La thèse prend comme objet d’étude des artisans colombiens entre 1880 et 1930 dans les villes de Medellín et Bogotá. Elle les considère comme des sujets fondamentaux dans les dynamiques qui se sont développées pendant cette période. Au-delà de la description du monde artisanal, la recherche s’intéresse à la manière dont ce secteur est devenu un agent qui a réagi aux phénomènes à l'échelle nationale et transnationale. Dans le premier sens, en Colombie, les liens sociaux et les formes de production que les artisans avaient enfanté depuis des siècles ont été actifs et exprimés de diverses manières, comme la révolte qui a éclatée à Bogotá en 1893 et les publications dans les journaux des artisans. L’Hégémonie conservatrice qui a conduit la Colombie à la fin du XIXe siècle avait pour un de ses objectifs l’enseignement technique, en particulier pour les artisans, afin de remplacer la fonction exercée par les corporations et de préparer la main-d’œuvre à l’industrie. Dans ce contexte, il y eu une prolifération d'établissements d'enseignement des connaissances de base et techniques avec une composante morale importante. Cette recherche s'intéresse à l'analyse des écoles d'art et métiers et rend compte des réactions du secteur artisanal à la professionnalisation de leurs métiers et aux changements requis par l'intention de mettre en œuvre l'industrialisation. Bien que le phénomène de l'enseignement technique aide à comprendre les caractéristiques de l'artisan colombien au cours de la période étudiée, cela ne peut être compris sans une observation plus large.Basée sur l'approche de l'histoire globale des connexions, la présente recherche permet de comprendre, du point de vue peu exploré par l'historiographie, comment l'expérience des artisans en Colombie aux portes de l'industrialisation a dépassé la réalité nationale. Les phénomènes transnationaux tels que l’insertion sur le marché, la professionnalisation et la spécialisation des métiers par le biais de l’enseignement technique et la circulation des connaissances et des personnes faisaient partie de la dynamique du monde artisanal.Dans ce contexte, les espaces d’internationalisation des connaissances, tels que les Congrès d’enseignement technique et les Expositions Universelles, ont permis la circulation de nouvelles techniques, de connaissances artisanales et la socialisation des méthodes d’enseignement. De même, ils ont encouragé la mobilité des personnes liées à ces questions, comme ce fut le cas pour les personnages colombiens, y compris certains artisans. Les voyages en Europe ont permis de connecter le monde artisanal aux nouvelles avancées, mais ils n'étaient pas le seul moyen par lequel les artisans étaient connectés aux techniques européennes. Les congrégations religieuses et les associations de laïcs étaient un autre mécanisme qui favorisait la circulation du savoir artisanal en Colombie. Les Lasalliens, les Salésiens et les Sœurs de la Présentation ont fondé des institutions pour se former aux connaissances techniques avec une forte composante morale.Enfin, entre les phénomènes nationaux et transnationaux, le monde artisanal colombien de la fin du XIXe et du début du XXe siècle a évolué entre différentes logiques. Une partie de lui a défendu ses formes de production dans les ateliers et une autre était ouverte aux nouvelles techniques et aux nouvelles méthodes de production. Ce mouvement, entre permanence et transformation, montre que ce secteur a été un élément clé dans la préparation du pays sur la voie de l’industrialisation, outre ses liens sociaux et ses formes de production moins faciles à dissoudre. / This dissertation studies artisans in Bogotá and Medellín between 1880 and 1930, and considers them crucial subjects in the ongoing dynamics of the period. Beyond describing the artisan’s world, this research concentrates on showing in what ways this sector reacted to national and trans-national phenomena. First, in Colombia, social links and forms of production long-formed by artisans were kept active and manifested themselves in several ways, including the Bogotá 1893 riot and periodical publications. Colombia’s late-nineteenth-century leading conservative hegemony set out to establish technical education, especially for artisans, hoping to replace what the guilds had done in the past and to prepare labor for industrial production purposes. Thus, basic and technical educational institutions proliferated, developing at the same time an important moral component. This work analyzes schools of arts and crafts, accounting for the artisans’ reactions to the professionalization of their crafts and the changes demanded by industrialization. Even though technical education itself sheds light on the characteristics of Colombian artisans during this period, they cannot be fully understood unless we take a broader view. Using a situated global history of connections as a methodological tool, this research allows us to understand, from a point of view seldom present in the historiography, how artisans’ experience in Colombia at the dawn of industrialization went beyond the national context. The artisans’ world was shot through with transnational phenomena such as incorporation in the markets, professionalization and specialization of crafts through technical education, and the circulation of knowledge and people. Thus, spaces for the internationalization of knowledge, such as technical education conferences and universal expositions, enabled the circulation of new techniques, artisanal knowledge, and the socialization of teaching methods. Those spaces equally promoted the mobility of people linked with these issues, including Colombian individuals, several artisans among them. Their trips to Europe allowed them to connect the artisans’ world with new developments, even if this was not the only way they enjoyed connections with European techniques. Religious congregations and lay associations also facilitated the circulation of artisanal knowledge in Colombia. Lasallians, Salesians, and the Sisters of the Presentation founded institutions to teach technical knowledge with a strong moral bent / La tesis de doctorado toma como objeto de estudio a los artesanos colombianos entre1880 y 1930 en las ciudades de Medellín y Bogotá, y los considera como sujetos fundamentalesen las dinámicas que se desarrollaron en este periodo. Más allá de describir el mundo artesanal,la investigación se interesa en mostrar cómo este sector se convirtió en un agente que reaccionóa fenómenos de escala nacional y transnacional. En Colombia, los vínculos sociales y las formasde producción que los artesanos habían gestado durante siglos se mantuvieron activos y semanifestaron de diferentes maneras, como lo fue el motín de Bogotá en 1893 y las publicacionesen periódicos de artesanos.La Hegemonía conservadora que lideró a Colombia a finales del siglo XIX tuvo comouno de sus objetivos la educación técnica, especialmente para artesanos, en vía de reemplazar lafunción que realizaron los gremios en épocas anteriores y de preparar una mano de obra para laindustria. En este contexto se dio la proliferación de instituciones educativas en conocimientosbásicos y técnicos con un importante componente moral. Esta investigación se interesa en analizarlas escuelas de artes y oficios y da cuenta de las reacciones del sector artesanal ante laprofesionalización de sus oficios y los cambios que les exigía la intención de implementar laindustrialización. Aunque por si mismo el fenómeno de la educación técnica ayuda a vislumbrarlas características del artesanado colombiano en la época estudiada, este no se puede entender sinobservarlo de una manera más amplia.Con base en la herramienta metodológica de la historia global situada de conexiones, lapresente investigación permite entender, desde un punto de vista poco explorado por lahistoriografía, cómo la experiencia de los artesanos en Colombia a las puertas de laindustrialización traspasó la realidad nacional. Fenómenos transnacionales como la inserción almercado, la profesionalización y especialización de los oficios por medio de la educación técnica,y la circulación de saberes y personas, hicieron parte de las dinámicas que atravesaron el mundoartesanal.En este contexto los espacios de internacionalización del conocimiento, como loscongresos de educación técnica y las Exposiciones universales, permitieron la circulación denuevas técnicas, de saberes artesanales y la socialización de métodos de enseñanza. Del mismomodo, incentivaron la movilidad de personas relacionadas con estos temas, como fue el caso depersonajes colombianos, entre ellos algunos artesanos. Los viajes a Europa permitieron conectarel mundo artesanal con los nuevos avances, sin embargo, no fueron el único medio por el cual losartesanos estuvieron conectados con técnicas europeas. Las congregaciones religiosas y lasasociaciones laicas fueron otro de los mecanismos que favoreció la circulación de saberesartesanales en Colombia. Los Lasallistas, Salesianos y las Hermanas de la Presentación fundaroninstituciones para formar en conocimientos técnicos con un fuerte componente moral.En suma, entre fenómenos nacionales y transnacionales, el mundo artesanal colombiano definales del siglo XIX y comienzos del siglo XX se movió entre lógicas diferentes. Una parte deél defendió sus formas de producción en los talleres y otra estuvo abierta a las nuevas técnicas ymaneras de producir. Este movimiento, entre permanencia y transformación, muestra que estesector fue una pieza clave en la preparación del país en el camino hacia la industrialización,además de que sus vínculos sociales y sus formas de producción no fueron tan fáciles de disolver

La recherche analyse les rapports scientifiques entre le Sud de l'Italie et la France entre la fin du dix-huitième siècle et la première moitié du dix-neuvième pour ce qui concerne les missions des ingénieurs, des naturalistes et des médecins. En effet, au cours de cette période, dans le royaume de Naples, ce sont principalement ces trois catégories de scientifiques qui ont la possibilité de voyager et de se rendre en France. Mais il convient également de considérer que tant d'autres catégories de personnes et groupes d'hommes ont contribué à nourrir le réseau des relations et des échanges réciproques entre le royaume de Naples et la France. Enfin, il ne faut pas oublier d'ajouter que les relations franco-napolitaines ne se sont pas uniquement construites grâce aux déplacements des hommes. La circulation et la diffusion des livres, sans oublier la discussion devant l'Académie des Sciences des études suivies et faites à Naples ainsi que l'acquisition d'instruments scientifiques auprès des artisans parisiens les plus renommés ont représenté d'autres aspects intéressants des rapports entre la France et le royaume de Naples, qu'il a été indispensable d'approfondir. / The study examines the scientific relationship between the South of Italy and France in the late eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth, including missions of engineers, naturalists and physicians. In the kingdom of Naples these three categories of scientists had the opportunity to travel and reach France between the end of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century. Moreover, other groups of people contribute to support the network of relations and exchanges between the kingdom of Naples and France.Finally, the relationships Franco-Neapolitan were built not only thanks to the movement of people. The circulation of books, as well as discussion about the studies of the Académie des sciences in Naples and the purchase of scientific instruments at the most famous Parisian artisans represented other interesting aspects of the relationship between France and the kingdom Naples, which has been needful to deepen.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação é a descrição de um trabalho cujo objetivo principal foi a criação de um site com materiais sobre o tema preconceito linguístico, visando a promover uma circulação do conhecimento científico entre diversas classes da sociedade não-acadêmica. Nossas primeiras motivações para a realização de um trabalho desse tipo se iniciaram após a polêmica ocorrida em 2011 sobre o livro didático que, segundo a mídia, ensinaria os alunos a falar errado. Essa situação demonstrou existir uma falta de diálogo entre academia e sociedade no que concerne a temas sociolinguísticos. Percebemos uma necessidade de se realizar uma divulgação científica que chegasse com sucesso à sociedade, de modo que as pessoas pudessem conhecer o assunto em questão e, ao menos, refletir sobre ele. Muito embora já existam trabalhos realizados por linguistas com essa intenção, como é o caso de Bagno (1997, 1999), Bortoni-Ricardo (2004, 2005) e Scherre (2005), estes ainda são limitados, por serem, em sua maioria, livros e artigos acadêmicos. Utilizando como base o princípio de indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão (MEC/SESu, 2006), buscamos, segundo o próprio princípio exige, unir a pesquisa científica resultante dos estudos sociolinguísticos à extensão - através da divulgação do tema para as pessoas de fora do meio acadêmico - e ao ensino, criando e compartilhando materiais que possam ser também utilizados em sala de aula. Para conquistar tal objetivo, tendo como inspiração a proposta de Baronas (2010) e seguindo os exemplos de Ribeiro (2006), Chagas (2012) e Pauleto (2013), criamos um site com materiais diversos sobre o tema preconceito linguístico, como vídeos, imagens e textos informativos. Ainda, como complemento do trabalho, foi criada uma página no Facebook, de modo a obter uma eficácia maior na divulgação, sabendo que a internet é hoje um dos meios mais fáceis, rápidos e de longo alcance para o compartilhamento de informações. Tivemos por intenção promover uma circulação do conhecimento, aplicando o princípio da gratuidade linguística apresentado por Wolfram (1998) e assumindo um papel de agentes de mudança social, segundo aponta Charity (2008). De modo a verificar a eficácia de nosso trabalho, utilizamos uma avaliação em modelo de questionário de escala Likert, realizada por três grupos distintos de avaliadores. Nossos resultados mostraram aprovação ao site por parte dos três grupos de avaliação, demonstrando que esse tipo de trabalho é eficiente e promissor, sendo uma maneira eficaz e ampla de se promover a circulação de saberes sociolinguísticos e divulgar uma mensagem de combate ao preconceito linguístico / This dissertation is the description of a work whose main objective was the creation of a website with materials about the linguistic prejudice subject, with the intention of promoting a circulation of scientific knowledge among several classes of the non-academic society. Our first motivations for the achievement of a work of this kind initiated after the controversy occurred in the year of 2011 about a schoolbook which, according to the press, would teach students to speak wrongly. This situation showed an existing absence of dialogue between academy and society regarding to sociolinguistic subjects. We noticed the need of making a scientific communication that could reach the society successfully, in order to make people know about the subject and, at least, reflect about it. Even though there are already many works made by linguists with this same purpose, like Bagno (1997,1999), Bortoni-Ricardo (2004, 2005) and Scherre (2005), these are already very limited, for being, in the majority, books and academic articles. Making use as our basis of the indivisibility principle between teaching, research and extension (MEC/Sesu, 2006), we aimed to unite the resulting scientific research of the sociolinguistic studies to the extension with the divulgation of the subject to the people that are out of the academic environment and to the teaching, creating and sharing materials that can also be used in the classroom. To achieve such objective, having the idea suggested by Baronas (2010) as our inspiration and following the examples of Ribeiro (2006), Chagas (2012) and Pauleto (2013), we created a website with several materials about the linguistic prejudice subject, such as media clips, pictures and informative texts. As a complement of this work, we also created a Facebook page, in order to reach more effective divulgation, knowing that, nowadays, the internet is one of the easiest, fastest and widest ways of sharing information. Our intention was to promote a circulation of knowledge, applying the linguistic gratuity principle, presented by Wolfram (1998), and assuming a role of an agent of social change, according to Charity (2008). In order to verify the effectiveness of our work, we used an evaluation in the models of a Likert scale questionnaire, answered by three different groups of evaluators. Our results showed that the website was approved by the three evaluation groups, showing that this kind of work is efficient and promissory, being an effective and wide way of promoting the circulation of knowledge and the divulgation of a message against linguistic prejudice

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação é a descrição de um trabalho cujo objetivo principal foi a criação de um site com materiais sobre o tema preconceito linguístico, visando a promover uma circulação do conhecimento científico entre diversas classes da sociedade não-acadêmica. Nossas primeiras motivações para a realização de um trabalho desse tipo se iniciaram após a polêmica ocorrida em 2011 sobre o livro didático que, segundo a mídia, ensinaria os alunos a falar errado. Essa situação demonstrou existir uma falta de diálogo entre academia e sociedade no que concerne a temas sociolinguísticos. Percebemos uma necessidade de se realizar uma divulgação científica que chegasse com sucesso à sociedade, de modo que as pessoas pudessem conhecer o assunto em questão e, ao menos, refletir sobre ele. Muito embora já existam trabalhos realizados por linguistas com essa intenção, como é o caso de Bagno (1997, 1999), Bortoni-Ricardo (2004, 2005) e Scherre (2005), estes ainda são limitados, por serem, em sua maioria, livros e artigos acadêmicos. Utilizando como base o princípio de indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão (MEC/SESu, 2006), buscamos, segundo o próprio princípio exige, unir a pesquisa científica resultante dos estudos sociolinguísticos à extensão - através da divulgação do tema para as pessoas de fora do meio acadêmico - e ao ensino, criando e compartilhando materiais que possam ser também utilizados em sala de aula. Para conquistar tal objetivo, tendo como inspiração a proposta de Baronas (2010) e seguindo os exemplos de Ribeiro (2006), Chagas (2012) e Pauleto (2013), criamos um site com materiais diversos sobre o tema preconceito linguístico, como vídeos, imagens e textos informativos. Ainda, como complemento do trabalho, foi criada uma página no Facebook, de modo a obter uma eficácia maior na divulgação, sabendo que a internet é hoje um dos meios mais fáceis, rápidos e de longo alcance para o compartilhamento de informações. Tivemos por intenção promover uma circulação do conhecimento, aplicando o princípio da gratuidade linguística apresentado por Wolfram (1998) e assumindo um papel de agentes de mudança social, segundo aponta Charity (2008). De modo a verificar a eficácia de nosso trabalho, utilizamos uma avaliação em modelo de questionário de escala Likert, realizada por três grupos distintos de avaliadores. Nossos resultados mostraram aprovação ao site por parte dos três grupos de avaliação, demonstrando que esse tipo de trabalho é eficiente e promissor, sendo uma maneira eficaz e ampla de se promover a circulação de saberes sociolinguísticos e divulgar uma mensagem de combate ao preconceito linguístico / This dissertation is the description of a work whose main objective was the creation of a website with materials about the linguistic prejudice subject, with the intention of promoting a circulation of scientific knowledge among several classes of the non-academic society. Our first motivations for the achievement of a work of this kind initiated after the controversy occurred in the year of 2011 about a schoolbook which, according to the press, would teach students to speak wrongly. This situation showed an existing absence of dialogue between academy and society regarding to sociolinguistic subjects. We noticed the need of making a scientific communication that could reach the society successfully, in order to make people know about the subject and, at least, reflect about it. Even though there are already many works made by linguists with this same purpose, like Bagno (1997,1999), Bortoni-Ricardo (2004, 2005) and Scherre (2005), these are already very limited, for being, in the majority, books and academic articles. Making use as our basis of the indivisibility principle between teaching, research and extension (MEC/Sesu, 2006), we aimed to unite the resulting scientific research of the sociolinguistic studies to the extension with the divulgation of the subject to the people that are out of the academic environment and to the teaching, creating and sharing materials that can also be used in the classroom. To achieve such objective, having the idea suggested by Baronas (2010) as our inspiration and following the examples of Ribeiro (2006), Chagas (2012) and Pauleto (2013), we created a website with several materials about the linguistic prejudice subject, such as media clips, pictures and informative texts. As a complement of this work, we also created a Facebook page, in order to reach more effective divulgation, knowing that, nowadays, the internet is one of the easiest, fastest and widest ways of sharing information. Our intention was to promote a circulation of knowledge, applying the linguistic gratuity principle, presented by Wolfram (1998), and assuming a role of an agent of social change, according to Charity (2008). In order to verify the effectiveness of our work, we used an evaluation in the models of a Likert scale questionnaire, answered by three different groups of evaluators. Our results showed that the website was approved by the three evaluation groups, showing that this kind of work is efficient and promissory, being an effective and wide way of promoting the circulation of knowledge and the divulgation of a message against linguistic prejudice

Dans le sillage des problématiques posées par l’anthropologie historique du savoir et par les travaux sur la matérialité des pratiques savantes, la thèse questionne la dimension cognitive des collections d’histoire naturelle de Jean Hermann (1738-1800). Dès 1762, le naturaliste crée un riche cabinet ouvert aux trois règnes de la nature. Il est associé à une bibliothèque et à un jardin botanique dont il a la charge en tant que professeur de botanique de l’université de Strasbourg. Les trois formes de collections lui servent d’équipement pour la recherche et pour l’enseignement. L’objet de l’enquête est de cerner le rôle des objets dans la production et la circulation des savoirs naturalistes. Il s’agit également d’observer la construction sociale d’une figure savante. Le travail met au jour l’importance de l’économie d’échange des objets dans la constitution des collections et le rôle du dialogue des objets - échantillons, livres, images – dans le processus d’observation. Le dispositif visuel qu’est le cabinet est au centre de la fabrique du savoir. Les collections contribuent aussi à l’émergence d’une science publique, elles sont des supports d’enseignement et elles attirent de nombreux visiteurs. / Following the issues raised by the historic anthropology of the knowledge and the material turn, the thesis questions the cognitive dimension of the collections of natural history of Jean Hermann (1738-1800). From 1762, the naturalist created a rich cabinet composed of objects from the three kingdoms of nature. The cabinet was associated with two other forms of collections: a library and a botanical garden, which he managed as professor of botany of the university of medicine from 1783. All three forms of collections were used as his equipment for research and teaching. The investigation shall determine the role of objects in the production and the circulation of the naturalistic knowledge. Its objective is also to observe the social construction of a learned figure. The study points out the importance of the economy of exchange of objects in the constitution of collections and the role of the dialogue between objects - samples, books, images – in the visualization process. The visual device of the cabinet is at the core of the process of knowledge making. Collections contributed to the emergence of a public science; they were media of teaching and attracted numerous visitors.

This thesis is about the mobilities of geographical knowledge in the material form of lantern-slides and the forces exerted on these by technological and human factors. Owing to its concern with matter, human- and non-human, and its circulation, the thesis addresses the physics of geographical knowledge. The chapters below investigate the Royal Geographical Society’s (RGS) ongoing tradition of telling stories of science and exploration through words, objects and pictures in the final quarter of the nineteenth century and as geography professionalized and geographical science developed. These processes occurred within the context of a plethora of technological innovations, including the combination of the older medium of the magic lantern and photographic lantern-slides, integral to a wide range of entertainment, scientific and educational performances across Britain. In 1886 the RGS began to engage with the magic lantern. Via this technology and the interactive lecture performances in which it featured, I argue that the Society embraced the medium of photography, thereby engendering transformations in methods of knowledge making and to the RGS collections. I study how these transformations influenced the discipline of Geography as it was re-established at the University of Oxford in 1887. I demonstrate the evolution of the RGS’s Evening, Technical and Young Persons’ lectures, their contingent lantern-slide practices and, consequently, how these moulded, and were moulded by, the RGS Fellowship between c. 1885 and 1924. The chapters below explore how these innovations in visual technologies and practices arose, how they circulated knowledge and their effect on geographies of geographical knowledge making. By harnessing the lantern the RGS attracted an expanding and diversifying audience demographic. The thesis demonstrates the interactive nature of RGS lantern-slide lectures and audiences' important role in shaping the Society’s practices and geographical knowledge. The chapters below argue that it was via the use of the lantern that geography was disseminated to new places. The thesis therefore brings additional perspectives and dimensions to understandings of the circulation of geographical knowledge.

Lorsque la Colombie s’émancipe de la Couronne d’Espagne en 1819, elle doit consolider son indépendance et faire face à divers obstacles qui s’opposent à l’instauration d’un enseignement scientifique et technique stable. En prenant en compte ce contexte postcolonial et en se concentrant sur le Colegio Militar de Bogota, une école d’ingénieurs civils et militaires, entre 1848 et 1884, ce travail retrace le processus ayant conduit à la mise en place d’un tel enseignement et suit son évolution au cours de la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle. L’influence du pouvoir s’avère alors constante et fait ressortir des caractéristiques de l’établissement telles que l’enseignement mixte, militaire et civil, la recherche d’utilité ou l’absence de sélection. Par ailleurs l’étude du curriculum du Colegio Militar indique dans quelle mesure la vision institutionnelle influencée par les idéologies des partis transparait dans les enseignements. Elle fait apparaître également la capacité des différents acteurs à modifier à leur niveau ce curriculum et parvient à suivre son histoire dans sa continuité, malgré l’hétérogénéité de ces interventions.L’analyse des notions scientifiques et techniques transmises par ce curriculum, montre également comment, en s’adaptant au contexte, la mise en place d’une diffusion des savoirs s’accompagne d’une production scientifique. Le décentrement du regard qu´implique cette étude, nous invite à aborder la question du transfert de connaissances, en montrant comment l’étude d’une institution éducative permet d’appréhender ces mécanismes dans leur complexité. Ces circulations seront considérées à différentes échelles au niveau local en lien avec la fonction régulatrice de l’établissement dans le champ éducatif, au niveau du continent sud-américain et vers les centres de production scientifiques d’Europe et d’Amérique du Nord. Enfin, ce travail permet d’apporter des éclairages sur la constitution et l’émergence en Colombie d’un groupe professionnel – les ingénieurs civils – étroitement lié à celui des enseignants de sciences. En suivant le parcours des anciens élèves du Colegio Militar, il révèle les stratégies adoptées par ce groupe social pour faire reconnaître à la fois sa profession et sa légitimité à l’exercer. / As Colombia becomes emancipated from the Spanish Crown in 1819, it has to strengthen its independence and is thus faced with a number of obstacles which come in the way of a stable scientific and technical education. By taking into account this postcolonial context and by focusing on the Colegio Militar of Bogota, a school of civil and military engineering between 1848 and 1884, this study describes the process which led to the foundation of such teachings and follows its evolution during the second half of the 19th century. The influence of power proves to be constant at the time and brings out such specificities as its mixed education curriculum, military and civil, its quest for utility or the absence of a selection process. Furthermore, the study of its curriculum reveals how its institutional vision influenced by party ideology shows through the teachings. It also demonstrates the ability of the various players to alter, at their level, this curriculum and manages to establish the continuity of its history despite the heterogeneity of their actions. Similarly, the analysis of the scientific and technical notions conveyed by this curriculum illustrates how, by adapting to the context, the diffusion of knowledge comes with scientific production. The decentralization entailed by our study leads us to consider the issue of transfer of knowledge, by showing how the study of an educational institution allows to tackle these mechanisms in their complexity. These circulations will be considered on different levels, locally with the regulating function of the school in the educational field, within the South American continent and toward the main hubs of scientific production in Europe and North America. Finally, this study sheds some light on the constitution and emergence of a professional group in Colombia namely, civil engineers, which is tightly linked to that of science teachers. By following the trail of former students of the Colegio Militar, we become acquainted with the strategies they adopt to ensure that both their profession and the right to practise it is acknowledged.

Esta tese tem como foco a investigação das formas de transmissão e circulação de conhecimentos entre os kumua (xamãs) do Noroeste Amazônico a partir da pesquisa de campo realizada entre os narradores desana que publicaram seus livros na coleção Narradores Indígenas do Rio Negro. Procura-se entender o processo de escrita dos livros, de que forma ocorre a circulação destes conhecimentos, os sentidos que as publicações assumem em uma sociedade hierarquizada e as políticas de publicação dos narradores desana. Por fim, é feito um estudo sobre a articulação dos livros entre as políticas de publicação, os direitos intelectuais costumeiros e o direito autoral positivo. Esta análise apresenta as complexidades que os narradores encontram frente ao sistema de direito autoral (copyright) e conclui propondo o reconhecimento da figura do narrador-intérprete pelo direito positivo. / Based on fieldwork conducted among Desana writers who published their books in the collection Narradores Indígenas do Rio Negro, this research concerns forms of transmission and circulation of knowledge amongst the kumua (shamans) of the Northwest Amazon. It seeks to understand how the books come to be written, how this knowledge is circulated, how such publications are understood in a hierarchical society, and the politics of publication in the eyes of these Desana narrators. Finally, this leads to a discussion of the relationship between the politics of publishing, intellectual property rights and intellectual customary law. The analysis discusses the complexities confronting the narrators in the face of the copyright regime and concludes by proposing that intellectual property law should recognise the figure of the narrator-interpreter.

Esta tese tem como foco a investigação das formas de transmissão e circulação de conhecimentos entre os kumua (xamãs) do Noroeste Amazônico a partir da pesquisa de campo realizada entre os narradores desana que publicaram seus livros na coleção Narradores Indígenas do Rio Negro. Procura-se entender o processo de escrita dos livros, de que forma ocorre a circulação destes conhecimentos, os sentidos que as publicações assumem em uma sociedade hierarquizada e as políticas de publicação dos narradores desana. Por fim, é feito um estudo sobre a articulação dos livros entre as políticas de publicação, os direitos intelectuais costumeiros e o direito autoral positivo. Esta análise apresenta as complexidades que os narradores encontram frente ao sistema de direito autoral (copyright) e conclui propondo o reconhecimento da figura do narrador-intérprete pelo direito positivo. / Based on fieldwork conducted among Desana writers who published their books in the collection Narradores Indígenas do Rio Negro, this research concerns forms of transmission and circulation of knowledge amongst the kumua (shamans) of the Northwest Amazon. It seeks to understand how the books come to be written, how this knowledge is circulated, how such publications are understood in a hierarchical society, and the politics of publication in the eyes of these Desana narrators. Finally, this leads to a discussion of the relationship between the politics of publishing, intellectual property rights and intellectual customary law. The analysis discusses the complexities confronting the narrators in the face of the copyright regime and concludes by proposing that intellectual property law should recognise the figure of the narrator-interpreter.

In the early 19th century the civilian market for maps expanded in Sweden. During previous centuries geographical maps had been confidential, accessible only to those in government office. Circulation of geographical knowledge among civilians was transmitted mainly through written parish descriptions. From 1797, when the first royal privilege for the production of maps was issued, the secrecy laws relaxed: private actors could now publish maps for civilian use. In order for the potential that the producers saw in the civilian map market to be realised, consumers had to want cartographic depictions of geographical information. The demand is evident through the expansion of the civilian market. However, the development raises questions of how and why cartographical depictions of information became prominent.  Through theories of circulation of knowledge, visual culture and consumer practices, this thesis shows in what ways the civilian map market was an arena for the circulation of knowledge. The market was supported by institutions subscribing to different ideals of how knowledge was transmitted, sought to further them by supporting the market. Trust for maps as a medium was built upon claims regarding the scientific methods used in their production, and producers sought to make maps understandable to consumers by adjusting the way cartographic information was presented, based on who the intended users were. Increasingly producers also adjusted to consumer demands, and took over the effort of making practical adjustments to the maps for use, of the kind that consumers previously had done themselves.