This thesis contributes to the fields of Public Economics and Development Economics by studying human capital formation under three scenarios. Each scenario is represented in an individual paper between Chapters 2 to 4 of this thesis. Chapter 2 examines the effect of child care financing, through human capital formation, on growth and welfare. There is an extensive literature on the benefits of child care affordability on labour market participation. The overall inference that can be drawn is that the availability and affordability of appropriate child care may enhance parental time spent outside the home in furthering their economic opportunities. In another front, the endogenous growth literature exemplifies the merits of subsidizing human capital in generating growth. Again, other contributions demonstrate the negative implications of taxes on the returns from human capital on long run growth and welfare. This paper assesses the long run welfare implications of child care subsidies financed by proportional income taxes when human capital serves as the engine of growth. More specifically, using an overlapping-generations framework (OLG) with endogenous labour choice, we study the implications of a distortionary wage income tax on growth and welfare. When the revenues from proportional income taxes are channelled towards improving economic opportunities for both work and schooling investments in the form of child care subsidies, long run physical and human capital stock may increase. A higher level of growth may ensue leading to higher welfare. Chapter 3 answers the question of how child care subsidization works in the interest of skill formation, and specifically, whether child care subsidization policies can work to the effect of human capital subsidies. Ample studies have highlighted the significance of early childhood learning through child care in determining the child’s longer-term outcomes. The general conclusion has been that the quality of life for a child, higher earnings during later life, as well as the contributions the child makes to society as an adult can be traced back to exposures during the first few years of life. Early childhood education obtained through child care has been found to play a pivotal role in the human capital base amongst children that can benefit them in the long run. Based on this premise, the paper develops a simple Overlapping Generations Model (OLG) to find out the implications of early learning on future investments in human capital. It is shown that higher costs of child care will reduce skill investments of parents. Also, for some positive child care cost, higher human capital obtained through early childhood education can induce further skill investments amongst individuals with a higher willingness to substitute consumption intertemporally. Finally, intervention that can internalize the intra-generational human capital externalities arising from parental time spent outside the home - for which care/early learning is required to be purchased for the child - can unambiguously lead to higher skill investments by all individuals. Chapter 3 therefore proposes policy intervention, such as child care subsidization, as the effect of such will be akin to a human capital subsidy. The objective of Chapter 4 is to understand the implications of inter-regional mobility on higher educational investments of individuals and to study in detail the impact of mobility on government spending for education under two particular scenarios – one in which human capital externalities are non-localized and spill over to other regions (e.g. in the form of R&D), and another in which the externalities are localized and remain within the region. It is shown that mobility enhances private investments in education, and all else equal, welfare should be higher with increased migration. The impacts on government educational expenditures are studied and some policy implications are drawn. In general, with non-localized externalities, all public expenditures decline under full-migration. Finally under localized externalities, the paper finds that governments will increase their financing of education to increasingly mobile individuals only when agglomeration benefits outweigh congestion costs from increases in regional population.

Fitness performance of southern British Columbia Indian children as measured by the Canadian Association for Health Physical Education and Recreation Fitness-Performance Test was studied to determine the following. 1. Were there any significant differences between the fitness performance of the Indian children tested and the fitness performance of other Canadian children? 2. Were there any significant differences between the fitness performance of the Indian children who attended provincial schools and those who attended Indian schools? 3. Were there any significant differences between the fitness performance of the Indian children who lived in residence and those who lived at home? The CAHPER Fitness-Performance Test was administered to 651 Indian children between the ages of eight to seventeen years. The subjects were students of selected Indian schools or were living in Indian residential schools selected for this study. The significant differences found which showed the Indian children to have better performances were concentrated in three test items: the flexed arm hang, the shuttle run, and the fifty yard run. The CAHPER mean scores which were found to be significantly better were concentrated in two test items: the standing broad jump and the one minute speed sit-up tests. In the comparison of the fitness performance of Indian children attending provincial schools with the Indian school students, all of the significant differences found indicated a superior performance by provincial school students. Only one significant difference was found which favoured the Indian children who lived at home. Significantly better scores for Indian children who live in residence were found on all test items. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to compare the motor performance and physical fitness of children living in a high density area to that of children living in a low density area. It was hypothesized that children from the Vancouver West End score lower than children from Vancouver and children from Canada on the Canadian Association of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation (CAHPER) Fitness Performance Test; that children from apartment floors four to twenty score lower than children living below the fourth floor on the CAHPER Fitness Performance test and the Crawford and Virgin tests; and that there is no difference between the motor performance scores of the children from the West End and the motor performance scores of the children from North York. The elementary school population of the Vancouver West End district was selected to be tested on motor performance and physical fitness test items. The CAHPER Fitness Performance Test and a battery of tests previously used by Crawford and Virgin in North York Ontario were used in the testing. The scores recorded were then compared to the Vancouver CAHPER norms, the Canadian CAHPER norms and the test scores recorded by Crawford and Virgin in their North York study. The findings indicated that West End elementary school age children score lower than Vancouver elementary school age children on the CAHPER Fitness Performance test; that the children living in the West End fall behind their peers in Vancouver in leg power and speed between the ages of seven and twelve; that the girls from the West End do not develop in their agility and cardiovascular endurance at a normal rate; that there was no difference between the scores of the children living on floors one to three and the scores achieved by children living on floors four to twenty; that no difference was found in the motor performance scores of children living in the West End and the scores of the children from North York; that the Fitness Performance scores improve as a child grows older at least to the age of twelve; and that males score higher than females on the CAHPER Fitness Performance test at the same age level. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-14T19:23:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Sayonara_CD.pdf: 3440704 bytes, checksum: cc86a2b97e39029b3a7f7a0494f3bc9b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-14T19:23:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Sayonara_CD.pdf: 3440704 bytes, checksum: cc86a2b97e39029b3a7f7a0494f3bc9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-29 / Propesq/UFPE, Capes,Reuni/UFPE / O cuidado da criança envolve diferentes pessoas, concepções e práticas em contextos culturais específicos. Partindo da psicoetologia, uma perspectiva interacionista que possui um olhar biopsicossocial do ser humano – considerando que seu comportamento, assim como sua estrutura orgânica e corporal, é produto e instrumento de seu processo de evolução – o cuidado da criança pode ser compreendido a partir do cuidado parental. Este é concebido como um conjunto de ações e comportamentos selecionados ao longo da história evolutiva da espécie, de modo a garantir a sobrevivência da prole, ajustando-o a transformações socioculturais que caracterizam o modo de vida dos seres humanos. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar as redes de cuidadores de crianças de zero a seis anos por cuidadores familiares e não familiares em uma comunidade de baixa renda da cidade do Recife. De forma específica, buscou-se identificar, descrever e discutir rotinas, práticas e redes sociais de apoio que configurem o cuidado da criança, bem como perquirir modos compartilhados de cuidar da criança e as significações atribuídas ao cuidado por familiares ou outros adultos que compartilham essa tarefa. Participaram da pesquisa trinta mulheres: 16 mães, 9 avós, 2 babás, 2 empregadas domésticas e 1 tia, na faixa etária de 20 a 80 anos que tinham pelos menos uma criança de zero a seis anos sob seus cuidados. Os dados foram coletados mediante visitas à comunidade com a realização de entrevistas nas residências das participantes, o que possibilitou observar importantes aspectos do cuidado da criança e complementar os dados das entrevistas. O material coletado foi organizado de modo quantitativo, sendo, assim, possível indicar o número de integrantes das redes de cuidado, o número de homens e mulheres e de familiares e não familiares dessas redes, a frequência de crianças a instituições educacionais e outros aspectos relevantes para a caracterização da tarefa de cuidar das crianças. Realizou-se também uma análise qualitativa, buscando-se identificar núcleos de sentidos realçados nas falas das participantes. Os resultados apontam as redes de cuidadores como um importante apoio às famílias e como estratégia para compartilhar o cuidado da criança, sendo tais redes constituídas majoritariamente por mulheres familiares que residem com a criança. A prevalência feminina nas tarefas de cuidado tanto da criança quanto da casa também é um aspecto de destaque, sinalizando a manutenção de uma divisão tradicional das tarefas de cuidado e a sobrecarga de atividades enfrentada pelas mulheres. E, por fim, a instituição educacional se sobressai como um importante componente na maioria das redes de cuidadores, porém se identifica pouca confiabilidade na creche ou no CMEI, o que instiga um olhar mais atento para as questões que envolvem a opção dos pais em compartilhar ou não o cuidado/educação da criança com essa instituição e para o tipo de serviço que ela oferece. Conclui-se que investigar a rede de cuidadores da criança suscita importantes aspectos acerca da dinâmica do grupo familiar com poucos recursos financeiros. Além disso, estudos como este têm um potencial de subsidiar políticas públicas que promovam melhores condições para a criança e a família. / Child care involves different people, concepts and practices in specific cultural contexts. Based on Psychoethology, an interactionist perspective that has a biopsychosocial look on the human being – considering that their behavior and their organic and body structure constitute both a product and an instrument of their process of evolution – the child care can be understood from parental care. This is conceived as a set of actions and behaviors selected along the evolutionary history of the species, as to ensure the survival of the offspring, adjusting it to sociocultural changes that characterize the way of living of human beings. This research aims to investigate the network of caregivers of children aged zero to six years by family and nonfamily caregivers in a low income community in Recife. Specifically, it was sought to identify, describe and discuss routines, practices and social support networks that constitute the child's care as well as to assert shared modes of child care and the meanings assigned to care by relatives or other adults who share this task. Thirty women participated in the study: 16 mothers, 9 grandmothers, 2 babysitters, 2 maids and 1 aunt, aged 20-80 years who had at least one child from birth to six years under their care. Data were collected by means of visits to their community with interviews held in the homes of the participants, which made it possible to observe important aspects of child care and complement the interview data. The collected material was organized in a quantitative manner, indicating the number of participants of the networks of care, the number of men and women as well as the family and nonfamily members of these networks, the attendance of children in educational institutions and other aspects relevant to the characterization of the task of taking care of the children. A qualitative analysis was also conducted, seeking to identify nuclei of meaning highlighted in the speech of the participants. The results indicate the networks of caregivers as an important support for families and as a strategy to share the care of the child, and that those networks are mostly consisted of women members of the family residing with the child. The female prevalence in care of both the child and the house is also a prominent aspect, signaling the maintenance of a traditional division of care tasks and activity overload faced by women. And finally, the educational institution stands out as an important component in most networks of caregivers, but poor reliability is identified in the day care or CMEI, which instigates a closer look into the issues involving the choice of parents to share or not to share the care / education of the child with that institution and the type of service it offers. The conclusion is that investigating the network of caregivers of children raises important issues about the dynamics of the family group with poor financial resources. Furthermore, studies like this have the potential to support public policies that promote better conditions for children and families.

Magister Artium - MA / The goal of this research was to explore and describe child and youth care workers lived experiences of life space therapeutic care in a residential setting. Life space refers to the daily living environment, context and situation of children. / South Africa

O presente estudo investigou a vivência da função materna de cuidar e educar no período de dependência. Com base na perspectiva winnicottiana, buscou-se compreender os aspectos subjetivos que permeiam a função materna dos seis meses aos quatro anos de vida da criança. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso coletivo, com caráter longitudinal, no qual participaram três duplas mãe-bebê. As mães responderam entrevistas semiestruturadas em seis momentos do desenvolvimento (6º, 12º, 18º, 24º, 36º e 48º mês da criança). O relato clínico foi utilizado para analisar os dados, evidenciando as especificidades do percurso de cada dupla em relação à função materna. Evidenciou-se que a função de cuidar exige grande disponibilidade materna, especialmente quanto aos movimentos de dependência e independência da criança, podendo tornar-se um dilema para as mães. Apesar da satisfação, ao cuidar as mães se depararam com dificuldades e cansaço. Ainda, encontraram a possibilidade de autocuidado e de reeditar os cuidados recebidos na infância ao cuidarem do bebê (experiência curativa), o que evidencia que a função materna se refere a uma construção realizada pela díade. Em relação ao educar, foram sobressalentes os relatos de dúvida quanto a melhor maneira de estabelecer limites ao filho, bem como de surpresa frente as manifestações de birra nos anos iniciais. Assim, destaca-se a importância de encorajar o saber materno e legitimar a vivência de sentimentos ambivalentes no cuidado e na educação de crianças pequenas. / The present study investigated the experience of the maternal role of caring and education during the dependency period. Based on Winnicott's perspective, it sought to understand the subjective aspects that permeate the maternal role from sixth month to fourth year. Through a collective case study with longitudinal design, three mothers answered semistructured interviews in six different times of the development (6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 months of the child's life). The clinical report was used to analyze the data showing the singular trajectory of each pair in the maternal role. Results showed the role of caring requires maternal availability, especially with regard to the movements of dependence and independence of the child, becoming a dilemma for the mothers. Despite the satisfaction, mothers feel fatigue and found dificulties to care the child. Mothers also found the possibility of self-care and they could edit the care received in childhood when taking care of the baby (curative experience), which shows that the maternal function refers to a construction performed by the dyad. Regarding education, the reports of doubt as to the best way to establish limits to the child, as well as of surprise against the manifestations of tantrums in the initial years, were sparing. Thus, the importance of encouraging maternal knowledge and legitimizing the experience of ambivalent feelings in the care and education of children is highlighted.

No description available.

No description available.

Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS) / The field, institutional care and transitioning out of care, has been well-researched in different countries around the world. Recent research has begun to look more closely on how some post-institutionalized individuals overcome these challenges associated with institutional care and be able to adapt and integrate well in society. In other words, how post-institutionalized adults build their resilience.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / The purpose of this dissertation is to compare family and educational values and practices of the Hutterite Brethren during the Reformation era with those of the main-stream of German-speaking Protestantism. Family and educational concepts and developments and the progress of elementary-vernacular education within both magisterial Protestantism and evangelical Anabaptism are described and their similarities and differences made clear. The Hutterites, who with the Mennonites constitute the two major groups of evangelical Anabaptism, are given particular attention since only they withdrew from the world to live in closed communistic societies. Within these communities they exhibited certain differences in their pattern of life from that of their contemporaries. [TRUNCATED]