Sensitivity to differential motion components, shearing and compressive (opposed) motion, was examined. The hypothesis that the visual system contains local mechanisms specifically sensitive to these types of motion was tested. Stimuli consisted of two moving sinusoidal gratings. Sensitivity to shear and compression was compared with sensitivity for linear motion. Lower thresholds of motion and contrast sensitivities were obtained. Subjects were more sensitive to opposed than to non-opposed motion for a range of grating orientations and different grating spatial frequencies. However sensitivity for opposed motion decreased in the presence of a second added linear motion. The hypothesis of local shear and compression mechanisms was rejected in favour of antagonistic (opponent) interactions between local motion mechanisms. Motion capture was examined. Stimuli were made up of a circular test grating surrounded by another grating. Subjects were required to judge the direction of motion of the test grating. Experiments examined the effects on motion capture of: centre grating size; orientation of surround; relative contrast of centre and surround; plaids in the surround. Conditions favouring motion capture were: with the smallest centre grating; with surround and centre orientations within thirty degrees; with surround had higher contrast than the centre; and only when a plaid surround contained a component of similar orientation as the centre. For conditions of motion capture relative to those of no-capture, increased velocity thresholds for judging the centre direction were found. This was associated with a shift in the bias point between opposed directions with no change in overall sensitivity to motion. It is suggested that a cooperative network of local motion mechanisms featuring centre-surround opponency can account for all the results of this study.

There is an increasing trend in manufacturing industry for producing complex and delicate parts. As a result, the importance of having a deeper understanding of machine systems, in order toget higher accuracy of machined parts, arises. This leads to an increasing demand of testingmachine accuracy under operational condition. There are methods that has been investigated in order to test under operational condition. However, the studies were mostly focused on thestatic, quasi-static and dynamic states separately and comparison were not investigated. This thesis aims at presenting a comparative study of static and quasi-static compliance on machine tool under loaded conditions, to investigate how the stiffness changes from static toquasi-static state, and also the potential factors that would lead to this result. A 5-axis machine tool- Hermle C50U machine is used in order to perform the measurements.The method chosen for the measurements includes circular tests under loaded conditions utilizinga loaded double ball bar device. Three LVDTs are used for the measurements, in order to detect the deflection along the circular trajectory. The main parameter that undergoes study is the effect of the applied feed rate. After the measurements, the data is analyzed using MAT-LAB and the average deflections for both states are compared. In general, the results show that there is no significant difference between the two states, despite the observed different shape ofdeflection. / Det finns en ökande trend inom tillverkningsindustrin för tillverkning av komplexa och känsliga delar. Som ett resultat uppstår vikten av att ha en djupare förståelse för maskinsystem, för att få högre noggrannhet hos bearbetade delar. Detta leder till en ökande efterfrågan på att testamaskinens noggrannhet under driftsförhållanden. Det finns metoder som har undersökts för att testa under driftskondition. Studierna var dock mest inriktade på de statiska, kvasistatiska och dynamiska tillstånden separat och jämförelsen undersöktes inte. Denna avhandling syftar till att presentera en jämförande studie av statisk och kvasi-statisk överensstämmelse på maskinverktyg under belastade förhållanden, för att undersöka hur styvheten förändras från statiskt till kvasi-statiskt tillstånd, och även de potentiella faktorer som skulle leda till detta resultat. Ett 5-axligt verktygsmaskin- Hermle C50U-maskin används för att utföra mätningarna.Metoden som valts för mätningarna inkluderar cirkulära tester under belastade förhållanden med användning av en laddad dubbelkulstångsanordning. Tre LVDT används för mätningarna för att detektera nedböjningen längs cirkelbanan. Huvudparametern som genomgår studier är effekten av den applicerade matningshastigheten. Efter mätningarna analyseras data med MATLAB och de genomsnittliga avböjningarna för båda tillstånden jämförs. I allmänhet visar resultaten att det inte finns någon signifikant skillnad mellan de två tillstånden, trots den observerade olika avböjningsformen.