaÃÃo (todas as crianÃas). As respostas sÃo mediadas por fator ou pela somatÃria de todos os itens, indicando-se o grau de cuidado desenvolvido pela mÃe. Para anÃlise utilizou-se o STATA 11.0, empregando-se nÃvel de significÃncia de 5%. A idade materna oscilou entre 18 e 42 anos, 33,9% com aids, 61,3% integrantes das classes D e E. Das crianÃas uma tinha aids (1,6%), 98,4% iniciaram o AZT nas primeiras horas de vida, 3,1% foram amamentadas, 61,3% tiveram consumo inadequado de leite artificial e 36,2% consumo inadequado de alimentaÃÃo complementar. O Apgar familiar indicou 34,4% severamente funcional. Enquanto o fator 1 da EACCC-HIV avaliou 11 crianÃas, das quais 72,7% recebiam cuidados considerados adequados, o fator 2 avaliou 64 crianÃas e indicou que 86,0% das mÃes possuÃam alta capacidade de cuidar. Pelo fator 3, o cuidado concentrou-se entre moderado (44,4%) e alto (50%). O fator 4 estimou o cuidado oferecido para 51 crianÃas, indicando que 76,5% tiveram alta capacidade para o cuidado, e o fator 5 avaliou respostas das 62 mÃes sobre as 64 crianÃas. Destas, 95,3% possuÃam alta capacidade para adesÃo ao acompanhamento clÃnico e vacinaÃÃo. Pela avaliaÃÃo global, 29,7% dos cuidados foram considerados como adequados (alta capacidade para o cuidado). A associaÃÃo de variÃveis indicou significÃncia entre Apgar da famÃlia e capacidade para administrar o leite em pà (fator 2); paridade e capacidade para administrar a profilaxia com sulfametoxazol e trimetropim; paridade e escolaridade e capacidade para garantir adesÃo ao acompanhamento clÃnico e vacinaÃÃo; e estÃdio evolutivo e tempo de diagnÃstico com avaliaÃÃo global da escala. Com a EACCC-HIV favoreceu-se avaliar o cuidado materno dispensado Ãs crianÃas e realizar intervenÃÃes em prol da saÃde infantil para a manutenÃÃo da qualidade de vida na vigÃncia da exposiÃÃo ao HIV ou para aquelas infectadas pelo vÃrus. / A Escala de AvaliaÃÃo da Capacidade para Cuidar de CrianÃas Expostas ao HIV (EACCC-HIV) à um instrumento que estima o cuidado de mÃes Ãs crianÃas nascidas na vigÃncia do HIV. Objetivou-se avaliar a capacidade de mÃes para cuidar de crianÃas expostas ao HIV mediante a EACCC-HIV e verificar a associaÃÃo entre as dimensÃes da escala e as caracterÃsticas maternas. Estudo transversal desenvolvido em 2010 em Fortaleza-CE. Participaram 62 cuidadoras (mÃes) HIV+ com 64 filhos (dois gemelares) nascidos expostos ao HIV menores de 1 ano. Apreciaram-se as caracterÃsticas das mÃes e das crianÃas; as estratÃgias para reduÃÃo da transmissÃo vertical do HIV; Apgar familiar e a EACCC-HIV. A escala possui 52 itens e cinco fatores que sÃo utilizados para determinadas idades entre zero e 1 ano: Fator 1: capacidade para administrar o AZT xarope (crianÃas atà 42 dias de vida); Fator 2: capacidade para preparar e administrar o leite em pà (crianÃas atà 1 ano); Fator 3: capacidade para preparar e administrar alimentaÃÃo complementar (crianÃas > de 4 meses); Fator 4: capacidade para administrar a profilaxia com sulfametoxazol e trimetoprim (crianÃas > 42 dias); Fator 5: capacidade para garantir a adesÃo ao acompanhamento clÃnico e vacinaÃÃo (todas as crianÃas). As respostas sÃo mediadas por fator ou pela somatÃria de todos os itens, indicando-se o grau de cuidado desenvolvido pela mÃe. Para anÃlise utilizou-se o STATA 11.0, empregando-se nÃvel de significÃncia de 5%. A idade materna oscilou entre 18 e 42 anos, 33,9% com aids, 61,3% integrantes das classes D e E. Das crianÃas uma tinha aids (1,6%), 98,4% iniciaram o AZT nas primeiras horas de vida, 3,1% foram amamentadas, 61,3% tiveram consumo inadequado de leite artificial e 36,2% consumo inadequado de alimentaÃÃo complementar. O Apgar familiar indicou 34,4% severamente funcional. Enquanto o fator 1 da EACCC-HIV avaliou 11 crianÃas, das quais 72,7% recebiam cuidados considerados adequados, o fator 2 avaliou 64 crianÃas e indicou que 86,0% das mÃes possuÃam alta capacidade de cuidar. Pelo fator 3, o cuidado concentrou-se entre moderado (44,4%) e alto (50%). O fator 4 estimou o cuidado oferecido para 51 crianÃas, indicando que 76,5% tiveram alta capacidade para o cuidado, e o fator 5 avaliou respostas das 62 mÃes sobre as 64 crianÃas. Destas, 95,3% possuÃam alta capacidade para adesÃo ao acompanhamento clÃnico e vacinaÃÃo. Pela avaliaÃÃo global, 29,7% dos cuidados foram considerados como adequados (alta capacidade para o cuidado). A associaÃÃo de variÃveis indicou significÃncia entre Apgar da famÃlia e capacidade para administrar o leite em pà (fator 2); paridade e capacidade para administrar a profilaxia com sulfametoxazol e trimetropim; paridade e escolaridade e capacidade para garantir adesÃo ao acompanhamento clÃnico e vacinaÃÃo; e estÃdio evolutivo e tempo de diagnÃstico com avaliaÃÃo global da escala. Com a EACCC-HIV favoreceu-se avaliar o cuidado materno dispensado Ãs crianÃas e realizar intervenÃÃes em prol da saÃde infantil para a manutenÃÃo da qualidade de vida na vigÃncia da exposiÃÃo ao HIV ou para aquelas infectadas pelo vÃrus. / The Assessment Scale of the Ability to take Care of Children Exposed to HIV (EACCC-HIV) estimates mothersâ care delivery to children born in conditions of HIV. The goal was to assess mothersâ ability to take care of children exposed to HIV through the EACCC-HIV and to verify the association between scale dimensions and maternal characteristics. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Fortaleza-CE in 2010. Participants were 62 HIV+ caregivers (mothers) with 64 children (two twins) exposed to HIV at birth and younger than one year. The mothers and childrenâs characteristics were evaluated; strategies to reduce vertical HIV transmission: Family Apgar and EACCC-HIV. The scale contains 52 items and five factors, used for certain ages between zero and 1 year: Factor 1: ability to administer AZT syrup (children up to 42 days of life); Factor 2: ability to prepare and administer powder milk (children up to 1 year); Factor 3: ability to prepare and administer complementary feeding (children > 4 months); Factor 4: ability to administer prophylaxis with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (children > 42 days); Factor 5: ability to guarantee adherence to clinical monitoring and vaccination (all children). Answers are mediated by a factor or by the sum of all items, indicating the degree of care the mother develops. STATA 11.0 software was used for analysis, with significance set at 5%. Maternal age ranged between 18 and 42 years, 33.9% suffering from aids, 61.3% in lower socioeconomic classes. One of the children had aids (1.6%), 98.4% had starting AZT in the first hours of life, 3.1% was breastfed, 61.3% showed inadequate artificial milk consumption and 36.2% inadequate complementary feeding consumption. The Family Apgar indicated 34.4% severely functional. While factor 1 of the EACCC-HIV assessed 11 children, 72.7% of whom received adequate care, factor 2 assessed 64 children and indicated high ability for care delivery in 86.0% of the mothers. According to factor 3, care was concentrated between moderate (44.4%) and high (50%). Factor 4 estimated the care offered to 53 children, indicating high ability for care delivery in 76.5%, and factor 5 assessed the 62 mothersâ answers on the 64 children. In total, 95.3% showed high ability for adherence to clinical monitoring and vaccination. According to the global assessment, 29.7% of care was considered adequate (high ability for care delivery). The association between variables indicated significance between family Apgar and ability to administer powder milk (factor 2); parity and ability to administer prophylaxis with sulfamethoxazole and trimethropim; parity and education level and ability to guarantee adherence to clinical monitoring and vaccination: and staging and diagnosis time with global assessment of the scale. Through the EACCC-HIV, maternal care for the children could be assessed and interventions could be made to enhance child health, with a view to maintaining quality of life in cases of exposure to or contamination by HIV. / The Assessment Scale of the Ability to take Care of Children Exposed to HIV (EACCC-HIV) estimates mothersâ care delivery to children born in conditions of HIV. The goal was to assess mothersâ ability to take care of children exposed to HIV through the EACCC-HIV and to verify the association between scale dimensions and maternal characteristics. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Fortaleza-CE in 2010. Participants were 62 HIV+ caregivers (mothers) with 64 children (two twins) exposed to HIV at birth and younger than one year. The mothers and childrenâs characteristics were evaluated; strategies to reduce vertical HIV transmission: Family Apgar and EACCC-HIV. The scale contains 52 items and five factors, used for certain ages between zero and 1 year: Factor 1: ability to administer AZT syrup (children up to 42 days of life); Factor 2: ability to prepare and administer powder milk (children up to 1 year); Factor 3: ability to prepare and administer complementary feeding (children > 4 months); Factor 4: ability to administer prophylaxis with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (children > 42 days); Factor 5: ability to guarantee adherence to clinical monitoring and vaccination (all children). Answers are mediated by a factor or by the sum of all items, indicating the degree of care the mother develops. STATA 11.0 software was used for analysis, with significance set at 5%. Maternal age ranged between 18 and 42 years, 33.9% suffering from aids, 61.3% in lower socioeconomic classes. One of the children had aids (1.6%), 98.4% had starting AZT in the first hours of life, 3.1% was breastfed, 61.3% showed inadequate artificial milk consumption and 36.2% inadequate complementary feeding consumption. The Family Apgar indicated 34.4% severely functional. While factor 1 of the EACCC-HIV assessed 11 children, 72.7% of whom received adequate care, factor 2 assessed 64 children and indicated high ability for care delivery in 86.0% of the mothers. According to factor 3, care was concentrated between moderate (44.4%) and high (50%). Factor 4 estimated the care offered to 53 children, indicating high ability for care delivery in 76.5%, and factor 5 assessed the 62 mothersâ answers on the 64 children. In total, 95.3% showed high ability for adherence to clinical monitoring and vaccination. According to the global assessment, 29.7% of care was considered adequate (high ability for care delivery). The association between variables indicated significance between family Apgar and ability to administer powder milk (factor 2); parity and ability to administer prophylaxis with sulfamethoxazole and trimethropim; parity and education level and ability to guarantee adherence to clinical monitoring and vaccination: and staging and diagnosis time with global assessment of the scale. Through the EACCC-HIV, maternal care for the children could be assessed and interventions could be made to enhance child health, with a view to maintaining quality of life in cases of exposure to or contamination by HIV.

This thesis examines women's issues and the political agenda. Several factors affect the likelihood of a women's issue getting onto the formal political agenda of government (municipal, provincial, and federal). The nature of the issue (the degree to which it challenges the status quo) affects the political outcome: those issues which have fit into current and historical legislative patterns (such as welfare state guidelines) have been more successful. A patriarchal family ideology places limitations on the proper role of women: women have held primary responsibility for the care of children and family. Women's labour force participation creates parameters for government involvement in issues such as childcare. The lobbying and organizational skills of the political actors involved are prerequisites for gaining access to government decision-makers. While the entry of women into the political arena has not insured the entry of women's issues onto the political agenda, female politicians have been especially important in bringing women's issues forward for debate and action. However, government bureaucracy has often been a barrier in the implementation of legislation concerning women's issues. I present a case study of a particular women's issue (childcare) at the municipal level of government. Five locations are examined in the Greater Vancouver area, using a combination of qualitative methods (personal interviews) and quantitative research techniques (government statistics, official documents, and reports from a variety of community organizations). In spite of the steadily increasing labour force participation of women in all locations, the response of local governments to the childcare issue has varied greatly — childcare is on Vancouver's political agenda but not that of the four district municipalities examined. Vancouver's involvement has been more comprehensive and longterm (more childcare spaces, an involved Social Planning Department, two task forces, a Children's Advocate, and buildings and sites for childcare purposes). The response of municipal councils continues to reflect patriarchal notions of the family (where childcare is a private, family responsibility). Alternatively, Vancouver council has recognized a permanent restructuring of the family and the ongoing involvement of the larger community in childcare. At the same time, the lobbying approach of Vancouver childcare advocates has followed long established patterns concerning childcare and governments -- the argument has been based on child welfare, not the rights or welfare of women. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

L'approche démocratique des CPE est reconnue pour favoriser les compétences sociales des enfants. Or, bien que les hommes ne représentent que 4 % du personnel éducateur, des études relatent que leurs approches diffèrent de celles des femmes, et que cette complémentarité peut contribuer au développement positif des enfants. La présente étude a pour objectifs: 1) d'évaluer le lien entre trois aspects des conduites éducatives démocratiques des éducateurs et des éducatrices (la qualité des consignes, le partage du contrôle et les échanges affectifs) et les compétences sociales des enfants; 2) vérifier s'il existe des différences entre les éducatrices et les éducateurs sur ces trois aspects des conduites éducatives. Les données ont été recueillies à partir de l'observation directe de 17 éducateurs et de 19 éducatrices en situation de jeu dyadique avec un garçon et une fille (62 observations au total). Les conduites éducatives sont évaluées à partir d'une grille de fréquence et les compétences sociales par le Profil Socio-Affectif (Dumas et coll., 1995).

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation is a literary study with a qualitative component, provoked by family 'crises' and escalating single parenting, predominantly by mothers in default family structures beset by many childcare issues. It investigates- through tacit elimination of weak paradigms, a developmental mindset, empirical research and biblical consultation- a holistic family paradigm best suited for individual human development in care consciousness in society. The study assumes that, at grassroots levels of society, monogamy, faithfully practiced by morally responsible, natural, parental agencies, is ideal for holistic child care and is suitable for human development. It can also serve as a pre-emptive strategy against the following: delinquency, father absence, abuse, neglect, divorce, separation, indifference, family disintegration, relational poverty, pathological disorders, feminized poverty calling for government intervention, and general societal unrest. However, the monogamous family set up of the nuclear family variety requires relational adjustment. Through studies in ethics and theology, 'care' emerged as a fundamental concept of what it means to be human and is a potential entry point to relational conflicts and lack of development sustainability. Care can spread through inclusion, affirmation, participation and empowerment of the formerly marginalized sectors. Perlas‘ social three-folding strategy, engages the power of politics and economics to care for civil society‘s needs in tripartite partnerships. Similarly, family three-folding units can be effective, at grass root levels, in bringing about holistic child care. Appropriate interpretation, contextual and responsible application of biblical principles for family life from both the OT and NT is part of the interdisciplinary research process. Ephesians 5:21- 6:4; Genesis 1:27-28, 2:24; Deuteronomy 6:6-9 and other appropriate texts will be analyzed in this regard. Holistic child care should contribute significantly to improvement in quality of family life leading to sustainable societies where human rights are respected and caring attitudes promoted globally. The empirical research sought data triangulation, of outstanding family and child care issues, through a phenomenological design that engaged mothers as the units of analysis. Variables were, among others, mothers‘ sentiments and perspectives of men, fathers and husbands. Samples of 10 single mothers, using a mixed sampling methodology and 10 married mothers (the focus group), were selected. In-depth interviews using standardized open-ended questions were utilized. The projective technique was effective in eliciting hidden, negative and bitter sentiments on gender issues requiring urgent attention. Work-overloaded mothers perceived men as self-centered pleasure seekers who are disinterested in child care. Abusive, controlling and economically non-contributing husbands are a burden to their spouses. Spousal rape, enforcement of government restraining orders and 'ukhutwala' issues also surfaced. On the other hand, seasoned, respectful affirmations of men were voiced by a few mothers who have experienced the godly power of forgiveness. Consequently, a frame of reference for family three-folding was outlined in chapter 5, based on biblical teachings, participant mothers‘ conciliatory mindsets, Christian single mothers‘ experiences, human rights considerations, good parenting strategies and relevant generic literature contributions. Conclusions: By analogy, family three-folding indirectly reflects, the relational and functional aspects of the Triune God; reconciliation is a crucial part of the Christian calling; care consciousness is God consciousness and no family is ideal enough out of union/ fellowship [koinonia] with the Lord. Consequently, a believing single mother and her children also constitute a three-folding family, with God as Father to the fatherless. Single parent families deserve support and encouragement. Family three-folding recommends, through dialogues in communities, that: - Men learn to curb their domineering tendencies and practice service [diakonia] to others, guided by biblical principles of servanthood and the "One Man Can…"manual; - women welcome responsible male headship in families for peaceful co-existence and holistic child care; - decision-making be inclusive of family members on issues that concern them; - awareness campaigns on sound family three-folding principles, values and models be initiated through the media, formal education and dialogues at all levels of the society. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie is 'n verduidelikende argument met 'n kwalitatiewe komponent, aangespoor deur gesinskrisisse, stygende enkel ouerskap, hoofsaaklik van moeders in gebroke gesinstrukture en gekenmerk deur baie kindersorgprobleme. Deur eliminasie van nie-holistiese situasies word 'n ontwikkelende houding, empiriese navorsing en Bybelse verwysings gebruik om 'n holistiese gesinsparadigma daar te stel vir die optimale menslike ontwikkeling en gemeenskapsbewuste sorg. Die studie veronderstel dat holistiese kindersorg deur 'n moreel verantwoordelike en natuurlike ouerlike agentskap ideaal is vir menslike ontwikkeling en dien as'n voorkomende strategie teen sosio-ekonomiese onrus, veroorsaak deur familie disintegrasie, verarmde verhoudings, misdaad, psigies-sosiale versteurings, mishandeling, verwaarlosing, egskeiding, skeiding, afwesige vaders, onverskilligheid, selfgesentreerde moeders, veramde vroue, wat tussenkoms van die regering noodsaak. Deur 'n studie van etiek en teologie het 'sorg' na vore gekom as 'n fundamentele konsep van wat dit beteken om menslik te wees en is 'n potensiale toegangspunt tot konflik in verhoudings en volgehoue ontwikkeling. Sorg kan deur insluiting, bevestiging, deelname en bemagtiging van die voorheen verstotenes bevorder word. Perlas se sosiale driepunt strategie kombineer die tussenkoms van politiese en ekonomiese invloed om in 'n driebeengenootskap na die burgerlike gemeenskap se behoeftes om te sien. Op dieselfde manier kan drievoudige gesinsverhoudings effektief wees op grondvlak om holistiese kindersorg te weeg te bring. Toepaslike interpretasie en kontekstuele en verantwoordelike toepassing van Bybelse beginsels vir gesinslewe uit beide die OT en NT is noodsaaklik. Efesiërs 5:21-6:4; Genesis 1:27-28 en 2:24 Deuteronomium 6:6-9 en ander toepaslike teksverwysings sal in hierdie verband geanaliseer word. Holistiese kindersorg behoort grootliks by te dra om die kwaliteit van gesinslewe te verbeter en te lei tot standhoudende gemeenskappe, waar menseregte gerespekteer word en omgee-verhoudings globaal bevorder word. Die empiriese navorsing het driebeen data van uitstaande gesins- en kindersorg situasies gesoek, deur 'n fenomenologiese ontwerp wat moeders betrek as analiseringseenhede. Veranderlikes was, onder andere, moeders se houdings en perspektief van mans, vaders en eggenote. 'n Steekproef van 10 enkel moeders, deur 'n gemengde steekproef metodologie, en 10 getroude moeders (die fokus groep), is gekies. Die projektiewe tegniek was effektief in die verkryging van die verborge, negatiewe en bitter sentimente omtrent gesalgskwessies wat dringende aandag vereis. Werk-oorlaaide moeders het mans beskou as selfgesentreerde plesiernajaers sonder enige belang in kindersorg. Mishandelende, oorheersende en ekonomiese nie-bydraende mans is 'n las vir hul gades. Eggenootverkragting, die afdwing van beperkingsbevele deur die regering en 'ukhutwla' sake het ook na vore gekom. Aan die ander kant is tydige, respekvolle ondersteuning van mans, wat die goddelike krag van vergifnis ondervind het, deur 'n paar moeders genoem. 'n Verwysingsraamwerk vir drievoudige gesinsverhoudings is gevolglik uiteengesit in hoofstuk 5, gebaseer op Bybelse lering, deelnemende moeders se versoenende ingesteldheid, Christelike enkel moeders se ondervindings, mense regtelike oorwegings, goeie strategieë vir kinderopvoeding en toepaslike generiese literatuur bydraes. Die gevolgtrekkings is: driebeen-gesinsverhoudings is kontekssensitief, holisties en weerspieël indirek die beeld van ons relasionele, funksionele, liefdevolle Drie-enige God; versoening is 'n belangrike deel van die Christelike roeping; sorgbewustheid is God bewussyn en geen gesin is ideaal genoeg buite die vereniging / gemeenskap [Koinonia] met die Here nie. Gevolglik behels 'n gelowige enkelmoeder met haar kinders ook 'n driebeenverhouding, met God as Vader vir die Vaderlose. Enkel-ouer gesinne verdien ondersteuning en aanmoediging. Gesin drie-vou beveel aan dat deur dialoog in gemeenskappe: - mans hulle dominerende tendense leer bekamp en diens aan ander leer lewer [diakonia], met Bybelse beginsels van diens en die "One Man Can…" handleiding as riglyn; - vroue verantwoordelik manlike hoofskap verwelkom in gesinne vir vredevolle saambestaan en holistiese kindersorg - besluitneming ingesluit word by gesinslede omtrent sake wat op hulle van betrekking is - bewusmakingveldtogte oor gesonde, versoendende driebeen gesinsverhoudings, waardes en modelle deur die media, formele onderrig en dialoog bekendgestel word aan alle vlakke van die samelewing.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is guided by the question: what is done to sustain early childhood development (ECD) in South Africa? The research is conducted in is selected rural areas in Namaqualand and the Karoo. A selection of ECD centres is taken as the study material. In depth interviews and workshops were conducted with various role-players connected to ECD to provide case material for analysis. Apart from the findings of this research the study concludes with a number of recommendations of how to address questions of sustainability, self-reliance and development of these centres and the communities they are located in. The study is contextualised within the situation of wide-spread and ingrained poverty amongst the communities living in rural areas in South Africa. The study pleas for explicit educational policy reforms, a stronger role to be played by government institutions on all levels and by community institutions such as churches, the empowerment of . women and the organisational reform of ECD centres. The overall theme is that the education of young people is paramount to the development of communities. The self-reliance of the centres is primarily depended on the sustainability of community life as a network of social and economic relations. The first chapter introduces the research problem, the reasons why this study is deemed necessary and a framework of the research process. It includes a description of the context and methodology of the study. The second chapter outlines the concepts of self-reliance, development and sustainability from the point of view of the progressive and participatory paradigms, the basic requirements for sustainable development, such as lifelong learning for all people and the interdependencies that enhances progress and development. Chapter three is devoted to Early Childhood Development (ECD). A historical overview and the current status of ECD, including government policy, in South Africa is presented. The gaps existing between the different echelons that are directly or indirectly involved in ECD are identified. The fourth chapter deals with ECD sites. Their objectives and the benefits for ECD education as well as care-taking strategies are described and researched. The multidimensional purposes and tasks with respect to children and parents as well as the community are especially highlighted. Chapter five develops the integrating function of ECD sites within community further. The focus is on the various interdependencies and relationships between an ECD site and its environment. The role of parents, women and their ties with ECD and local churches, especially within rural communities, is analysed. Also, the wider community, the different organisations that has relationships with ECD, the practical utility of networks, and the contribution of government structures are dealt with. Chapter six outlines the conditions that will enhance and enable an ECD site to become more sustainable and self-reliant. Finally, chapter seven proposes conclusions and recommendationsflowing from this study. The most basic condition is education and learning. The idea of a culture of lifelong learning for all is stressed and it is proposed that this should start at the youngest possible age. ECDs should therefore have a strong impact on learning. The main contributors to this process are women, local churches, the different tiers of government and lastly, funding organisations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie word gelei deur die vraag: wat word gedoen om die volhoubaarheid van vroeë kinderontwikkeling (ECD) in Suid-Afrika te verseker? Die navorsing is in geselekteerde landelike gebiede van Namakwaland en die Karoo uitgevoer. 'n Seleksie van ECD sentrums is as studiemateriaal gebruik. In diepte onderhoude en werkswinkels is onderneem met verskeie rolspelers in ECD om toepaslike gegewens vir ontleding te verskaf. Afgesien van die bevindinge van die ondersoek wat beskryf word, kom die studie tot gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings oor hoe om die volhoubaarheid, selfvoorsiening en ontwikkeling van hierdie sentrums en die gemeenskappe waarin hulle gevestig is, te verseker. Die ondersoek is gekontekstualiseer binne die situasie van wydverspreide en ingegroeide armoede in die gemeenskappe van landelike gebiede in Suid-Afrika. Dit lewer 'n pleidooi vir uitdruklike opvoedkundige beleidshervormnings, 'n sterker rol deur regeringsinstansies op alle vlakke en deur gemeenskapsinstellings soos kerke, die bemagtiging van vroue en die organisatoriese hervorming van ECD sentrums. Die algehele tema is dat die opvoeding van jong mense allesoorheersend is in die ontwikkeling van gemeenskappe. Die selfvoorsiening van hierdie sentrums is primêr afhanklik van die volhoubaarheid van die gemeenskapslewe as 'n netwerk van sosiale en ekonomiese verhoudings. Die eerste hoofstuk stel die navorsingsprobleem, die redes waarom die ondersoek as noodsaaklik beskou word en 'n raamwerk vir die navorsingsproses bekend. Dit sluit in 'n beskrywing van die konteks en metodologie van die studie. Die tweede hoofstuk bied 'n uiteensetting van die begrippe selfvoorsiening, ontwikkeling en volhoubaarheid. Dit word gedoen vanuit die oogpunt van progressiewe en deelnemende paradigmas. Verder word die basiese vereistes vir volhoubare ontwikkeling, soos lewenslange leer vir alle mense en die interafhanklikhede wat vooruitgang en ontwikkeling sal verhoog, aangedui. Hoofstuk drie is gewy aan vroeë kinderontwikkeling (ECD). 'n Historiese oorsig en die huidige stand van ECD, insluitende die owerheidsbeleid, in Suid-Afrika word aangebied. Die gapings tussen die verskillende vlakke wat direk of indirek betrokke is by ECDword uitgewys. Die vierde hoofstuk handeloor ECD sentrums. Hulle doelstellings en die voordele vir ECD opvoeding sowel as sorg strategieë word beskryf en nagevors. Die multidimensionele oogmerke en take met verwysing na kinders en ouers asook die gemeenskap word veral beklemtoon. Hoofstuk vyf ontwikkel die integreringsfunksie van ECD verder. Die fokus is die verskeie interafhanklikhede en verhoudings tussen 'n ECD sentrum en sy omgewing. Die rol van ouers, vroue en hulle bande met ECD en plaaslike kerke, veral in landelike gemeenskappe, word ontleed. Verder word ook gekyk na die wyer gemeenskap, die verskillende organisasies wat in verhouding staan met ECD, die praktiese waarde van netwerke en die bydrae van die owerheid. Hoofstuk ses gee 'n oorsig van die voorwaardes wat 'n ECD sentrum se volhoubaarheid en selfvoorsiening sal verhoog en bemagtig. Ten slotte stel hoofstuk sewe gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings wat uit die studie spruit, voor. Die mees basies voorwaarde is opvoeding en leer. Die idee van 'n kultuur van lewenslange leer vir almal word beklemtoon en dit word voorgestel dat dit op die vroegs moontlike ouderdom 'n aanvang neem. ECDs behoort daarom 'n sterk impak op leer te hê. Die hoof bydraers hiertoe is vroue, plaaslike kerke, die verskillende vlakke van regering, en ten slotte befondsingsorganisasies.

The goal of this research was to explore and describe child and youth care workers lived experiences of life space therapeutic care in a residential setting. Life space refers to the daily living environment, context and situation of children.

M.A. (Social Work) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

The high number of working parents in the U.S. means that there are millions of child in need to care during working hours. Research shows that the quality of this care is of high importance in a child's development, both in the short-term and the long-term. States have used a variety of policy tools to regulate child care and to attempt to improve the quality of care. Louisiana has recently implemented a new policy called the Quality Rating System. Directors of centers in Orleans Parish, Louisiana, were interviewed to determine the impact of participation in QRS. Centers are struggling to meet the requirements and feel that changes need to be made for the program to have a better outcome.