Thesis advisor: James F. Keenan / Thesis advisor: Daniel J. Daly / This thesis investigates the morality stemming from the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola through the lens of virtue ethics. It argues that if the Exercises are conducted according to Ignatius’ intention, they can lead exercitants to develop moral character in their relationship with God. This thesis is structured around four main chapters: bridging spirituality and morality, vulnerability as a key to understanding the dynamic between exercitants and God in the Exercises, freedom of conscience for being vulnerable to God and others, and the development of virtues rooted in vulnerability, especially humility, prudence, charity, and mercy, through the Exercises. This thesis emphasizes that vulnerability serves as the basis for morality in the Exercises, and virtues provide practical guidance for moral action and reasoning. Through the Exercises, exercitants can recognize their own vulnerability by encountering God’s vulnerability and cultivate virtues in their vulnerability. The Exercises lead them from individual conscience to a realm of interconnectedness with others. The bridge between the Spiritual Exercises and virtue ethics holds significant implications for the formation of Christian character because it fosters the cultivation of virtues consistent with the biblical narrative. / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

Thesis advisor: Kristin E. Heyer / Thesis advisor: Orfilio Ernesto Valiente / Migration is one of the most salient characteristics of our time. It does not constitute a new phenomenon. Mobility is a fundamental dimension of human activity. People have always migrated all over the world. But today, more people are migrating due to the global interconnectedness of the world. Although people leave their homes for multiple reasons, there is agreement on the fact that the search for a better life is the primary cause. Migration is a complex phenomenon that affects not only people who move but also receiving communities. This complexity is translated into the never-ending debates over human rights, national security, and sovereignty. These ongoing discussions prove how border and migration are intertwined. Today it becomes impossible to address the question of migration without considering the relevance of international borders. In a time characterized by numerous flows of people, borders can be perceived differently. While the receiving countries see them as "institutions" for controlling the profile of entrants into their territories, migrants consider them as barriers prevening them from reaching a better quality of life, which is intrinsically tied to human dignity and rights. This shows that borders can have harmful impacts on people's lives. Hence, the question: What is the moral relevance of a border? Should the border be closed when dire situations threaten people's lives? This thesis attempts to address these questions. Its primary purpose is to propose a non-exclusionary understanding of the border that takes human dignity and rights into account. Its claim is that, from an ethical perspective, the border must not be seen as a marker of separation purely and simply but also as a place that connects people. The thesis is organized into three chapters. The first chapter tries to present different perspectives on the border. It highlights the border's moral relevance in terms of nation-states' sovereignty. It also stresses the inhuman consequences of the border in our epoch, marked by globalization and migration. The second chapter brings to the fore some ethical categories, such as the principle of humanity, imago Dei, compassion, solidarity, and hospitality, for addressing the issue of migration. It will present these categories as the criteria for a non-exclusionary definition of the border. It considers the relationship between Christian cosmopolitanism and national boundaries. Calling on Miroslav Volf's distinction between exclusion and embrace, it will propose a non-exclusionary understanding of the border and make a plea for more porous borders that give the possibility for people to embrace others. The last chapter of the paper will argue that this non-exclusionary conception of the border must influence the American immigration policy toward Haitian migrants. Exploring TPS and Title 42, it will highlight the double (positiive and negative) impact of U.S. immigration policy on Haitian rights. This chapter will argue that the United States has a moral responsibility toward Haitian migrants. / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

Bonhoeffer's ethics appreciates this-worldly value but does not go anthropocentric; it stresses the transcendence of God but does not go to other-worldliness. It makes Bonhoeffer's ethics different from that of liberal theology and Barth. It also makes Bonhoeffer's ethics adaptable to Chinese way of thinking but yet critical to Confucian ethics. Bonhoeffer's ethics is an ethical application of Chalcedonian christology which simultaneously affirms divinity and humanity, or in other words, the transcendence of God and the value of this-worldliness. / Chinese culture is laden with ethical import which has great assimilating power, so to be an adequate and viable Christian ethics, it should maintain its "Christian" feature. This feature helps those Christians who practise this ethics establish their "Christian identity" in Chinese context. The first part of this thesis is to elucidate the dominant "Christ-ness" of Bonhoeffer's ethics. / One essential element for Christianity to have better development in Chinese context is to provide an adequate and viable Christian ethics for Christians in this context. This thesis investigates the suitability of Dietrich Bonhoeffer's ethics as an adequate and viable Christian ethics in Chinese context. / The "Christ-ness", "postmodernity" and "Chinese-ness" of Bonhoeffer's ethics make it an adequate and viable ethical model for Christians in Chinese context. The resource of thoughts or ideas provided by this ethical model for the ethical construction in Chinese context may be regarded as a special contribution of Christianity to Chinese culture. / The ethical thinking in Chinese culture is basically Confucian. It emphasizes the unity or continuity of heaven and humanity, which treasures the value of this-worldliness. This is the "Chinese-ness" of this way of thinking. To be a sustainable ethics in Chinese culture, it is quite unavoidable to be in harmony with this way of Chinese thinking. An ethics emphasizing this-worldly value enhances its viability in Chinese context. The third part of this thesis is to elucidate the dominant this-worldliness, the "Chinese-ness", of Bonhoeffer's ethics. / To be an adequate and viable ethics in Chinese context today, the problem of "postmodernity" cannot be bypassed. The postmodernity discussed here points to the mistrust of "system" which enforces uniformity, and to the respect of plurality and others. A positive postmodern ethics can avoid ethical nihilism after giving up ethical systems. The second part of this thesis is to elucidate the positive "postmodernity" of Bonhoeffer's ethics. / 鄧瑞強. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 263-280). / Adviser: Pan-Chiu Lai. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: A, page: 0610. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 263-280). / Deng Ruiqiang.

Thesis--Université de Paris I, 1974. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 330-333).

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Church is facing a dilemma in how to apply and live out its message in a postmodern world. For many in the Church an understanding and application of morals and ethics has become bewildering. This assignment attempts to develop a Christian vocabulary and conceptual framework for morality. This is done by firstly elucidating the milieu out of which postmodernism arose. Modernism, through universal claims of reason and instrumental rationality, believed in the ultimate mastery of the world. The failure of the Enlightenment project to develop universal morality and law led to a new perspective on reason and reality and new reflection on life, morality and meaning. Thus, I reflect on' the parturition and value of postmodernism through offering an evaluation and critique of the ideology of postmodernism. Next, I propose the need for Christian ideology to be firstly separated from cultural interpretations so as to avoid ethnocentrism and cultural imperialism. After exploring the development and purpose of worldviews I argue for the building of cultural bridges and for the Gospel and Biblical worldview to be suitably encoded. Finally, I posit an understanding of what postmodern ethics entails and how then to define and respond to ethical issues. Through case studies I apply the key principles identified in the study. These are that moderation is a virtue; that many timeless truths are customary truths that arise in a specific historical/cultural situations; that many problems are not ethical issues but are rather a comprehension and/or a misinterpretation of the Scriptures regarding what it means to be a Christian and how we are to live our Christian profession to mention a few. I reason and plead for a Christian ethical system of incarnational engaged compassion in a postmodern world. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming

The principal aim of this work is to ascertain a clear understanding of Clarke's moral theory, one which has suffered from neglect and misunderstanding. The assumption that his 'rational intuitionism' is given little if any epistemological grounding, is shown to be erroneous. This is done by drawing on his extensive work in the Letter to Dodwell and its Defenses. The secondary aim of this thesis is to show the relevance of Clarke's work to contemporary discussions in philosophy of mind, moral theory, and moral theology. The thesis has four parts. In Part I, the works of Clarke, relevant to his moral theory, are introduced. His influence in the eighteenth century is brought out, both in Britain and on the Continent. As regards his influence in moral theory, he is the likely goad that moved Hume to formulate 'Hume's Law,' that ought cannot be derived from is. Part II is an analysis of Clarke's philosophical work on the nature of the 'rational and moral agent.' His views are ascertained, clarified, and presented as the epistemological foundation of his moral theory. One conclusion that follows from this material is that the influential work of Clarke is sharply at odds with the 'historiographic orthodoxy' that views British thought about the problem of knowledge to be progressive refinements of Locke's anti-innatism. The Defences are directed to Anthony Collins, a deist and late disciple of Locke. There are also three major historical corrections that follow from the study of Clarke's work on the nature of mind. Two ideas that are usually attributed to Joseph Butler are actually Clarke's conceptions, e.g. the distinction between 'the strict' and 'the abstract'(or 'loose') concepts of personal identity, and the notion that memory does not constitute personal identity but rather presupposes and entails it. One other idea, usually attributed to Thomas Reid, is more properly credited to Clarke, namely, the theory of agent-causation. All three of these concepts are extremely important in contemporary philosophy of mind and theory of action. They constitute the epistemological ground of Clarke's moral theory. In Part III the moral epistemology uncovered in Part II is linked with Clarke's more well known views found in the Discourse. His usually nebulous concept of 'fitness' is assessed and defended against the major criticisms of Hume (in Treatise 3.1.1) and Hutcheson. His often degraded analogy between morals and mathematics is defended, and his views are distinguished from those of Thomas Burnet, another anti- Lockean writer. In Part IV, the moral theory proposed by Clarke argues for an employment of reason and revelation. It comes under sharp and extensive criticism from the deist Matthew Tindal. His criticisms, however, employ an either/or fallacy that is wholly inadequate as a refutation of Clarke's moral theology. A comparison of key ideas in the moral theologies (metaphysics) of Leibniz and Clarke is made, and the principle of imitation of the holiness of God is found to be the coherent and full expression of Clarke's moral theology.

Thesis advisor: Andrea Vicini / Thesis advisor: Kristin E. Heyer / It might be unusual to identify the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as a country where expulsions put at flagrant risk thousands of small farmers to make way for economic projects or natural resources extraction, as is the case in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, India, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. The lack of documentation and data greatly contributes to silencing the victims of dislocations in Eastern Congo. This research, therefore, voices six critical claims by raising the ethical question: how can Christian ethics—in the only African country with the greatest proportion (43.2 million) of baptized Catholics—humanize involuntary displacement and resettlement of communities? While the “resource curse theory” has revealed the challenges of a country riddled with economic constraints, political instability, and mining-induced conflicts, this research proposes the “protological ethics of land” as one approach to dislocations in the era of extractive industries. / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

張文傑. / Thesis (M.Div.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-87). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Zhang Wenjie. / 前言 --- p.4 / Chapter 1. --- 韋伯提出政治倫理與道德倫理之分別 --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1 --- 有關兩種倫理的背景 --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- 兩者之基本定義與關係 --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- 過往對兩種倫理之硏究 --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- 弦外之音 --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- 過往硏究兩種倫理槪念之三種明顯角度 --- p.16 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- 從康德倫理傳統處理兩種倫理的分與合 --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2 --- 韋伯之社會科學方法論與兩種倫理的關係 --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- 韋伯含混的世界觀與絶對倫理 --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- 宗教的源起與演進 --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- 救贖的宗教倫理在文化棄絶之土壤中增長 --- p.32 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- 韋伯清晰的知識論與責任倫理 --- p.36 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- 韋伯的社會學方法論 --- p.36 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- 責任倫理是一種僞倫理 --- p.41 / Chapter 1.3 --- 本章結論 --- p.43 / Chapter 2 --- 候活士回應現代以降的倫理學問題´ؤ´ؤ當中包括韋伯的叩問 --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1 --- 現代倫理學之不足與修正 --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 現代倫理學的扭曲 --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- 基督宗教外部之問題 --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- 基督宗教內部之問題 --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 價値跟知識及倫理之重整要從真實敘事中學習：從疑難到品格到故事. --- p.51 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- 倫理應該由理論轉向爲踐行 --- p.51 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- 踐行性需要品格爲限定條件 --- p.52 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- 品格需要敘事的面向 --- p.52 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- 正確的敘事不在教會以外：從故事到群體到教會 --- p.54 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- 成爲道德的自我就是成爲一種語言之局內人 --- p.54 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- 缺欠的現代社會敘述´ؤ´ؤ特別針對自由主義影響下之社會……… --- p.57 / Chapter 2.1.3.3 --- 教會的真實故事 --- p.59 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- 政治的領域最終受惠於宗教倫理的發展：從空間到時間到轉化 --- p.62 / Chapter 2.1.4.1 --- 從悲觀到諷刺 --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1.4.2 --- 從空間到時間到轉化 --- p.68 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- 小總結：教會成爲教會乃是對整個社會之倫理學的修正 --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2 --- 侯活士之理論的延伸問題與其回應 --- p.71 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 批評候活士斷章取義地運用語言遊戲而把握錯誤 --- p.71 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 後維根思坦的言語遊戲 --- p.73 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 候活士是僅合資格的知識論實在主義者 --- p.79 / Chapter 2.3 --- 本章結論 --- p.80 / 論文總結 --- p.82 / 參考書目 --- p.83

張文傑. / Thesis (M.Div.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-87). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Zhang Wenjie. / 前言 --- p.4 / Chapter 1. --- 韋伯提出政治倫理與道德倫理之分別 --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1 --- 有關兩種倫理的背景 --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- 兩者之基本定義與關係 --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- 過往對兩種倫理之硏究 --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- 弦外之音 --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- 過往硏究兩種倫理槪念之三種明顯角度 --- p.16 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- 從康德倫理傳統處理兩種倫理的分與合 --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2 --- 韋伯之社會科學方法論與兩種倫理的關係 --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- 韋伯含混的世界觀與絶對倫理 --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- 宗教的源起與演進 --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- 救贖的宗教倫理在文化棄絶之土壤中增長 --- p.32 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- 韋伯清晰的知識論與責任倫理 --- p.36 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- 韋伯的社會學方法論 --- p.36 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- 責任倫理是一種僞倫理 --- p.41 / Chapter 1.3 --- 本章結論 --- p.43 / Chapter 2 --- 候活士回應現代以降的倫理學問題´ؤ´ؤ當中包括韋伯的叩問 --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1 --- 現代倫理學之不足與修正 --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 現代倫理學的扭曲 --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- 基督宗教外部之問題 --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- 基督宗教內部之問題 --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 價値跟知識及倫理之重整要從真實敘事中學習：從疑難到品格到故事. --- p.51 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- 倫理應該由理論轉向爲踐行 --- p.51 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- 踐行性需要品格爲限定條件 --- p.52 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- 品格需要敘事的面向 --- p.52 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- 正確的敘事不在教會以外：從故事到群體到教會 --- p.54 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- 成爲道德的自我就是成爲一種語言之局內人 --- p.54 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- 缺欠的現代社會敘述´ؤ´ؤ特別針對自由主義影響下之社會……… --- p.57 / Chapter 2.1.3.3 --- 教會的真實故事 --- p.59 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- 政治的領域最終受惠於宗教倫理的發展：從空間到時間到轉化 --- p.62 / Chapter 2.1.4.1 --- 從悲觀到諷刺 --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1.4.2 --- 從空間到時間到轉化 --- p.68 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- 小總結：教會成爲教會乃是對整個社會之倫理學的修正 --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2 --- 侯活士之理論的延伸問題與其回應 --- p.71 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 批評候活士斷章取義地運用語言遊戲而把握錯誤 --- p.71 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 後維根思坦的言語遊戲 --- p.73 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 候活士是僅合資格的知識論實在主義者 --- p.79 / Chapter 2.3 --- 本章結論 --- p.80 / 論文總結 --- p.82 / 參考書目 --- p.83

<p>The purpose of this study is to examine discussions held by politicians and experts concerning the concepts Christian ethics and western humanism. I will examine the argumentation for and against the concepts Christian ethics and western humanism, which finally ended in a resolution of using these concepts in the curriculum Lpo/Lpf 94. In this study I am using a qualitative method to examine how different opinions and views are expressed in two different committee reports, initiated by the Ministry of Education, as well as protocols from the debate in the Swedish Parliament.</p><p>I will attempt to elucidate the political views of these concepts, which will become an integral part of the base of values in the curriculum. Results show that the politicians are unanimous regarding the content itself, but disagree of the thought of establishing the base of values in Christian ethics. But the discussion is ambiguous because the opinion of the politicians is that the concepts, especially Christian ethics, stand for general human values. That is why they can agree to use the concept Christian ethics and western humanism in the base of values, because it is historically established in Sweden. Therefore they also can agree using these concepts together with the regulation that education is to be non-confessional.</p>