O concreto é o segundo material mais consumido no mundo, perdendo somente para água, justificando a importância de estudos que envolvam seu comportamento frente à durabilidade, e que objetivam a obtenção de estruturas com longas vidas úteis. Dentre as diversas manifestações patológicas que ocorrem nas estruturas de concreto armado, a corrosão das armaduras tem uma grande incidência, como já comprovado por diversos autores. A corrosão das armaduras ocorre pela ação de agentes agressivos sendo que os dois principais são a carbonatação e a penetração de cloretos. Em função da grande costa marítima do Brasil, a ação de íons cloretos é a mais significativa, deteriorando estruturas e levando a necessidade de manutenções periódicas. Porém, sabe-se do alto custo para realização destas manutenções. Em função da preocupação com a manutenção e gastos das estruturas de concreto armado, este estudo objetivou realizar uma validação dos ensaios de corrosão por cloretos em estruturas de concreto armado a partir de meta-análise dos dados de técnicas eletroquímicas utilizadas nos trabalhos de teses e dissertações desenvolvidos no Brasil. Pretende-se desta maneira realizar um mapeamento das pesquisas na área de corrosão em armaduras de concreto armado realizadas no Brasil e direcionar os futuros estudos. Pretende-se também realizar uma análise conjunta de todos estes trabalhos para verificar a quantidade e qualidade dos mesmos sob uma visão do conjunto nacional. Registrou-se a falta de pesquisas na região Norte do país e a centralização das mesmas nas regiões Sudeste e Sul. Com o uso de técnicas estatísticas conclui-se a falta de diversas combinações de variáveis (relação água/cimento, tipo de cimento, método de indução de cloretos, adição de materiais, entre outros) para criação de um modelo brasileiro confiável. / Concrete is the second most consumed material in the world, second only to water, explaining the importance of studies involving behavior concerning durability, and aimed to obtain structures with long lifetimes. Among the various pathologics that occur in reinforced concrete structures, corrosion of the reinforcement has a major impact, as proven by several authors. The reinforcement corrosion occurs by the action of aggressive agents and the two main ones are carbonation and chloride penetration. Due to the great sea coast of Brazil, the action of chloride ions is the most significant and deteriorating structures leading to the need for periodic maintenance, but it is known the high cost of implementing these maintenances. Because of concerns with the maintenance and expense of concrete structures, this study aimed to perform a validation of the corrosion by chlorides in reinforced concrete structures from the meta-analysis of data from electrochemical techniques used in the work of theses and dissertations developed in Brazil. The aim is thus to map the research on corrosion in reinforced concrete made in Brazil and direct future studies. Also perform a joint analysis of all these works to verify the quantity and quality of these in a vision of the National Assembly. We observed the lack of research in the northern region of the country and centralizing them in the Southeast and South By using statistical techniques concludes the lack of various combinations of variables (water / cement ratio, cement type, method induction of chloride, addition of materials, among others) to create a Brazilian model reliable.

abstract: Water is a critical resource for future human missions, and is necessary for understanding the evolution of the Solar System. The Moon and Mars have water in various forms and are therefore high-priority targets in the search for accessible extraterrestrial water. Complementary remote sensing analyses coupled with laboratory and field studies are necessary to provide a scientific context for future lunar and Mars exploration. In this thesis, I use multiple techniques to investigate the presence of water-ice at the lunar poles and the properties of martian chloride minerals, whose evolution is intricately linked with liquid water. Permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) at the lunar poles may contain substantial water ice, but radar signatures at PSRs could indicate water ice or large block populations. Mini-RF radar and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera Narrow Angle Camera (LROC NAC) products were used to assess block abundances where radar signatures indicated potential ice deposits. While the majority of PSRs in this study indicated large block populations and a low likelihood of water ice, one crater – Rozhdestvenskiy N – showed indirect indications of water ice in its interior. Chloride deposits indicate regions where the last substantial liquid water existed on Mars. Major ion abundances and expected precipitation sequences of terrestrial chloride brines could provide context for assessing the provenance of martian chloride deposits. Chloride minerals are most readily distinguished in the far-infrared (45+ μm), where their fundamental absorption features are strongest. Multiple chloride compositions and textures were characterized in far-infrared emission for the first time. Systematic variations in the spectra were observed; these variations will allow chloride mineralogy to be determined and large variations in texture to be constrained. In the present day, recurring slope lineae (RSL) may indicate water flow, but fresh water is not stable on Mars. However, dissolved chloride could allow liquid water to flow transiently. Using Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) data, I determined that RSL are most likely not fed by chloride-rich brines on Mars. Substantial amounts of salt would be consumed to produce a surface water flow; therefore, these features are therefore thought to instead be surface darkening due to capillary wicking. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2017

The durability characteristics of concrete should be given the same importance as compressive strength when designing concrete structures. Concrete should be able to withstand the effects of aggressive agents and behave as a protective layer that can block the penetration of substances that could corrode the steel in concrete. The corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete structures can be caused by factors such as carbonation and the action of chloride ions, which can penetrate the concrete through absorption and diffusion processes. When the concrete does not show resistance to chloride penetration, the use of surface treatment is required. This study investigates chloride penetration in concrete samples that received three different kinds of surface treatment: a single component polymer mortar applied in a 4-mm thick layer, a pore blocker with a single coat and a pore blocker with a double coat. The concrete samples used were produced with cement types CP IV 32, CP II F and CP V and compressive strength values of 15MPa, 20MPa and 25MPa. Chloride penetration was assessed using ASTM C 1202 and AgNO3 aspersion after immersion in a salt solution in concrete samples with and without surface treatment. Surface treatments like pore blockers were able to reduce the chloride flow inwards concrete due to the sealing effect in the superficial pore layer, caused by the reactions with the cement hydration products. The double treatment with pore blocker (XCM) showed to be more effective, providing bigger reduction in total passing charge. This reduction was greater in pozzolanic cements and in those with the lowest resistance, fck=15 MPa. The concrete produced with cements type CP II F and CP V showed bigger values of passing charge and diffusion coeficient. The use of polymeric mortar (Z4) with 4 mm thickness was considered the best alternative among those investigated. It produced the greatest reduction in total passing charge as well as the best efficiency in decreasing chloride penetration, and showed a good adherence in the concrete substratum and compactness. / As características de durabilidade devem ser parâmetros de concepção das estruturas de concreto tanto quanto a sua resistência à compressão. O concreto deve manter a integridade frente aos agentes que o danificam, além de atuar como camada protetora à entrada de substâncias que venham a promover a corrosão das armaduras em seu interior. A corrosão das armaduras pode ser devido à carbonatação e à ação dos íons cloretos. O ingresso de cloretos no concreto pode ocorrer por mecanismos de absorção e difusão. Quando este não apresenta resistência à penetração de cloretos faz-se necessário a aplicação de tratamento superficial de proteção. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a penetração de cloretos em concretos que foram submetidos a três tipos de tratamento superficial: uma argamassa polimérica monocomponente aplicada em camada de 4mm, e um produto obturador dos poros como tratamento simples ou duplo. Os concretos submetidos ao tratamento superficial foram produzidos com três tipos de cimento, CP IV 32, CP II F e CP V, e para os níveis de resistência característica à compressão (fck) de 15 MPa, 20 MPa e 25 MPa. A penetração de cloretos foi avaliada segundo a norma ASTM C 1202 e por aspersão de AgNO3 após imersão em solução de cloreto. Os tratamentos superficiais do tipo bloqueadores de poros mostraram capacidade de diminuir o fluxo de entrada de cloretos devido ao tamponamento dos poros da camada superficial do concreto através das reações com os produtos de hidratação do cimento. O tratamento duplo com o bloqueador de poros (XCM) mostrou-se mais efetivo, promovendo uma maior redução na carga total passante e no coeficiente de difusão (k). Essa redução foi maior para os cimentos pozolânicos e no menor nível de resistência investigada, fck = 15 MPa. Já os concretos compostos com cimentos CPIIF e CPV-ARI mostraram maiores valores de carga passante e coeficiente k. Entretanto, a utilização da argamassa polimérica (Z4) com espessura de 4mm foi a melhor alternativa dentre as investigadas, promovendo uma maior redução da carga total passante assim como melhor eficiência na diminuição da penetração de cloretos, apresentando boa aderência com o concreto de substrato e compacidade.

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