A reestruturação do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro foi iniciada na década de 90, passando por uma fase de transição até chegar ao atual modelo institucional, finalizada em 2004. Este modelo define um Ambiente de Contratação Regulado (ACR) e um Ambiente de Contratação Livre (ACL), onde consumidores qualificados podem optar por adquirir energia em ambos os ambientes. No ACR, os fornecedores de energia para consumidores finais são as distribuidoras, enquanto no ACL a escolha entre os agentes de oferta é livre. As distribuidoras, antes da reestruturação do setor, realizavam a projeção de sua demanda considerando todos os consumidores de sua área de concessão. Com a reestruturação, a decisão dos consumidores deve ser agregada ao processo de projeção de demanda de energia elétrica. A modelagem deste problema utilizando simulação dinâmica é adequada, uma vez que devem ser consideradas realimentações entre as decisões dos consumidores, as decisões da distribuidora e a projeção de demanda, caracterizando a dinâmica do problema. Este trabalho propõe um modelo de planejamento de demanda de energia elétrica que contempla o processo de decisão de consumidores e as atuais regras de comercialização na projeção da demanda de distribuidoras de energia elétrica, com aplicação na definição de estratégias destas empresas, dando suporte às decisões de contratação de energia. São realizados estudos de caso para diferentes estratégias das distribuidoras e diferentes cenários de preços, constatando-se a necessidade da consideração destas estratégias e da decisão dos consumidores no processo de planejamento da demanda. O modelo proposto objetiva complementar o modelo tradicionalmente em uso nas distribuidoras. / The restructuring of the Brazilian Electrical Sector began in the 90’s and went through a transition phase until it reached the actual institutional model, defined in 2004. This model defines a Regulated Contracting Environment and a Free Contracting Environment, where qualified consumers may choose to acquire energy in both environments. In the regulated one, distribution companies are the suppliers for final consumers, while there is competition in the free environment. Before restructuring, distribution companies carried out the demand forecasting considering monopoly over all consumers of its concession area. After restructuring, consumers’ decisions must be considered in the demand forecasting process. Dynamic simulation techniques are good options to represent feedback among consumers’ decisions, distribution companies’ decisions and demand forecasting. This work proposes a demand forecasting model witch considers the consumer decision process and the actual trading rules in the distribution companies’ demand forecasting, that can be applied in strategies designing and as a base for energy contracting. There are some case studies with different distribution company’s strategies and different price scenarios. The results show that it is necessary to include consumers’ decision and distribution companies’ strategies in the demand planning process. The proposed model objective is to complement the traditional model in use by distribution companies.

As normas contábeis brasileiras estabelecem algumas opções de classificação na Demonstração dos Fluxos de Caixa (DFC), especificamente os fluxos de caixa relacionados aos juros, dividendos e juros sobre capital próprio (JCP) pagos e recebidos. Tais fluxos de caixa podem ser classificados na DFC em três diferentes atividades: operacional (FCO), de investimento (FCI) ou de financiamento (FCF). Por um lado, essa flexibilidade de classificação permite que uma informação mais fidedigna seja divulgada, uma vez que a apresentação da DFC poderá ser adaptada às circunstâncias específicas de cada empresa. Por outro lado, abre espaço para comportamentos oportunistas, ao permitir a escolha da opção que gera a informação mais conveniente. Este trabalho busca identificar incentivos, relacionados às características das empresas não financeiras do mercado de capitais brasileiro, que influenciaram as escolhas de classificação dos juros, dividendos e JCP na DFC, no período de 2008 a 2014. As hipóteses resultantes desse objetivo referem-se a: classificação dos fluxos de caixa de acordo com o encorajamento do CPC 03; identificação de uma possível padronização das classificações na DFC entre empresas com aspectos semelhantes (mesmo setor ou firma de auditoria); relação entre mudanças de classificação dos juros pagos com a troca de auditor; e, o efeito da escolha de classificação dos juros, dividendos e JCP na DFC sobre o FCO, de acordo com características financeiras e de desempenho das empresas. Para fins de mensuração do efeito sobre o FCO, tomou-se por referência o parágrafo 34A do CPC 03, que encoraja a classificação dos juros recebidos ou pagos, dos dividendos recebidos e JCP recebidos como FCO; assim como os dividendos pagos e JCP pagos como FCF. Para análise do referido efeito, foram utilizados dados em painel e duas regressões com as seguintes variáveis dependentes: 1) a diferença em reais entre o FCO divulgado e o valor que seria o FCO ao seguir as opções encorajadas pelo CPC 03; e, 2) a escolha de classificação dos juros pagos (variável dummy). Considerou-se os juros pagos, pois, entre as alternativas, trata-se daquela que aumenta o FCO caso não seja seguida a classificação recomendada pelo CPC. Com uma amostra de 352 empresas, 2.290 relatórios analisados e 3.764 dados levantados, os resultados apontaram que: i) a maior parte das empresas brasileiras segue as classificações encorajadas pelo CPC 03, exceto quanto ao item dividendos/JCP recebidos; ii) alguns setores seguiram uma classificação predominante em todos ou parte dos itens que possuem flexibilidade de apresentação na DFC; iii) há classificações predominantes para empresas que possuem determinadas firmas de auditoria; iv) as mudanças de classificação dos juros pagos ocorreram independentemente da troca de auditor; e, v) há evidências de que o endividamento influencia na divulgação de um FCO em montante diferente do que seria se a recomendação de classificação do CPC fosse seguida. Os resultados alcançados trazem evidências sobre a relação entre características das empresas brasileiras e o FCO divulgado decorrente da escolha de classificação na DFC. / Brazilian accounting standards establish some classification options in the Statement of Cash Flows (SCF), specifically the cash flows related to interest, dividends and interest on capital paid and received. Such cash flows can be classified in the SCF in three different activities: operating (FCO), investment (FCI) or financing (FCF). This flexibility of classification, on the one hand, allows the disclosure of a more accurate information, since the presentation of SCF can be adapted to the specific circumstances of each company. On the other hand, it makes room for opportunistic behavior by allowing choice of which option to generate the most suitable information. This study aims to identify incentives related to the characteristics of non-financial companies in the Brazilian capital markets, which influenced the choices of classification of interest, dividends and interest on capital in the SCF, from 2008 to 2014. The resultant hypothesis from the objective refer to: cash flows classification according to the encouragement of the CPC 03; identification of a possible standardization of classifications in SCF among companies with similar features (same sector or audit firm); relationship between classification shift of the interest paid with the change of auditor; and, the effect on the FCO of the classification choice of interest, dividends and interest on capital in the SCF, according to financial characteristics and performance of companies. For the measurement purposes of the effect on the FCO, the paragraph 34A of CPC 03 is taken as reference, which encourages the classification of interest received or paid, dividends received and interest on capital received as FCO; as well as dividends paid and interest on capital paid as FCF. For analysis of that effect, panel data and two regressions with the following dependent variables have been adopted: 1) the difference in reais between the disclosed FCO and the amount that the FCO would be if the options encouraged by the CPC 03 had been followed; and, 2) the classification choice of interest paid (dummy). The interest paid was considered because, among alternatives, it is that which increases the FCO if the classification recommended by the CPC is not followed. With a sample of 352 companies, 2.290 reports analyzed and 3.764 data collected, the results show that: i) the most Brazilian companies follow the classifications encouraged by CPC 03, except those related to dividends/interest on capital received; ii) some sectors followed a predominant classification in all items or part of them that allow flexibility of presentation in SCF; iii) there are prevalent classifications for companies with certain audit firms; iv) classification shift of the interest paid occurred regardless of the change of auditor; and, v) there is evidence that the debt influences the disclosure of an FCO in an different amount than if the CPC classification recommendation had been followed. The achieved results provide evidence on the relationship between characteristics of Brazilian companies and the FCO released due to the choice of classification in the SCF.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-04-06T18:14:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sidney Ricardo Gomes dos Santos - 2015.pdf: 1259243 bytes, checksum: 28eb129df018f928e3aaf2a3983ddcb6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-07T11:15:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sidney Ricardo Gomes dos Santos - 2015.pdf: 1259243 bytes, checksum: 28eb129df018f928e3aaf2a3983ddcb6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-07T11:15:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sidney Ricardo Gomes dos Santos - 2015.pdf: 1259243 bytes, checksum: 28eb129df018f928e3aaf2a3983ddcb6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-14 / This article discusses the relation between the orchestral conductor’s performanceand the musical interpretativetraditionshaving as case study the 5th Symphony by PyotrIlych Tchaikovsky. It is fundamented on thinkers as Castagna (2008) on the score editions, Silva & Silva (2009) on tradition in musical performance and Laboisiése (2007) on musical interpretation. As the methodology, it were investigated twelve editions of the score object of this study, twelve representative recordings thereof, among which, renowned conductors such as Claudio Abbado, Bernstein and Karajan, as well as prepared and presented by the author with the Youth Symphony Orchestra of the State of Goiás. The conclusions point that the tradition of musical performance can have a major influence on the conductor in contemporary times and therefore requires a reflection on the break or not paradigms established by the tradition of the art of orchestral conducting in canonical works. / O presente artigo discutea relação entre a performance do maestro na contemporaneidade e as tradições interpretativas musicais tendo como estudo de caso a 5ª. Sinfonia de Tchaikovsky, obra canônica do repertório orquestral. Toma-se como fundamentos teóricos os pensadoresCastagna (2008) sobre as edições de partitura, Silva & Silva (2009) sobre tradição na performance musical e Laboissiére (2007) sobre interpretação musical. Foram investigadasdoze ediçõesda partitura da obra objeto deste estudo, doze gravações representativas da mesma, dentre as quais, de renomados maestros como Claudio Abbado, Bernstein e Karajan, além de preparada e apresentada por esse autor junto à Orquestra Sinfônica Jovem do Estado de Goiás. Constatou-se quea tradição da performance musical pode ter uma grande influência sobre o maestro na contemporaneidade e, portanto, exige-se uma reflexão sobre a quebra ou não de paradigmas estabelecidos pela tradição da arte da regência nas obras canônicas orquestrais.

O fluxo escolar brasileiro representa um problema crônico para o caso do Ensino Médio do país. A literatura mostra que o retorno do investimento escolar é atrativo no país, tanto por apresentar uma taxa média alta, como pelo fato de que o adicional de salário devido aos níveis educacionais mais altos são maiores do que nos estágios iniciais da educação, i.e., o retorno educacional brasileiro aparenta ser crescente e convexo, diferente do que se apresenta na literatura internacional. A explicação usual para a evasão se dá através das restrições orçamentárias e de crédito enfrentadas pelas famílias que, sendo restritas no acesso ao crédito, poderia fazer com que o jovem saísse da escola precocemente, mesmo que o aluno esperasse um salário futuro maior. Somado a este retorno atrativo da educação, o país expandiu abruptamente os gastos educacionais. Porém, apesar da expansão, a escolaridade e as medidas de fluxo no país não reagiram proporcionalmente, despertando, assim, a atenção da literatura para explicação desse puzzle. A despeito destes fatos, a literatura internacional avançou no sentido de mostrar dois fatos que auxiliam na investigação dessa questão: em primeiro lugar, o retorno da educação pode variar entre indivíduos, ainda que a média seja alta. Por exemplo, indivíduos com maior aptidão podem ser os que se beneficiam mais de uma escolaridade maior, explicando o motivo de alguns abandonarem a escola. Em segundo lugar, a literatura avançou em mostrar que um fator importante na previsão de resultados escolares são habilidades não-cognitivas, como as habilidades socioemocionais. Portanto, este presente trabalho buscou explorar uma coleta de dados realizada em Sertãozinho - SP, em 2008, 2012 e 2017, em que estão disponíveis dados socioemocionais dos estudantes, além de dados demográficos e cognitivos, de estudantes que estavam no segundo ano do Ensino Fundamental em 2008, e em 2017 idealmente estariam no Ensino Médio, possibilitando investigar se existe uma associação entre características socioemocionais e o fluxo escolar. Os resultados indicam que tais fatores têm poder preditivo relevante na explicação do fluxo escolar brasileiro, medidos pela probabilidade de os indivíduos permanecerem estudando e pela probabilidade de se atingir o Ensino Médio em 2017, sendo que a Conscienciosidade e a Amabilidade do estudante aumentam a chance do aluno persistir estudando, enquanto que a Extroversão reduz essa probabilidade, em linha com algumas evidências da literatura. Os resultados trazem como contribuição uma evidência empírica inicial acerca da associação entre habilidades não-cognitivas e o fluxo escolar brasileiro. / The Brazilian school flow represents a chronic problem for the country\'s high school case. The literature shows that the return on school investment is attractive in the country, both for having a high average rate, and for the fact that the additional salary due to higher education levels is higher than in the early stages of education, ie, The Brazilian educational return appears to be growing and convex, different from what is presented in the international literature. The usual explanation for avoidance is through budget and credit constraints faced by families who, being restricted in access to credit, could cause the young person to leave school early, even if the student expects a larger future salary. Added to this attractive return of education, the country abruptly expanded educational spending. However, despite the expansion, the schooling and flow measures in the country did not react proportionally, thus awakening the attention of the literature to explain this textit puzzle. In spite of these facts, the international literature has advanced to show two facts that help in the investigation of this question: firstly, the return of education can vary among individuals, even if the average is high. For example, individuals with higher aptitude may be those who benefit most from higher schooling, explaining why some drop out of school. Second, the literature has advanced in showing that an important factor in predicting school outcomes are non-cognitive skills, such as social-emotional skills. Therefore, this study aimed to explore a data collection held in Sertãozinho - SP, in 2008, 2012 and 2017, in which are available socioemotional data of the students, as well as demographic and cognitive data, of students who were in the second year of Elementary Education in 2008, and by 2017 would ideally be in High School, making it possible to investigate if there is an association between socioemotional characteristics and the school flow. The results indicate that such factors have a relevant predictive power in the explanation of the Brazilian school flow, measured by the probability of individuals remaining studying and by the probability of reaching high school in 2017, and the student\'s Conscientiousness and Kindness increase the chance of while the Extroversion reduces this probability, in line with some evidence in the literature. The results contribute as an initial empirical evidence about the association between non-cognitive abilities and the Brazilian school flow.

O conhecimento do vocabulário integra o repertório que o leitor utilizará no desvendamento dos sentidos do texto. Parte considerável desse repertório é adquirido em espaços informais, porém a escola tem um papel importante nessa aquisição. Antunes (2012) acredita que o ensino sistemático do léxico pode auxiliar nesse processo, mas que os materiais didáticos pouco se atentam para isso. Paralelamente, o avanço das tecnologias de comunicação modificou todos os espaços sociais, inclusive a escola. Rojo e Moura (2012) alertam para a existência de uma produção cultural híbrida e orientam para que as práticas escolares reconheçam a existência de múltiplos letramentos que variam no tempo e no espaço. Uma vez que a escola precisa atender à diversidade social e cultural, e o ensino de língua, proporcionar a construção de habilidades necessárias aos letramentos do mundo contemporâneo, o trabalho aqui delineado empregou o Role Playing Game (RPG) como suporte para um trabalho de leitura, escrita e ampliação de vocabulário. A sequência de ensino elaborada foi destinada a estudantes do sétimo ano do Ensino Fundamental II e incluiu a leitura do livro infanto-juvenil O Clube dos Sete, de Marconi Leal (2015), o desenvolvimento de um jogo RPG e, finalmente, a aplicação de um conjunto de atividades de reflexão, cujo objetivo principal é propiciar tanto o desenvolvimento de uma leitura crítica e reflexiva quanto das escolhas lexicais na construção de personagens. A aplicação da proposta demonstrou que a inserção de um gênero vernacular e lúdico como a narrativa interativa para o ensino de vocabulário na educação básica é relevante pois propicia a aprendizagem espontânea e a motivação para a troca e o diálogo. / The knowledge of the vocabulary composes the repertoire that the reader uses in the unveiling of the meanings of the text. A considerable part of this repertoire is acquired in informal spaces, but the school also plays an important role in this acquisition. Antunes (2012) believes that the systematic teaching of the lexicon can help in this process, but the didactic materials do not care much about it. At the same time, the advancement of communication technologies has modified all social spaces, including the school. Rojo and Moura (2012) remind on the existence of a hybrid culture and guides school practices to recognize the multiple literacies that have varieties related to time and space. Since school needs to meet demands for social and cultural diversity and language teaching should provide the necessary skills for the literacies of the contemporary world, the work outlined here employs the Role Playing Game (RPG) as a support for a reading assignment, writing and vocabulary expansion. The present teaching sequence was intended for seventh-year students in Middle School and included reading the children\'s book called Clube dos Sete by Marconi Leal\'s (2015), the development of an RPG game, and finally the application of a set of activities whose main objective is to foster the development of a critical and reflexive reading regarding the lexical choices in the construction of characters. The application of the proposal has demonstrated that the insertion of vernacular and playful genre as the interactive narrative for vocabulary teaching in basic education is relevant, as it promotes spontaneous learning and motivation for exchange and dialogue.

The appearance of the stream of consciousness novel in the early Twentieth century marked a revolutionary moment in the history of English-language literature. Authors such as Joyce, Woolf and Faulkner aimed at simulating through language the inner workings of the human mind which were explored by contemporary psychology and philosophy. Their experiments with linguistic and narrative possibilities make their work a stimulating subject of study, both in the original and in translation. Although stream of consciousness novels by different English-speaking authors have been examined together linguistically before (e.g. Humphrey 1954, Dahl 1970, Cohn 1978), no translation study of this kind has yet been attempted. In this thesis I examine how the main traits of the stream of consciousness genre, such as the apparent lack of narratorial control, privacy and spontaneity of the fictional discourse, are recreated in Italian. The core of this thesis is formed by a set of systematic comparative analyses of linguistic parameters which contribute to conveying these traits: punctuation, exclamatory utterances, interjections and lexical repetition. For the purpose of my investigation, I built a corpus of six English stream of consciousness passages with their nineteen Italian translations and re-translations. The source texts are drawn from Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Ulysses (1922), and Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927); the target texts from their complete translations published from 1933 to 1995. The analysis starts from the investigation of local translational choices and proceeds to identify patterns of behaviour. This qualitative method is complemented by a quantitative examination of the frequency of particular translation solutions both within and across target texts. The series of (re)translations are also compared diachronically and related to the retranslation hypothesis, according to which later translations tend to be closer to the source text. My research also puts the stream of consciousness phenomenon into the Italian socio-cultural context by examining how it was received in Italy across the Twentieth century.

This thesis investigates the technology of twenty-six complete vessels from the ceramic assemblages of K2 and Mapungubwe in the Limpopo Province of South Africa, from the early second millennium (AD 1000 - AD 1300). Mapungubwe is a significant pre-colonial archaeological site of social and political complexity, which lead to the emergence of one of the first known states in southern Africa. Ceramics are commonly associated with these nationally significant sites and have served mainly as chronological and regional markers to determine the cultural sequence of the Shashe Limpopo Confluence Area. Previous studies on these ceramics have paid little consideration to ceramic technology, as research for decades has focused largely on stylistic typologies. Non-invasive methods, compositional materials analysis, and macroscopic analysis provide a broad technological characterization of physical evidence left by the potter on the complete vessels, and are used to interpret aspects of the chaîne opératoire or sequence of ceramic manufacture. Though primary traces of forming and shaping techniques have often been erased by secondary forming processes such as smoothing, scraping, wiping and finishing, the fundamental technology of the vessels can nevertheless be elucidated based on a range of technical variables. This study is the first of its kind in South African archaeology, where complete vessels from a valuable research assemblage are used as a basis for understanding ceramic technology. The results enhance archaeological views of Iron Age ceramic technology, which are pertinent to the interpretation of how the ceramics were manufactured and contributes to a wider understanding of social and technical choices made by potters and related social implications. Vessels from the K2 and Mapungubwe ceramic repertoire serve to answer questions about ceramic research that relate to (a) characterization of complete archaeological ceramics, (b) evidence of technology (c) compositional data of the vessels (d) to provide anatomical data on the technological and morphological attributes of ceramic manufacture. The preliminary results point to evidence of local manufacture of K2 and Mapungubwe ceramics by means of the analysis of four steps in the chaîne opératoire: fabric, forming, firing and finishing. Tentative conclusions further demonstrate technological continuity and variability of raw materials for ceramic manufacture at K2 and Mapungubwe. The broader archaeological perspective, which emerges is one of an expanding technological society, changing technical commonalities, forms and decorative styles, and in the process, making if only subtle technological choices in the manufacture process of early second millennium AD Iron Age ceramics. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Anthropology and Archaeology / unrestricted

No description available.

Master of Public Health - MPH / Background: About 22.4 million people were living with HIV/AIDS in 2008 out of which women constitute approximately 57%. Namibia is one of the highly affected countries with a national HIV prevalence of 17.8% among women attending antenatal clinics. Antiretroviral medications have become available in Namibia since 2002 and presently all district hospitals and some health centres provide ARVs to those in need. Namibia is rated as one of the few countries in sub-Sahara Africa with a high coverage of ART, with 80% of those in need of ART receiving the treatment. An increasing trend has been observed whereby HIV+ women on ARV are becoming pregnant. Little is known about the attitude, knowledge and behavior of these women towards family planning and use of contraceptives and what barriers they may be facing in accessing these services.Aim: To determine the factors affecting the utilization of family planning services by HIV+ pregnant women receiving PMTCT services. Methodology: The study was a cross sectional study using both quantitative and qualitative methods to assess the critical elements of knowledge, attitude and perceptions of the study participants towards family planning services. The study also assessed the health system and other factors that impact on the use of contraceptives by HIV+ women. It was conducted in northern Namibia at Oshakati Health centre among randomly selected pregnant HIV+ women attending for PMTCT services.Results: Among the 113 respondents, who participated in the study, 97.3% knew at least one method of family planning but only 53.6% actually used any method of contraception prior to current pregnancy. Among the 46.4% who did not use any contraception, the reasons often cited for non-use were because they wanted a baby (52%), spouse objection (10%), being afraid of the effects (14%) and other reasons such as belief, culture and distance to travel to the health facility. 88% of the respondents indicated a willingness to use contraceptives after current pregnancy and expressed general satisfaction with services at the health centre while asking for more information on family planning services.Conclusion: HIV+ women have high awareness on some contraceptives but use of contraceptives is not as high as many of them have a desire to have children for self esteem and leave a legacy for the future. Knowledge of the risks of pregnancy on HIV+ woman may be limited and there is a need to improve educational intervention in this regard as well as integrate family planning services into all HIV/AIDS services. / South Africa

This thesis uses an exploratory case study design to chronicle the shifts, recognition, and implementation of programs, tools and policies designed for high need federally sentenced women in Canada that were created after 1990, in accordance with or opposed to the gender specific principles outlined in the Creating Choices (1990) report. The body lens is used as an analytic tool to deconstruct eleven of the most pertinent documents regarding policy and strategy for high need women offenders that were implemented by the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) personnel and the Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) over the past twenty years. Coding of a wide range of documents reveals that despite appearing to be rhetorically progressive, CSC’s attempt at creating a women-centered mental health strategy uses contradictory disciplinary techniques that control and restrain the bodies of federally sentenced women in hopes of normalizing the behaviours of high need women. The policies imposed by CSC for high need women offenders fail to make any substantial changes in women’s prison reform and resulted in a different form of regulation and control. High need women offenders are imprisoned in their own bodies.