Licopeno, um pigmento natural considerado o mais potente antioxidante dentre os carotenoides, é oque tem maior incidência no soro humano. Seu consumo regular está relacionado principalmente com a prevenção do câncer de próstata. Porém, estudos também demonstram sua relação com a prevenção de câncer de pâncreas e bexiga, doenças cardiovasculares como a aterosclerose e doenças neurodegenerativas. Todavia, por ser altamente insaturado o licopeno é susceptível à degradação, sendo degradado na presença de luz, oxigênio e se exposto a altas temperaturas. A microencapsulação entra como uma alternativa para tentar garantir maior estabilidade a este carotenoide. A técnica de spray-chilling, por dispensar o emprego de altas temperaturas e solventes durante o processo de atomização, representa uma alternativa promissora na encapsulação do licopeno. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram encapsular uma solução oleosa de licopeno (10%) através da técnica de spray-chilling,utilizando gordura vegetal low trans como carreador, caracterizar as micropartículas obtidas e avaliar a biodisponibilidade do licopeno livre e encapsulado em ratos wistars. Foram formulados seis tratamentos, que diferiam pela concentração de solução comercial de licopeno, sendo T1 com 20%, T2 com 23,1%, T3 com 28,6%, T4 com 33,3%, T5 com 17,9% mais 10% de goma arábica e T6 com 19,2% mais 5% de carboximetilcelulose (CMC). As micropartículas obtidas destes tratamentos foram avaliadas quanto a tamanho e distribuição, morfologia por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformadas de Fourier (FT-IR), difração de raios-X (DRX). A estabilidade do licopeno encapsulado foi avaliada em diferentes condições de armazenamento (sob vácuo, umidade relativa de 33%, temperatura de refrigeração e ambiente) e também foi determinada por meio de quantificações periódicas de licopeno, bem como através da análise análise da cor instrumental. A biodisponibilidade foi avaliada utilizando-se 68 animais divididos em grupos, para os quais se administrou por gavagem o licopeno livre e o encapsulado. O tamanho das micropartículas obtidas ficou em torno de 60-110 µm e a distribuição foi polidispersa, independente da concentração de licopeno. A microscopia revelou micropartículas esféricas, com superfície rugosa, com alguns poros e tamanhos variados. No FT-IR verificou-se que não houve formação de ligações distintas na solução oleosa de licopeno e nas amostras atomizadas. Nos difratogramas observou-se a presença da forma polimórfica β para o agente carreador e para as micropartículas. Na estabilidade a adição da goma arábica e o armazenamento sob temperatura de refrigeração e vácuo, foram as melhores condições para retardar a degradação do licopeno. Os resultados dos ensaios de biodisponibilidade foram inconclusivos. Desta forma, conclui-se que é possível encapsular licopeno através da técnica de spray-chilling, porém, para trabalhos futuros, seriam necessários aprimoramentos na técnica de encapsulação e/ou na formulação para conferir maior proteção ao carotenoide, bem como adequações na metodologia para determinação de sua biodisponibilidade, para obtenção de resultados conclusivos. / Lycopene, a natural pigment considered the most potent antioxidant among the carotenoids, it has the higher incidence in the human serum. Its regular consumption is mainly related with the prevention of prostate cancer. However, studies also show its relation to the prevention of pancreatic cancer and bladder cancer, cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases. However, by being highly unsaturated the lycopene is susceptible to degradation, being degraded in the presence of light, oxygen and if exposed to high temperatures. The microencapsulation comes like an alternative to ensuring higher stability for this carotenoid. The technique of spray-chilling represents a promising alternative to encapsulation of lycopene. The aims of this study were to encapsulate an oily solution of lycopene (10%) through of the technique of spray-chilling, using a low-trans fat as carrier, to characterize the obtained microparticles and to evaluate the bioavailability of lycopene free and encapsulated in Wistar rats. Six treatments were formulated, that differed by the content of oily solution of lycopene:T1 with 20%, T2 with 23.1%, T3 with 28.6%, T3 with 28.6%, T4 with 33.3%, T5 with 17.9% plus 10% of Arabic gum and T6 with 19.2% plus 5% of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). The microparticles obtained from these treatments were evaluated for size and distribution, morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FT-IR) and X-ray difraction (XRD). The stability of the lycopene encapsulated was evaluated by its periodic quantification at different storage conditions (vacuum, relative humidity of 33%, refrigeration temperature and environment temperature). Instrumental color, \"L\" and \"a\" parameters, also was measured. The bioavailability was evaluated using 68 animals, for which the free and lycopene encapsulated were administered by gavage. The size of microparticles obtained was around 60-110 µm and the distribution was polydisperse, independent of the concentration of lycopene. The microscopy revealed spherical microparticles, with rough surface, with some pores and varying sizes. In the FT-IR it was found that there was no formation of distinct bonds in oily solution of lycopeno and the atomized samples. In the diffraction patterns observed the presence of polymorphic form \"β\" for the carrier agent and microparticles. On the stability the addition of Arabic gum and the storage at refrigerator temperature under vacuum, were the best conditions to delay the degradation of lycopene. The results of bioavailability assays were inconclusive. As conclusion, it is possible to encapsulate lycopene using the technique of spray-chilling but to future works, would be required improvements in the technique of encapsulation and/or formulations to give more protection to the carotenoid, as well as adjustments in the methodology for determination of their bioavailability, in order to obtaining conclusive results.

L’objectif de mes travaux de thèse était d’étudier le métabolisme du tréhalose chez la vigne (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay) en réponse à l’exposition à deux stress : le froid" chilling " et l’infection par le champignon pathogène Botrytis cinerea.Pour cela, nous avons tout d’abord optimisé un dosage du tréhalose par fluorimétrie qui nous a permis de caractériser le métabolisme du tréhalose en réponse à ces deux stress.Le métabolisme du tréhalose est activé différemment par le froid dans les organes dela vigne. Les gènes VvTPPA, codant une enzyme de synthèse du tréhalose, et VvTRE, codantla tréhalase, l’enzyme de dégradation, sont respectivement induits et réprimés dans les feuilleset leur expression est corrélée à une augmentation de la concentration en tréhalose. En outre,aucune synthèse de tréhalose n’est mesurée dans les tiges et il n’est pas détectable dans les racines. Enfin, la synthèse de T6P, son précurseur, est précoce dans les feuilles (3 heures aprèsl’exposition au froid). Nos résultats s’accordent avec le modèle actuel faisant du T6P une molécule-signal, corrélée à la concentration en saccharose. Ils excluent, pour le tréhalose, une participation significative à l’osmorégulation en réponse au froid chez la vigne. Par ailleurs,nous avons utilisé des plants de vigne bactérisés par Burkholderia phytofirmans, une bactérie endophyte induisant une tolérance au froid chez cette plante. Nous y avons observé une synthèse de T6P et de tréhalose et nous pensons que cette synthèse pourrait constituer une composante importante de la tolérance induite au froid.Lors de l’infection de feuilles de vitroplants de vigne par B. cinerea, nous avons observé (i) une forte augmentation de la quantité de tréhalose, (ii) l’induction de l’expression du gène VvTRE et (iii) l’augmentation de l’activité tréhalase. En revanche, aucune augmentation de la concentration en T6P n’a été détectée. Nous pensons donc que la synthèsede tréhalose in planta n’est pas favorisée durant l’infection et que le tréhalose détecté est probablement d’origine fongique. Nos résultats sont compatibles avec l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’induction du gène codant la tréhalase et l’augmentation concomitante de son activité interviendraient lors des interactions plantes-agents pathogènes pour éviter toute perturbation du rôle de molécule-signal joué par le T6P.Au final, le métabolisme du tréhalose participe à la réponse aux stress environnementaux chez la vigne et son étude mériterait d’être approfondie, notamment en ce qui concerne les stress biotiques. / The purpose of the present thesis was to investigate grapevine trehalose metabolism upon exposure to 2 stress conditions: chilling and infection by the grey mould fungus Botrytis cinerea.Initially, we had to optimize a fluorimetric based assay to assess trehalose concentration in grapevine. Latter, this method was used to characterize trehalose synthesis in this plant when exposed to chilling or infected by B. cinerea.Upon chilling exposure, trehalose metabolism is differentially activated in grapevine organs. VvTPPA, a gene involved in trehalose synthesis, and VvTRE, encoding the trehalose degrading enzyme (trehalase), were respectively induced and repressed and their expression was correlated with an increase of trehalose concentration in leaves. No trehalose synthesis was observed in stems and the sugar was undetectable in roots. T6P (its precursor)concentration increase was faster in leaves (3 hours after chilling exposure). Our results are in agreement with current status of T6P acting as a signal molecule, correlated with sucrose concentration, and exclude any significant participation of trehalose as a global osmoprotectant under chilling stress in grapevine. Additionally, we have used grapevine plants bacterized by Burkholderia phytofirmans, an endophytic bacterium that confers them chilling tolerance. We have detected T6P and trehalose synthesis in these plants and we believe it might contribute to the induced chilling tolerance.During grapevine leaf infection by B. cinerea, we observed: (i) a strong increase oftrehalose concentration, (ii) the induction of VvTRE and (iii) an increase of trehalase activity.However, no increase in T6P concentration was detected during infection. Our results suggest that trehalose metabolism is not activated upon B. cinerea infection and that trehalose detected is mainly of fungal origin. This is compatible with current hypothesis considering trehalase encoding gene induction and increase in trehalase activity as a plant response to avoid interference with T6P signaling pathway during pathogen infection.Overall, trehalose metabolism is involved in environmental stress responses in grapevine and might be consider for further research especially with focus on biotic stress.

Orientador: Jose Fernando Durigan / Banca: Ben-Hur Mattiuz / Banca: Angelo Pedro Jacomino / Banca: Rogério Lopes Vieites / Banca: Gustavo Henrique de Almeida Teixeira / Resumo: Determinou-se os binômios temperatura x tempo de armazenamento, que podem ocasionar injúria pelo frio em mangas 'Tommy Atkins' e 'Palmer', com avaliação das alterações no seu metabolismo, o que permitiu que se testasse o uso de tratamento térmico e de radiação ultravioleta (UV-C) para minimizar ou eliminar esta injúria. Avaliou-se também a eficiência do uso de quitosana como alternativa à cera, comumente aplicada após o tratamento térmico. No 1º e 2º experimentos, frutos colhidos no estádio "de vez", foram armazenados a 2 ºC, 5 ºC e 12 ºC por 1, 2, 3 e 4 semanas. Ao final de cada período, foram transferidos para condição ambiente, por até 7 dias. No 3º e 4º experimentos, uma parte dos frutos foi tratada hidrotermicamente a 46,1 ºC por 90 min ou 55 ºC por 5 min e a outra, submetida à ação de radiação (UV-C) nas doses de 1,14 kJ m-2 e 2,28 kJ m-2, antes do armazenamento sob condição promotora de injúria por frio, a 5 ºC por 14 dias ('Tommy Atkins') e a 5 ºC por 4 dias ('Palmer'). No 5º e 6º experimentos, frutos tratados com radiação (UV-C) receberam filme de cera de carnaúba ou quitosana a 1% e 1,5%, antes de serem armazenados sob condição promotora de injúria, a 5 ºC por 14 dias ('Tommy Atkins') e a 5 ºC por 4 dias ('Palmer'), sendo após esse período, transferidos para a condição ambiente, onde foram mantidos por 7 dias para a 'Tommy Atkins' e por até 12 dias, para a 'Palmer'. Em todos os experimentos, os frutos foram avaliados semanalmente durante o armazenamento refrigerado, e a cada 2 dias depois de levados ao ambiente, quanto ao murchamento, coloração, podridões, massa fresca, firmeza, danos pelo frio, atividade respiratória, teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, açúcares solúveis e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: It was determined the binomials temperature vs. time, which can cause chilling injury in mangoes 'Tommy Atkins' and 'Palmer', with the evaluation of the changes in their metabolism, allowing to test the use of heat treatment and UV-C radiation to minimize or eliminate this injury. It also evaluated the effectiveness of the use of chitosan as an alternative to the carnauba wax, usually applied after the heat treatment. In the 1st and the 2nd experiments, fruits harvested at "medium ripe" were stored at 2 ºC, 5 ºC and 12 ºC for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. At the end of each period, they were transferred to the environmental condition up to 7 days. In the 3rd and the 4th experiments, a part of the fruits was treated hydrothermally at 46.1 ºC for 90 min or 55 ºC for 5 min and another part submitted to the action of UV-C radiation at doses of 1.14 kJ m-2 and 2.28 kJ m-2, before the storage under chilling injury condition, at 5 ºC for 14 days ('Tommy Atkins') and at 5 ºC for 4 days ('Palmer'). In the 5th and 6th experiments, fruits treated with UV-C radiation were coated with carnauba wax or chitosan at 1% and 1.5%, before being stored under chilling injury condition, at 5 ºC for 14 days ('Tommy Atkins') and at 5 ºC for 4 days ('Palmer'), and thereafter transferred to the environmental condition, where they were maintained up to 7 days ('Tommy Atkins') and up to 12 days ('Palmer'). In all experiments, the fruits were evaluated weekly during the cold storage, and every two days after they were taken to the environment, for the wilting, color, rottenness, mass loss, firmness, chilling injury, respiration rate, soluble solids, titratable acidity, soluble and reducing sugars, ascorbic acid and total polyphenols, total antioxidant activity and the enzymes of peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. The results... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Poultry slaughtering encompasses a series of processing steps with the objective of harvesting the consumable meat. The scalding process consists of the submersion of carcasses in hot water tanks to facilitate the removal of feathers during slaughter. However, the use of a common scalding tank increases the likelihood of carcass cross contamination considering that dirt, fecal material and even digestive and intestinal contents carrying pathogens and other bacteria are widely spread during this operation. Similar cross contamination occurs in the process of chilling carcasses, which also requires submersion of broilers in communal tanks filled with ice and cold water. A plausible approach to reduce contamination in scalders or chillers is the use of Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) to decontaminate scalder/ chiller water. PEF uses electricity to kill bacteria suspended in liquid media and could be utilized in poultry scalders and chillers to reduce bacterial contamination on carcasses and reduce the potential risk of pathogens reaching the final consumer. A pilot scale system was assembled by the use of a pulse electric field generator (Model SF-700, Simmons. Eng. Co., Dallas, GA) coupled with a commercial scalding tank (Dunkmaster®, Knase Company Inc, MI). C. coli and C. jejuni along with marker strains of Novobiocin and Nalidixic acid resistant S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis strains were used in challenge studies evaluating the effects of the PEF on carcasses, scalder and chiller water contamination. The system was evaluated with 0, 0.5, and 1% sodium chloride in the water with 40 volts of electric current and 0.54 of amperage. Samples were collected at 0, 40, 80, 160, 200 s of treatment with a 10 s on, 5 s off cyclical pulses. The use of PEF in regular scalder/chiller water showed little effect on Salmonella and Campylobacter reductions. However, with the addition of 0.5% NaCl caused a significant (P<0.5) log CFU/ml reduction of Salmonella and Campylobacter within the scalder/chiller water at 40, 80, and 160 seconds respectively.

Temperate Region fruit and nut trees, and many other perennial plants, require cool winter temperatures (chilling hours) to ensure leaf and flower bud production in the following season. Temperate Regions are characterized by variable winter and spring temperatures. Failure of meeting sufficient chilling requirement results in deformed fruits, unequal maturation, and other plant deformities, thereby reducing quality and yields. Chilling requirements are expressed as number of accumulated hours within a range of approximately 32º to 45ºF or 0º to 7.2ºC. These requirements are specific for level of temperature, length of temperature period, and species and cultivar of plants. Information on chilling hour production by the diverse Kentucky environments and chilling requirements of its plants is limited. Global warming is reducing the occurrence and length of chilling conditions, thereby negatively impacting perennial fruit production (IPCC, 2014). There is increasing interest in fruit crops by the state’s producers and consumers. The Kentucky Mesonet Weather System provides temperature data, which can readily be converted to chilling units. Also, commercial nurseries are beginning to publish chilling requirement data for their fruit stocks. The present study included data collected over A 5-years period at 33 Mesonet sites. The average number of chilling hours overall years and sites was 1544, year means ranged from 1427 to 1842, sites means ranged from 1422 to 1682. Chilling hour production exceeded chilling requirements of fruit and nut crops commonly grown in Kentucky.

In 2001, I began the field work in an empirical study of the laws of defamation in New Zealand. This study involved a comprehensive mail-out survey of the New Zealand media, and an adapted survey of defamation lawyers, which were designed to discover how the laws of defamation affected both groups, and what the respondents thought about those laws. The survey was augmented by an extensive search of defamation court files in the most important New Zealand High Court registries. The question behind the survey was essentially whether New Zealand’s defamation laws have a chilling effect on the media, to the extent that stories which should be told do not see the light of day. In this thesis, I contextualise and report on the results of the survey. I first describe and analyse the sources and trends in current defamation law, the other forms of regulation of the media in New Zealand, and the patterns of media ownership. I go on to utilise background data from the survey to present a character and business profile of the media who responded to the survey and find the data confirms the representative nature of those respondents. I then complete contextualisation of the survey by analysing the nature of the chilling effect doctrine itself, a canon which began as a predictive theory importing sociological concepts into legal analysis, but which is now a doctrine applied somewhat inconsistently, but with substantive effects, by the courts. In the following chapters I present the results of the media survey, the court file search and the survey of defamation lawyers, both in narrative and graph or tabular form. My tentative initial finding, that New Zealand’s defamation laws do not have an excessive chilling effect on our media, although they do have some, is progressively confirmed, with each set of data appearing to mirror and corroborate that which went before. In the final chapters, I take this somewhat surprising finding and augment it by theorising about future developments in defamation law. I suggest that increased constitutionalisation of this area of private law, in the form of full incorporation of a Bill of Rights methodology, is both desirable and necessary to protect against any chilling effects, such as they are. I conclude by posing a question about a possible joint future for defamation and privacy claims.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / S.V. Krishna Jagadish / Low temperature is one of the most limiting stresses to crops that are adapted to tropical and subtropical regions, such as maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], when introduced into temperate regions. However, no studies have compared the chilling tolerance of maize and sorghum grown together. Therefore, the objective of this research was to screen maize hybrids and sorghum genotypes for chilling tolerance at the germination and seedling stages. With the hypothesis that grain composition of maize and sorghum could lead to varying chilling tolerance, the seeds were analyzed for concentrations of protein, starch, and amylose. Five commercial hybrids of maize and 18 genotypes of sorghum were maintained in growth chambers for 31 days at two temperatures: a control temperature (25/20 °C, day/night) and at chilling temperatures (11/8 °C for 14 days; 12.5/9.5 °C for 14 days, and 14/11 °C for 3 days). Emergence and seedling height were measured during the experiment. At the end of the experiment, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and leaf area were determined. Emergence of sorghum under the chilling temperature regime was low (18%). Average height of the emerged sorghum seedlings in the cold temperatures at the end of the experiment was 1.4 cm compared to 55.5 cm in the control treatment. All maize hybrids emerged, but emergence and growth were slowed by the cold temperatures, and average height at the end of the experiment was 4.6 cm compared to 96.1 cm in the control treatment. Shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and leaf area of the sorghum under the chilling temperatures were too small to measure, and, for maize, they were greatly reduced. The results showed that, for sorghum, temperatures should be above 14 °C for emergence, while maize could emerge at lower temperatures. The analyses of the sorghum seeds showed that Redbine 60 and RTx430 had the highest protein concentrations (15.71% and 15.35%, respectively), and Segaolane had the lowest protein concentration (9.83%). Segaolane had the highest starch concentration (72.71%), and RTx430 had the lowest starch concentration (65.31%). There was an inverse relationship between protein and starch concentrations in the sorghum seeds (R2 = 0.69). Amylose concentrations did not vary significantly among the sorghum seeds. The analyses of the maize seeds showed that Dekalb 51-20 and Pioneer 1151 had the highest protein concentrations (10.98% and 10.95%, respectively), and Pioneer 1105 had the lowest protein concentration (9.26%). Starch and amylose concentrations did not vary significantly among the maize seeds.

Orientador: Pedro Eduardo de Felicio / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T11:24:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Prado_CristianoSales_D.pdf: 1520005 bytes, checksum: 80115fa0ddc5123d57034605d928f7c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Muitos estudos têm sido feitos visando identificar e avaliar novas tecnologias de abate de bovinos e frigorificação, para reduzir custos de produção, aumentar rendimentos ou melhorar a qualidade da carne, mas ainda existem dúvidas quanto às implicações da velocidade de resfriamento e da aspersão de água nas carcaças sobre essas variáveis. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da velocidade de resfriamento e do uso de um sistema de aspersão nas perdas de peso por evaporação das carcaças e por exsudação em cortes embalados a vácuo, e em parâmetros de qualidade física, sensorial e microbiológica do contrafilé maturado por até 60 dias. Foram abatidos dois lotes de bovinos, machos inteiros, de aproximadamente 12 meses de idade, terminados em confinamento, sendo 16 compostos Montana, no primeiro abate, e 24 mestiços (½ Nelore X ½ Simental), no segundo. Após a sangria, os animais foram estimulados eletricamente e atribuídos a um dos quatro tratamentos de resfriamento distintos: (1) convencional sem aspersão; (2) convencional com aspersão; (3) lento sem aspersão; e (4) lento com aspersão. Durante o resfriamento foram registradas as curvas de redução de temperatura e do pH das carcaças, e foram feitas as pesagens das mesmas para o cálculo das perdas de peso por evaporação depois de 48 horas, quando foram retirados os bifes de contrafilé (m. L. dorsi) de 2,5 cm de espessura aproximadamente, embalados a vácuo e maturados por 7, 14, 30 e 60 dias. Após cada período de maturação as amostras foram conduzidas a um supermercado, retiradas da embalagem, colocadas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido cobertas com filme de PVC, e expostas em gôndolas refrigeradas, por 48 horas. Foi avaliada a cor dos bifes, após 24 horas de exposição, utilizando um colorímetro portátil, no esquema CIE L*, a* e b*, e, também, foi feita uma análise visual das amostras para os atributos cor, aceitação global e opção de compra, tendo como julgadores clientes do supermercado. As amostras também foram analisadas para comprimento de sarcômeros, índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, força de cisalhamento, perdas de peso por exsudação e cozimento, atributos sensoriais (maciez e suculência) e microbiológicos. O sistema de aspersão de carcaças, utilizado durante o resfriamento, tanto na velocidade convencional quanto na lenta, foi eficiente em reduzir as perdas de peso por evaporação (P<0,05). Houve efeito (P<0,001) do método de resfriamento e do período de maturação nas perdas por exsudação. As amostras obtidas de carcaças resfriadas com o sistema de aspersão apresentaram maiores perdas por exsudação (P<0,001) que as resfriadas sem aspersão. O uso do sistema de aspersão não influenciou (P>0,05) nas médias de força de cisalhamento, comprimento de sarcômeros, índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, maciez e suculência, avaliação visual, avaliação objetiva da cor e qualidade microbiológica. À medida que o período de maturação avançou, houve redução da força de cisalhamento e aumento do índice de fragmentação miofibrilar (P<0,001), sem alteração no comprimento de sarcômeros (P>0,05). Os métodos de resfriamento lentos, com ou sem aspersão, foram mais eficientes em produzir cortes de contrafilé (m. L. dorsi) mais macios, e mais suculentos, com menor força média de cisalhamento e sarcômeros mais compridos (P<0,001). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) do método de resfriamento e do período de maturação na avaliação visual da cor. Enquanto o sistema de aspersão e o período de maturação não influenciaram (P>0,05) na avaliação instrumental da cor, a velocidade de resfriamento exerceu influência (P<0,001) nos valores de luminosidade e intensidade de amarelo (L* e b*). Não foi observado efeito (P>0,05) do tratamento de resfriamento na contaminação dos bifes de contrafilé, nas contagens de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos e psicrófilos, indicando que a aspersão de carcaças e o resfriamento lento, conforme empregados na pesquisa, não prejudicam a qualidade microbiológica do contrafilé / Abstract: Many studies have been carried out to identify and evaluate new beef slaughter and refrigeration technologies, that could result in lower production costs, higher yields, or to improve the quality of meat, but there are still doubts related to carcasses chilling rate and water spraying. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of cooling rate, with or without spray-chilling in physical, sensorial and microbiological quality of aged striploin (longissimus dorsi muscle) beef. Two lots of intact male, nearly 12 month old, grain finished cattle, were harvested, being 16 of the Montana composite breed, in the first slaughter, and 24 crossbreds (½ Nelore X ½ Simental) in the second one. After bleeding, the animals were electrically stimulated and submitted to one of the four cooling systems: (1) conventional without spray-chilling; (2) conventional with spray-chilling; (3) slow without spray-chilling; and (4) slow with spray-chilling. During chilling the carcass temperature and pH decline data were registered. The carcasses were weighed to calculate the drip losses after 48 hours, when the steaks of 2,5 cm thick from the striploin were taken, vacuum packaged, and aged for 7, 14, 30 and 60 days. After each aging time, the samples were taken to a supermarket, removed from the package, placed in an expanded polystyrene trays covered with a PVC film, and exposed in refrigerated displays for 48 hours. CIE Lab color was measured after 24 hours, using a hand colorimeter. A visual analysis of the samples was also done for the attributes of color, overall acceptability, and buying option, having supermarket consumers as panelists. Sarcomere length, myofibrilar fragmentation index, Warner-Bratzler shear force, purge and cooking losses, sensory (tenderness and juiciness) and microbiological attributes were also measured. The spray-chilling, in either slow or conventional chilling, was efficient in reducing the weight loss (P<0,05). There was observed an effect (P<0,001) of the cooling system and aging time on purge loss. The samples from the spray-chilled carcasses had higher purge losses (P<0,001) than the non-sprayed ones. The use of the spray-chilling have not affected (P>0,05) shear force, sarcomere length, myofibrilar fragmentation index, tenderness and juiciness, color, visual evaluation, or microbiological counts. During aging there was a decreasing on shear force, and an increase on the myofibrilar fragmentation index (P<0,001), but no differences on sarcomere length (P>0,05). The slow cooling systems, in either sprayed or not sprayed method, were more efficient on producing more tender and juicier steaks, with lower shear force means, and higher sarcomere lengths (P<0,001). No effect (P>0,05) of the cooling treatment and aging time was observed on the color visual analysis. While the spray-chilling and the aging time has not affected (P>0,05) color measurements, the cooling rate has influenced (P<0,001) the lightness and the yellowness values (L* and b*). The cooling treatment had no influence (P>0,05) on the steaks bacteriological counts for total aerobic mesophilic and psychrophilic, suggesting that the spray-chilling system, and the slow cooling regime do not affect the microbiological quality of the beef striploin / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Daniel Barrera-Arellano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T08:05:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_MarileneDeMoriMorselli_M.pdf: 5112345 bytes, checksum: 0515b869d93054892980d08c8bb30fd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A facilidade de obtenção de micropartículas lipídicas e a possibilidade de produção em escala industrial aumentam o interesse do mercado alimentício de processar este tipo de material. Contudo, estas micropartículas apresentam desvantagens com relação à baixa encapsulação e à expulsão de material de recheio durante a estocagem. Assim, a finalidade deste trabalho foi estudar o comportamento das microcápsulas lipídicas produzidas pelo processo spray chilling utilizando as seguintes misturas em diferentes proporções: ácidos esteárico (AE) e oléico (AO), óleo de soja totalmente hidrogenado (STH) e ácido oléico (AO), álcool cetoestearílico (ACE) e ácido oléico (AO) como materiais de parede (matriz), lecitina de soja como tensoativo e solução de glicose como recheio. O objetivo foi aumentar a eficiência de encapsulação, verificando o efeito da composição e estrutura da matriz lipídica. Para este propósito, foram caracterizadas as matérias-primas lipídicas em composição de ácidos graxos e triacilgliceróis, bem como, as misturas lipídicas avaliadas por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), teor de gordura sólida (SFC) e curva de isosólidos. Nas micropartículas, foram avaliadas morfologia de superfície e microestrutura, tamanho e distribuição de partícula, quantidade de glicose superficial (não encapsulada), eficiência de encapsulação e perfil de liberação em solução aquosa. As micropartículas apresentaram formas esféricas e rugosas, com diâmetros médios entre 83 e 115 µm. Os resultados de eficiência de encapsulação nas misturas do AE e STH foram acima de 75% e nas misturas do ACE menor que 9%. A liberação do recheio foi avaliada a cada 30 minutos por 2 horas, obtendo-se valores de 28 a 89% ao término deste período para as misturas do AE e STH. Foi observado, nestas misturas, que a liberação de recheio é inversamente proporcional à quantidade de AO na mistura lipídica. Nas misturas do ACE, a liberação foi de 100% (efeito burst). A adição do lipídio líquido (AO) ao lipídio sólido (AE e STH) foi um fator determinante na modificação da cristalização da mistura lipídica, proporcionando uma alta eficiência de encapsulação / Abstract: The ease to obtain lipid microparticles and the possibility of their production in an industrial scale increase the interest of the food market to process this kind of particles. However, these microparticles present disadvantages with regard to low encapsulation and the expulsion of the core material core during storage. Thus, the purpose of this work was to study the behavior of lipid microcapsules produced by the spray chilling process, using the following mixtures in different proportions: stearic acid (SA) and oleic acid (OA), fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSO) and oleic acid (OA), cetostearyl alcohol (CEA) and oleic acid (OA) as the wall material (matrix), soy lecithin as surfactant and glucose solution as core. The objective was to increase the encapsulation efficiency, checking the composition effect and the lipid matrix structure. For this purpose, the lipid materials were characterized as to their fatty acids and triacylglycerol composition and the lipid mixtures were evaluated by differencial scanning calorimetry (DSC), solid fat content (SFC) and iso-solid curve. The surface morphology and microstructure were evaluated in the microparticles, as well as the particle size distribution, amount of core on the surface (not encapsulated), the encapsulation efficiency and controlled-release in an aqueous solution. The microparticles showed spherical and wrinkled shape with average diameters between 83 and 115 µm. The results of encapsulation efficiency of the mixtures with SA and FHSO were over 75% and lower than 9% in the mixtures with CEA. The core release was evaluated every 30 minutes for 2 hours obtaining values from 28 to 89% at the end of this period for the mixtures SA and FHSO. It was observed, in these mixtures, that the core release is inversely proportional to the quantity of AO in the lipid mixture. In the CEA mixtures, the core release was above 100% (burst effect). The addition of the liquid lipid (OA) to the solid lipid (SA and FHSO) was a determining factor in the modification of the crystallization of the lipid mixture providing high encapsulation efficiency / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Forage sorghum (FS) [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a warm-season biomass crop with the potential to become a bioenergy feedstock. The objective of this study was to screen potential FS genotypes for increased chilling tolerance and biomass productivity. The experiments were conducted in Fargo and Hickson, ND, in 2017 and 2018. Seventy-two genotypes of FS were tested at 24, 12, and 10℃. The genotypes were ranked from high to low vigor index and 12 genotypes were planted on two seeding dates: early (10 May) and late (27 May). Field emergence index values were greater for the late-seeding compared with the early-seeding date. Stand establishment and seed mortality were affected by the seeding date. Biomass yield correlated with emergence index and normalized vegetative index. Some of the genotypes tested had increased chilling tolerance and biomass yield when seeded earlier than normal, and may be used for breeding chilling tolerance into FS.