Tesis por compendio / [EN] Framed within the approach of a circular economy, this doctoral thesis studies the possibilities on the use of agricultural by-products for the manufacture of materials that could potentially replace polymers of petrochemical origin in the food packaging sector. In this thesis different by-products from the flax industry have been studied to develop and subsequently characterize composite materials with high environmental performance. For this, a biodegradable polymer has been used in addition to flax by-products as a matrix for said composite materials. The polymer used is polylactic acid (PLA). The flax by-products that have been used have been both in the form of filler / particulate materials and additives. Thus, short flax fiber and flax seed meal particles have been used as reinforcement materials in green composites with a PLA matrix: On the other hand, two types of chemically modified flax oil (epoxidized flax oil-ELO , and maleinized flax oil-MLO) have been used as plasticizers and / or compatibilizing agents in both parts of the work. In order to carry out a comparative analysis, other compatibilizing techniques were used to improve the interaction between the matrix and the reinforcing materials. To this end, in the different phases of this work, treatments with particle silanes, alkalinization, reactive extrusion with an epoxide-ESAO oligomer and with a styrene-methacrylate-PS-co-GMA copolymer have been used. Furthermore, the initial phase of this thesis consists of verifying the positive effect that MLO has when it is used as additives in PLA matrix composites. After checking this effect, a second stage consisted of optimizing the percentage in which it can be included in the formulation. The composite material developed for this previous study consists of a PLA matrix with a fixed content of Diatomaceous Earth. On the other hand, due to the nature of the thesis, focused on sustainability and the study of innovative ways of revaluing resources of natural origin, a study of the recyclability of the materials developed was also carried out. To do this, the deterioration of the PLA matrix undergoing several re-processing cycles was studied, simulating the standard polymer recycling processes. / [ES] Enmarcándose dentro del planteamiento de una economía circular, la presente tesis doctoral estudia las posibilidades sobre el aprovechamiento de subproductos agrícolas para la fabricación de materiales que potencialmente pudieran sustituir a los polímeros de origen petroleoquímico en el sector del envasado de alimentos. En esta tesis se han estudiado distintos subproductos procedentes de la industria del lino para desarrollar y posteriormente caracterizar materiales compuestos con un alto rendimiento medioambiental. Para ello se ha empleado además de los subproductos del lino, un polímero biodegradable como matriz de dichos materiales compuestos. El polímero empleado es el ácido poliláctico (PLA). Los subproductos del lino que se han empleado han sido tanto en forma de materiales de relleno/partículas, como de aditivos. De este modo, se ha empleado fibra corta de lino y partículas de harina de semilla de lino como materiales de refuerzo en green composites con matriz de PLA: Por otro lado, dos tipos de aceite de lino modificado químicamente (aceite epoxidado de lino-ELO, y aceite maleinizado de lino-MLO) se han empleado como plastificantes y/o agentes compatibilizantes en ambas partes del trabajo. Para poder llevar a cabo un análisis comparativo, otras técnicas de compatibilizan se emplearon para mejorar la interacción entre la matriz y los materiales de refuerzo. Con este fin, en las distintas fases de este trabajo se han empleado tratamientos con silanos de las partículas, alcalinización, extrusión reactiva con un oligómero epóxido-ESAO y con un copolimero estireno-metacrilato-PS-co-GMA. Además, la fase inicial de dicha tesis consiste en la comprobación del efecto positivo que ejerce el MLO cuando se emplea como aditivos en materiales compuestos de matriz de PLA. Tras la comprobación de dicho efecto, una segunda etapa consistió en la optimización del porcentaje en que este se puede incluir en la formulación. El material compuesto desarrollado para este estudio previo consiste en una matriz de PLA con un contenido fijo de Tierra de Diatomeas. Por otro lado, debido a la naturaleza de la tesis, enfocada hacia las sostenibilidad y estudio de vías novedosas de re valorización de recursos de origen natural, se llevó también a cabo un estudio de la reciclabilidad de los materiales desarrollados. Para ello se estudió el deterioro que supone en la matriz de PLA el sometimiento a varios ciclos de re procesado, simulando los procesos estándares de reciclado de polímeros. / [CA] Emmarcant-se dins del plantejament d'una economia circular, la present tesi doctoral estudia les possibilitats sobre l'aprofitament de subproductes agrícoles per a la fabricació de materials que potencialment pogueren substituir als polímers d'origen *petroleoquímico en el sector de l'envasament d'aliments. En aquesta tesi s'han estudiat diferents subproductes procedents de la indústria del lli per a desenvolupar i posteriorment caracteritzar materials compostos amb un alt rendiment mediambiental. Per a això s'ha emprat a més dels subproductes del lli, un polímer biodegradable com a matriu d'aquests materials compostos. El polímer empleat és l'àcid *poliláctico (PLA). Els subproductes del lli que s'han emprat han sigut tant en forma de materials de farcit/partícules, com d'additius. D'aquesta manera, s'ha emprat fibra curta de lli i partícules de farina de llavor de lli com a materials de reforç en *green *composites amb matriu de PLA: D'altra banda, dos tipus d'oli de lli modificat químicament (oli *epoxidado de lli-*ELO, i oli *maleinizado de lli-*MLO) s'han emprat com a plastificants i/o agents *compatibilizantes en totes dues parts del treball. Per a poder dur a terme una anàlisi comparativa, altres tècniques de compatibilitzen es van emprar per a millorar la interacció entre la matriu i els materials de reforç. A aquest efecte, en les diferents fases d'aquest treball s'han emprat tractaments amb *silanos de les partícules, *alcalinización, extrusió reactiva amb un *oligómero *epóxido-*ESAO i amb un *copolimero estiré-metacrilat-PS-*co-*GMA. A més, la fase inicial d'aquesta tesi consisteix en la comprovació de l'efecte positiu que exerceix el *MLO quan s'empra com a additius en materials compostos de matriu de PLA. Després de la comprovació d'aquest efecte, una segona etapa va consistir en l'optimització del percentatge en què aquest es pot incloure en la formulació. El material compost desenvolupat per a aquest estudi previ consisteix en una matriu de PLA amb un contingut fix de Terra de Diatomees. D'altra banda, a causa de la naturalesa de la tesi, enfocada cap a les sostenibilitat i estudi de vies noves de re valorització de recursos d'origen natural, es va portar també a cap un estudi de la *reciclabilidad dels materials desenvolupats. Per a això es va estudiar la deterioració que suposa en la matriu de PLA el sotmetiment a diversos cicles de re processat, simulant els processos estàndard de reciclatge de polímers. / This research was funded by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) project number MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R. L. Quiles-Carrillo is recipient of a FPU grant (FPU15/03812) from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (MECD). D. Lascano acknowledges UPV for the grant received though the PAID-01-18 program. / Agüero Rodríguez, Á. (2020). Desarrollo y caracterización de materiales sostenibles con subproductos de la industria del lino para aplicaciones de envasado bajo el marco de la Economía Circular [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/149383 / Compendio

Es indiscutible que siempre existirán los desechos orgánicos producto del consumo humano y que el deficiente tratamiento de estos es uno de los factores más contaminantes de nuestro medio ambiente, debido a la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. Lima está entre las diez ciudades latinoamericanas más contaminadas según el World Air Quality, y los distritos de Lima Centro no escapan a esta problemática. El presente trabajo brinda una solución de negocio que mitiga los efectos contaminantes de la descomposición de los desperdicios orgánicos debido al procesamiento de estos a través de un tratamiento integral desde la segregación en la fuente hasta convertirlos en parte de un alimento balanceado para ganado porcino. Esta propuesta permite convertir residuos de unos en insumos productivos para otros, generando una alternativa de economía circular catalogada como innovación incremental. La deseabilidad y factibilidad del proyecto se sustentan satisfactoriamente en los capítulos correspondientes con las evidencias del caso, lo cual aminora el grado de incertidumbre en un nuevo proyecto respecto a la acogida del producto y su cadena de valor, además en el plano financiero se consigue un VAN de S/ 3’972,928 y una TIR de 110% en un horizonte de cinco años lo cual lo hace viable en términos financieros también. Este proyecto promueve tres Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), específicamente la ODS 3, 12 y 13, lo cual pretende guiar el accionar de la empresa en la búsqueda del impacto positivo en la salud y bienestar de la sociedad, logrando cifras relevantes como al quinto año de operación lograr recuperar 950 toneladas anuales de residuos orgánicos que evitarían emitir hasta 3,750 toneladas de CO2. / It is indisputable that organic waste resulting from human consumption will always exist and that its poor treatment is one of the most polluting factors in our environment, due to the emission of greenhouse gases. Lima is among the ten most polluted Latin American cities according to World Air Quality and the districts of Central Lima do not escape this problem. This thesis provides a business solution that mitigates the polluting effects of the decomposition of organic waste due to its processing through a comprehensive treatment from segregation at the source to converting it into part of a balanced feed for pigs. This proposal makes it possible to convert waste from some into productive inputs for others, generating a circular economy alternative classified as incremental innovation. The desirability and feasibility of the project are satisfactorily supported in the corresponding chapters with the evidence of the case, which reduces the degree of uncertainty in a new project regarding the acceptance of the product and its value chain, in addition, on the financial level, a NPV of S/ 3’972,928 and an IRR of 110% over a five-year horizon, which also makes it viable in financial terms. This project promotes three Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 3, 12 and 13, which aims to guide the company's actions in the search for a positive impact on the health and welfare of society, achieving relevant figures such as fifth year of operation to recover 950 tons of organic waste per year that would avoid emitting up to 3,750 tons of CO2.

No / This research is an attempt to identify the kind of culture which is needed for a major transnational company to become a circular economy based organization based on the guidelines of Ellen McArthur Foundation. It aims to identify and learn from organizations with the relevant culture on the particular traits which may assist other organizations foster the culture required to implement a circular economy strategy. The information gathered is expected to contribute empirical information on culture management for circular economy strategy and an attempt to fill in the literature gap on strategy, mind-set shift and culture change, especially in transitioning towards sustainable business practices. The thesis mind-map and outline of chapters have been provided. Literature pointed out that alignment between organizational culture and strategy ensures successful implementation. The development of a more sustainable economic model, the circular economy, has triggered organizations to look into their business strategies and adjust accordingly. This research is an attempt to identify and learn from organizations with relevant culture on the particular traits which may assist other organizations foster the culture required to implement a circular economy strategy. The researchers applied Johnson’s (2001) cultural web and other relevant literatures on organizational culture, leadership, collaboration, and form constructs for an exploratory case study. Several management qualities have been mentioned namely the development of cross-functional teams, establishment of relationships beyond transactional partnerships, a risk oriented learning environment, entrepreneurial organization culture and structure, and empathetic leadership.

Yes / Circular Economy (CE) and the adoption of its principles globally are more important than ever to sustain the rate of production of goods and services to meet the ever-increasing consumer demand that is burdening the environment and society. This study investigates the adoption of CE principles amongst emerging economies as the challenges faced by these economies are generally different in terms of resource availability, varying government policies and consumer behaviour from those of developed economies. This research presents an empirically validated CE adoption model using a sample of 183 consumer responses. The study highlights the strong influence of factors such as consumer behaviour on the acceptance of remanufactured products and using products as a service to encourage the adoption of CE practices in emerging economies. This research offers businesses, consumers and policy makers insights into measures that have been taken by emerging economies that are in line with CE principles.

Yes / The issues of food loss and waste (FLW) in the global supply chains have recently attracted attention. However, the causes of and strategies for mitigating FLW at different stages of the supply chains remain under researched. Our research aims to address these gaps in knowledge in a three-fold way: i) we identified the key causes (through root-cause analysis) of FLW in the supply chain of developed and less developed countries; ii) we systematically classified measures and policies that have been implemented to mitigate FLW; and iii) we developed an interdisciplinary conceptual framework for waste utilisation practices that can contribute towards the triple bottom-line in food systems. A root-cause analysis was performed and mitigation strategies identified by systematically analysing and synthesising the research published over the past 20 years (1998 to 2018) in the areas of FLW in the supply chain. We propose a conceptual model for the prevention of FLW utilising a systems approach through the concept of a circular economy. Since the agri-food sector is largely interdisciplinary, in our proposed model, we have also demonstrated a method of integrating contributions from multiple disciplines towards achieving total depollution (zero waste) in the supply chain. / Support provided by the British Academy/Leverhulme Small Research Grant, Reference No: SG160072, for the development of the study.

Yes / In order to grow the food the world needs, there is a pressing need to gain a more detailed understanding of how innovative solutions can be incorporated into the agricultural supply chains, particularly within production, for environmentally, economically, ethically and socially viable food production. Despite a number of innovative solutions available, many challenges in agricultural supply are still prevalent, with researchers to date largely focusing on these challenges in isolation, as opposed to exploring the relationships held between these challenges. Thus, supported by Circular Economy, Agriculture, Industry 4.0 literature and expert opinions, agricultural supply chain challenges are modelled and analysed using ISM methodology to help uncover 12 agricultural challenges which ultimately impede goods moving within the supply chain. Findings discovered that the Unproductive Workers and Pesticide Hazards are the key drivers of agricultural challenges. The ISM Hierarchical model elucidates research propositions and a parsimonious model for future research.

Yes / The circular economy is gaining momentum in corporate circles and European economic policies. However, its relevance and applicability to service dominated industries, such as tourism and hospitality, is poorly researched. This study investigates Scandinavian hotel operators’ understanding of the circular economy, its drivers, enablers, barriers, and value creation potential. This exploratory study gathers feedback from ten Scandinavian hotel chains managers and proposes a circular economy applicability framework to test the concept’s relevance to hotel operators. The research findings highlight respondents’ interest and expose introductory to intermediate level of understanding of the circular economy. Conditional to specific enabling levers, the research confirms the applicability and value creation potential of the circular economy to hotel operators. The research provides hotel operators with recommendations on circular economy value creation opportunities, deployment pathways and suggests future research directions.

Yes / The purpose of this paper is to offer a consolidative approach in exploring the potential contribution of digital technologies in sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) for the sustainable performance of food supply chain business, through the circular economy concepts. As a single case study, this qualitative, interpretivist research was based on one of the largest food producers in the United Kingdom. The research utilises semi-structured interviews and applies thematic analysis to offer rich insights into SSCM challenges and their relationship with the business performance, through ten in-depth interviews. Findings derived from thematic analysis of the interview transcripts suggest four main critical success factors underpinning SSCM practices and businesses performance – i.e. business continuity, waste reduction, performance measurement approach, and organisational learning, which could use the help of digital technologies to improve. This led to seven propositions to be addressed in the future research. This research offers real, practical insights into SSCM challenges, within the context of food supply chain and explores the potential of digital technologies in overcoming them. Accordingly, the primary contribution of this work is grounded in the identification of critical success factors in SSCM for Food Supply Chains (FSC). Hence, this work contributes further to the literature on SSCM, as well as circular economy, by providing a study of a business in the context of the highly pertinent and valuable food industry.

Yes / We examine corporate inertia towards circularity transition using organisational case studies, observations, and qualitative interviews with business executives. The study explores how the values and beliefs of business leaders and managers promote or inhibit internal and external stakeholder engagement to enable transition to circular business models. We focus on four large UK food companies, conducting interviews with 11 senior managers. Rather than a lack of awareness of the circular economy (CE), the results demonstrate that business leaders are not persuaded by the short-to medium-term business case for a CE. There is misalignment between values and beliefs of business executives and the circularity values and goals of their organisations. The misaligned values and beliefs inhibit relevant stakeholder engagement for transitions to a CE with responsibility shifted to civil society and public institutions. Management commitment to circularity transitions are at best a sophisticated form of circularity greenwashing. The study further suggests a general lack of collective disposition to foster collaborations with sectoral and supply chain partners to engender circularity transitions due to the absence of any standard systems for CE performance indicators. Circularity education and training play a positive mediatory role in changing negative assumptions, including the promotion of managers' engagement with other relevant stakeholders to build synergies and strategies for CE systems. The findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of corporate inertia regarding transitions to CE and highlight the relevance of aligning the personal values and beliefs of top management with organisational, sectoral, and supply chain partners’ values and goals.

Yes / Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the use, applicability and relevance of strategic planning as a process and tool when applied to exploring food security challenges, in the context of existing research on food security and food waste in the food supply chain. The issues associated with robust and resilient food supply chains within a circular economy are increasingly being seen as supportive of creating enhanced levels of food security but the authors argue that this is only sustainable when strategically planned as part of a cross-enterprise, information-rich and complex supply chain. The relevance of the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental (PESTLE) strategic planning tool is explored to establish whether it can play a role tacking the complexity of food insecurity (i.e. a lack of food security). Design/methodology/approach – This is a viewpoint piece therefore as a result, thought, normative literature and supposition are used as a means to ground and orientate the views of the authors. Findings – The authors identify and conclude that strategic planning tools like PESTLE across enterprises may not be relevant in supporting the reduction of food insecurity. This conclusion is predicated on the heightened level of complexity surrounding the pursuit of food security and the simplistic categorisation of PESTLE factors in a linear fashion that underpin this tool. Rather, the authors’ call for the use of strategic planning tools that are able to capture a large number of inter-related factors holistically. Practical implications – This insight to the inter-related factors that contribute to food insecurity will allow policy developers, decision makers and others to develop their understanding of how strategic planning can support increased levels of food security within a circular economy and across cross-enterprises. Originality/value – The authors contribute to the literature through a new insight of how normative strategic planning tools need to evolve in a complex, inter-connected world of international business and geo-politics. In doing so, it is expected that this research will motivate others to develop their line of enquiry around uncovering and exploring those inter-relationships connecting PESTLE factors.