Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-05-08T14:02:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Débora Gonçalves Bortolini.pdf: 1564504 bytes, checksum: 39657eb7b03d2fdb74b9f8e842300341 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-08T14:02:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Débora Gonçalves Bortolini.pdf: 1564504 bytes, checksum: 39657eb7b03d2fdb74b9f8e842300341 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A maçã, uma das frutas mais produzidas no mundo, tem sido consumida de diferentes formas, como em frutas in natura, sucos, produtos fermentados como sidras, bebidas destiladas, vinagres, além de geleias e frutas desidratadas. O aumento da escala de produção de sucos e sidras leva ao incremento da geração do bagaço. Este resíduo caracteriza como sendo uma fração rica em fibras, açúcares e compostos fenólicos com atividade antioxidante que não são totalmente extraídos durante o processamento. Portanto, o bagaço apresenta potencial para ser utilizado no melhoramento da qualidade de alimentos e bebidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a extração de compostos fenólicos do bagaço de maçã imobilizado durante a fermentação de sidras, bem como, a evolução destes compostos no decorrer da fermentação e seu impacto na qualidade sensorial. Foram utilizadas maçãs da cultivar Fuji para produzir 20 sidras, as quais foram divididas em dois grupos: sidra I, controle ou sem adição de bagaço imobilizado, e sidra II, com adição de bagaço imobilizado. A fermentação das sidras foi interrompida, em duplicata, nos dias 1, 4, 7, 11 e 15 de fermentação, obtendo duas frações: as sidras e os bagaços fermentados, os quais foram submetidos a extrações consecutivas em metanol e acetona para análise da composição fenólica. Foram realizadas análises de nitrogênio total, cor, pH, acidez total, composição fenólica total, atividade antioxidante, além de composição fenólica individual, composição de açúcares, etanol e sorbitol por CLAE. Também foi realizada análise sensorial com 8 julgadores conhecedores do produto, onde foram avaliados os atributos de acidez, amargor, adstringência, cor e qualidade do odor por meio de escalas estruturadas. Foi observado uma redução do pH e aumento da acidez das sidras no decorrer da fermentação. Durante a fermentação foi observado um decréscimo de 40% dos compostos fenólicos totais da sidra I, o que pode estar relacionado à adsorção dos compostos na parede celular de leveduras e a bioconversão de compostos. No entanto, a sidra II apresentou 93 mg/L a mais de compostos fenólicos totais do que a sidra I, devido a extração desses compostos do bagaço, e por conseqüência, maior atividade antioxidante. Flavonoides, especialmente os flavonóis (quercetina-3-rutinosídeo, quercetina-3-Dgalactosídeo, quercetina-3-β-D-glucosídeo, quercetina-3-D-xilosídeo, quercetina-O-α-Larabinofuranosideo e quercetina-3-O-raminosídeo) foram a principal classe de compostos extraída. Além disso, ocorreu uma extração de açúcares, no início da fermentação da sidra II, o que impactou no seu teor alcoólico que foi mais alto do que na sidra I. Foi observado um residual de frutose nas sidras, o qual foi 0,3 g/L superior na sidra II. A cor de ambas as sidras foi amarela (h° próximo 90°), porém, a sidra II apresentou maior luminosidade. Segundo os resultados da análise sensorial, a sidra II foi mais amarga e menos ácida e a cor foi mais clara. A adstringência das duas bebidas não apresentou diferença significativa (p > 0,05). A qualidade do odor foi avaliada por método afetivo, sendo que ambas as sidras receberam notas entre “gostei ligeiramente” e “gostei moderadamente”. Nos bagaços residuais, após a fermentação, como esperado houve uma redução da quantidade de fenóis e da atividade antioxidante. Também foi observado um aumento na quantidade de nitrogênio no resíduo, devido à retenção de leveduras e também pela extração de compostos como açúcares, o que pode concentrar outros constituintes. Portanto, a utilização do bagaço imobilizado na fermentação pode melhorar a qualidade sensorial de sidras, diminuindo a percepção da acidez, aumentando o amargor e melhorando a cor da bebida, sem alterar a percepção da adstringência, além de aumentar a sua composição fenólica e atividade antioxidante. / The apple, one of the fruit more produced in the world, has been consumed in different ways, such as in raw fruits, juices, fermented products such as cider, distilled beverages, vinegar, as well as jams and dried fruits. The increase of the production scale of juices and ciders leads to increase of apple pomace production. This by-product characterizes as a fraction rich in fibers, sugars and phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity which are not totally extracted in the process. Therefore, the apple pomace shows potential to be used to improve the quality of foods and beverages. The aim of this work was to study the extraction of phenolic compounds from apple pomace immobilized during the fermentation of ciders. As well as, the evolution of this compounds during the fermentation and their impact on sensorial quality. It was used apples from Fuji variety to make 20 ciders, which were divided in 2 groups: cider I, control or without apple pomace addition, and cider II, with addition of apple pomace immobilized. The ciders fermentation were stopped, in supplicate, in the 1st, 4th, 7th, 11th and 15th days of fermentation, obtaining 2 fractions: the ciders and the fermented apple pomace, which were submitted to two consecutive extractions of methanol and acetone to phenolic composition analysis. It were carried out analysis od total nitrogen, color, pH, total titratable acidity, total phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, as well as individual phenolic composition, sugars, ethanol and sorbitol by HPLC. It was also carried out sensory analysis with 8 judges that knew the product, where it was evaluated the attributes of sourness, bitterness, astringency, color and odour quality by structured scales. It was observed a decrease of pH and an increase of titratable acidity of the ciders during fermentation. During the fermentation it was observed a reduction of 40% of total phenolic compounds of cider I, which can be relationed with the adsorption of compounds on cell wall of yeasts and the bioconversion of compounds. However, the cider II showed 93mg/L more total phenolic compounds than cider I, due the extraction of this compounds from apple pomace, and consequently, higher antioxidant activity. Flavonoids, especially flavonols (quercetin-3- rutinoside, quercetin-3-D-galactoside, quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-D-xyloside, quercetin-O-α-L-arabinofuranoside e quercetin-3-O-rhaminoside) was the main class of compounds extracted. Furthermore, occurred a extraction of sugars, in the beginning of fermentation of cider II, which impacted on their alcoholic degree which was higher on than cider I. It was observed a residual of fructose on ciders which was 0.3 g/L higher on cider II. The color of both ciders were yellow (h° near 90°), however, cider II showed higher lightness. Second the sensorial analysis results, the cider II ware more bitter and less sour, and their color was more light. The astringency for both beverages did not show significative difference (p > 0.05). the odour quality was evaluated by affective method, being the both ciders received notes between “ I liked quickly” and “I liked moderately”. In the residual apple pomaces, after fermentation, as expected had a reduction of the quantity of phenols an antioxidant activity. It was also observed an increase of total nitrogen, due the yeasts cell retention and also by extraction of sugars, which can concentrate other constituents. Therefore, the use of immobilized apple pomace on fermentation can improve the sensorial quality of ciders, reducing the perception of sourness, increasing the bitterness e improving the color of the beverage, without modify the perception of astringency, futhermor uncrease their phenolic composition and antioxidant activity.

Naturally occurring food antimicrobials such as plant essential oils are receiving tremendous interest as intervention systems to enhance microbiological safety and quality. Poor water solubility of essential oils makes it difficult to incorporate them in foods, impacting visual appearance, antimicrobial effectiveness, and possibly organoleptic properties. Engineered nanoscale delivery systems can principally solve these challenges, but those based on low-cost food ingredients and inexpensive and scalable processes are currently scarce. This dissertation presents a simple and scalable two-step technology to prepare nano-delivery systems. The first encapsulation step, based on emulsion-evaporation, involves preparing emulsions composed of an oil phase with thymol or eugenol, major compounds in extracts from thyme and clove respectively, in hexane and an aqueous phase with conjugates of whey protein isolate and maltodextrin, followed by evaporation of hexane by spray drying. The second step is to hydrate spray dried capsules to enable the formation of nanoscale particles. The encapsulation performance and dispersion characteristics were affected by amounts and types of conjugates (ratio of protein: maltodextrin and maltodextrin chain length), volume fraction and composition of the oil phase. The optimal conditions corresponded to 55.8 % encapsulation efficiency and 12.6 % loading for thymol and 47.9 % encapsulation efficiency and 7.9 % loading for eugenol. Dispersions prepared from the identified capsules contained particles smaller than 100 nm and were transparent at pH 3.0-7.0 and 0-50 mM before and after heating at 80°C for 15 min. Nano-dispersions and free oil were tested for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium. Nano-dispersed and free antimicrobials had similar effectiveness at various pH and temperatures in tryptic soy broth and apple cider, while in 2 % reduced fat milk, nano-dispersed antimicrobials were consistently more effective than unencapsulated ones. Therefore, the commercially viable nanoscale technology presented in this study enables the delivery of lipophilic antimicrobials for enhanced microbial safety and quality, without compromising visual appearance of foods, especially clear beverages.

In the novice hill Beskydy foothills and the plane Ostrava landscape huddle village Rychaltice. This residence is a part of Hukvaldy. It´s here the important connnection with the "landscape of Leoš Janáček." Poetry and Mysticism by this Czech composer was able to catch in his symphonies, are already very slightly visible. The surviving fragments of the original buildings, cottages, farmsteads and barns talking about agricultural tradition of the area. Despite the high activity of collective agriculture and the building tendencies of the past and today, can be found a small piece of land for traditional cultivation. Remains of the old building – a barn that was in II. World War II bomb blast halved in two peaces. Four stone pillars of the original structure were built in cottage. Extant fragment barn belongs, is today on the neighbor's property.The project look into cider house, family house and other. , following the survivors of the barn. The task of the work is to achieve a compact, self-sufficiency and friendliness agricultural area to the surrounding landscape. Homestead should be not only the farmer dwelling, but also a place for hiking, cycling, horse riding. Location in Podbeskydí, near the castle Hukvaldy and good transport links to the main roads, it is the perfect place. The project has however also bring something more - support traditional livelihood and sensitive landscape management.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier l’influence des procyanidines, du sucre, de l’acide, de l’éthanol, des arômes et du CO2 sur le goût sucré, l’acidité, l’amertume et l’astringence du cidre. Des plans d’expériences ont été réalisés en solutions modèles et avec des cidres commerciaux afin d’étudier les effets directs des composés chimiques mais également les interactions entre eux sur la perception de ces quatre attributs sensoriels.Les résultats confirment le rôle déterminant des procyanidines,du sucre, de l’acide, de l’éthanol sur les quatre caractéristiques organoleptiques étudiées. Il faut souligner l’influence de la concentration et du degré de polymérisation des procyanidines qui modifient les perceptions sucrées et acides. Ces travaux montrent également une sur expression de l’amertume pour les procyanidines tétramères et pentamères mais seulement pour des concentrations de 750 mg/L, et une interaction entre la concentration et le degré de polymérisation pour l’astringence.Excepté pour l’amertume, la présence de gaz carbonique modifie la perception sensorielle des échantillons testés :l’astringence augmente, le goût sucré diminue pour les solutions les plus sucrées et finalement, il semble que les dégustateurs aient plus de mal percevoir les différences d’acidité entre les échantillons. Enfin, les arômes peuvent modifier la perception du goût sucré de certains cidres par un effet de congruence. En effet, la présence de notes aromatiques « fruitées » est accompagnée d’une surévaluation du goût sucré et des notes « terreux-foin »conduisent à une diminution du goût sucré perçu. Cependant,ce phénomène de congruence semble être concentration dépendante. / The aim of this thesis is to study the influence of procyanidins, sugar, acid, ethanol, CO2 and aroma on the perception of sweetness, sourness, bitterness and astringency of cider. Experimental designs were carried out with model solutions or commercial ciders to study the direct effects and interactions of the chemical compounds on these four organoleptic characteristics.The results confirm the key role of procyanidins, sugar,acid, ethanol on the four organoleptic characteristics. We notably underline the influence of procyanidins concentration and polymerization degree on sweetness and sourness when literature only focused on bitterness and astringency. Our works also indicate an overexpression of bitterness for tetrameric and pentameric procyanidins but only for concentration of 750 mg/L, and an interaction between concentration and polymerization degree for astringency.Except for bitterness, adding CO2 modify sensorycharacteristics of the samples: astringency increases,sweetness decreases for the sweetest solutions and it seems that tasters have more difficulty perceive acidity differences between samples. Finally, the aromatic characteristics can modify sweetness perception of some ciders due to acongruency effect. Indeed, “fruity” notes generate an over evaluation of sweetness when “hay-earthy”aromas lead to a decrease of this taste. Nevertheless,this phenomenon appears to be concentration dependent.

The main objective of this thesis is to design a business plan for further development company engaged in the distribution of cider in the Czech Republic. The first part deals with theoretical knowledge on setting up a business and creating a business plan. Further details will analyze internal and external environment in which the company will pursue. The last section is devoted to design my own proposal for implementing a business plan, including cost and risk assessment of its implementation.

<i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i> is a protozoan parasite historically associated with waterborne and more recently foodborne outbreaks of diarrheal illness. Contamination of certain foods, such as unpasteurized apple cider, with infective oocysts may occur as oocysts are shed in the feces of common ruminants like cattle and deer that graze in and around orchards. Cryptosporidiosis can result in a severe illness for previously healthy individuals and a life-threatening illness in immunocompromised individuals. Disease occurs after the ingestion of small infective oocysts (4 to 5 mm in size). The relatively thick membrane of the oocysts allows them to be resistant to chlorine and many other environmental pressures, making oocysts difficult to inactivate. In this study, alternative treatments to pasteurization were evaluated for their ability to inhibit <i>C. parvum</i> oocyst viability in fruit juices. Oocyst viability was analyzed with a cell culture infectivity assay, using a human illeocecal cell line (HCT-8) that is most similar to human infection. The percent inhibition of infection by each treatment was determined along with the corresponding log reduction for the treatments found to be most effective. Infection by treated oocysts was compared to that of control untreated oocysts. Cell monolayers were infected with 10⁶ treated oocysts or a series of 10-fold dilutions. Parasitic life stages were visualized using an immunohistochemistry system and 100 microscope fields counted per monolayer. Organic acids and H₂O₂ were added on a wt/vol basis to apple cider, orange juice, and grape juices. Malic, citric, and tartaric acids at concentrations from 1%-5% inhibited <i>C. parvum</i> infectivity of HCT-8 cells by up to 88%. Concentrations ranging from 0.025%-3% H₂O₂ were evaluated where addition of 0.025% H₂O₂ to each juice resulted in a >5 log reduction of C. parvum infectivity as determined with an MPN-based cell culture infectivity assay. Treating apple cider, orange juice, and grape juice with ozone for a time period of 30 seconds up to 15 minutes at 6° and 22°C (0.9 g/L flow rate) inhibited C. parvum viability to > 90% as monitored in the cell culture assay. It is hypothesized that oocyst wall proteins that are necessary for infection are oxidized by the reactive oxygen species generated from the decomposition of the ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatments. These treatments or combinations thereof may offer potential alternatives to traditional pasteurization for fruit juices to successfully inhibit <i>C. parvum</i> viability. / Ph. D.

Les composés phénoliques sont impliqués dans les propriétés organoleptiques majeures des aliments dérivant d’une matrice végétale. Ils sont notamment responsables de l’amertume, de l’astringence et de la couleur des produits cidricoles. Le brunissement observé lors de la transformation des fruits est lié à la formation de pigments jaunes-orangés. Il est initié par l’activité d’une enzyme plastidiale, la polyphénol oxydase, qui catalyse l’oxydation des polyphénols en présence d’oxygène. Cela aboutit à la formation de quinones, espèces chimiques très réactives qui sont rapidement impliquées dans des voies réactionnelles ultérieures. Certains produits néoformés sont colorés. Un profilage des molécules colorées présentes dans quatre jus de pomme monovariétaux aux couleurs contrastées a été réalisé en CLHP-DBD-SM. Il a mis en évidence l’existence de tannins oxydés colorés et de composés jaunes-orangés non tannants. Parmi ces derniers, des produits d’oxydation de la phloridzine, dérivant de la classe des dihydrochalcones, ont été clairement identifiés (POPj, XGPOPj). Des approches couplées en milieu réel et solution modèle ont en outre permis d’identifier une nouvelle structure colorée dérivant d’un couplage oxydatif entre une dihydrochalcone et un flavanol monomère. Enfin, des déhydrotrimères d’épicatéchine ont pu être caractérisés en solution synthétique mais n’ont pas été détectés directement dans les jus. Par ailleurs, la couleur exprimée par les pigments formés peut subir des modulations en fonction de l’environnement physico-chimique. A titre d’exemple, la fermentation cidricole génère classiquement une décoloration des moûts ; or la composition du milieu fermentaire évolue sous l’influence de différents paramètres tels que le pH ou le potentiel redox. L’impact d’un milieu réducteur sur la couleur du POPj et d’une déhydrotriépicatéchine de type A, sélectionnés comme pigments modèles des jus de pomme, a été exploré par voltammétrie cyclique et spectroélectrochimie UV-visible. En outre, les changements de propriétés spectrales du POPj liés à son état de protonation ont été rationalisés par des approches de TD-DFT. / The phenolic compounds are involved in the main organoleptic properties of plant-derived foods. They are especially responsible for the bitterness, the astringency and the color of apple cider products. The browning observed during fruit processing is related to the formation of yellow-orange pigments. By its catalytic activities, the polyphenol oxidase, a plastidial enzyme, initiates the oxidation of polyphenols in the presence of oxygen. It leads to the formation of quinones, very reactive species which are quickly involved in further chemical reactions. Some of the neoformed products are colored. Four apple juices, showing contrasted colors, were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC-DAD-MS in order to obtain their profiles in colored compounds. The presence of yellow-orange oxidized tanning and non-tanning compounds was highlighted. Within the latter compounds, some phloridzin oxidation products, deriving from dihydrochalcones, were clearly identified (POPj, XGPOPj). In parallel, coupled approaches in real media and model solutions led to the identification of a new colored structure deriving from an oxidative coupling between a dihydrochalcone and a flavanol monomer. Finally, catechin trimers were also characterized in synthetic medium but they were not detected directly in apple juices. Moreover, the color expressed by the yellow-orange pigments can suffer some variations as a function of the physical-chemical environment. For instance, the cider fermentation results generally in a loss of color in apple juices; but the composition of the fermentative medium evolves under the influence of several parameters, such as pH and redox potential. The impact of reducing conditions on the color of POPj and A-type dehydrotriepicatechin, both selected as model pigments of apple juices, was explored by cyclic voltammetry and UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry. Besides, the changes in spectral properties of POPj, related to its protonation state, were rationalized by TD-DFT calculations.