This thesis explores the relationship between development, Official Development Assistance (ODA) and the military in order to determine both the nature and effects of that relationship, and how the involvement of the military within ODA can be conducted in the most appropriate manner to support development. This study was conducted with regard to the current links between security and development within international relations and concerns that ODA is being drawn from a primarily development role to one that more explicitly supports national foreign and security policy ends instead. This issue is explored by defining development, ODA and the military as separate variables and then employing a grounded theory approach to develop an understanding of the relationship between them. The results of the study show that the involvement of the military within ODA and development may occur throughout the full range of operational contexts in which the military may be employed and can encompass activities throughout the scope of the functions of development. This involvement can in turn create a range of positive and negative impacts upon the conduct of ODA and development as the military serves to moderate the direction and strength of the relationship between the two. From this, the role of the military within ODA is identified as potentially an enabling, implementing and coordinating agency – primarily during times of crisis and conflict. The study then relates this role back to the wider context through considering the management of the military’s role and identifying the policies, parameters and procedures that may help to ensure that this role is conducted in the most appropriate manner for development.

Problem Investigated. This dissertation is a study of the political effects of low-intensity warfare in Indonesia since 1945. In particular, it examines the interaction between general principles and contextual variables in guerrilla conflict, to determine whether such conflict causes the diffusion of political power. Analysis of insurgent movements indicates that power structures within a guerrilla group tend to be regionalised, diffuse and based on multiple centres of roughly equal authority. Conversely, studies of counter-insurgency (COIN) techniques indicate that successful COIN depends on effective political control over the local population. This tends to be exercised by regional or local military commanders rather than by central authority. Based on this, the author???s initial analysis indicated that one should expect to see a diffusion of political authority from central leaders (whether civilian or military) to regional military leaders, when a society is engaged in the conduct of either COIN or guerrilla warfare. The problem investigated in this dissertation can therefore be stated thus: To what extent, at which levels of analysis and subject to what influencing factors does low-intensity warfare in Indonesia between 1945 and 1999 demonstrate a political power-diffusion effect? Procedures Followed. The procedure followed was a diachronic, qualitative, fieldwork-based analysis of two principle case studies: the Darul Islam insurgency in West Java 1948-1962 and the campaign in East Timor 1974-1999. Principle research tools were: ??? Semi-structured, formal, informal and group interviews. ??? Analysis of official and private archives in Australia, Indonesia, the Netherlands and the UK. ??? Participant observation using anthropological fieldwork techniques. ??? Geographical analysis using transects, basemapping and overhead imagery. ??? Demographic analysis using historical data, cartographic records and surveys. Research was conducted in Australia, Indonesia (Jakarta and Bandung), the Netherlands (The Hague and Amsterdam) and the United Kingdom (London, Winchester, Salisbury and Warminster). Fieldwork was conducted over three periods in West Java (1994, 1995 and 1996) and one period in East Timor (1999-2000). General Results Obtained. The two principal case studies were the Darul Islam insurgency in West Java 1948-62 and the campaign in East Timor since 1974. The fieldwork data showed that low-intensity warfare in Indonesia between 1945 and 1999 did indeed demonstrate the political power-diffusion effect posited by the author. This effect was triggered by the outbreak of guerrilla warfare, which itself flowed from crises generated by processes of modernisation and change within Indonesian society from traditional hierarchies to modern forms of social organisation. These crises were also affected by events at the systemic and regional levels of analysis ??? the invasion of the Netherlands East Indies by Japan, the Cold War, the Asian financial crisis and increasing economic and media globalisation. They resulted in a breakdown or weakening of formal power structures, allowing informal power structures to dominate. This in turn allowed local elites with economic, social or religious influence and with coercive power over the population, to develop political and military power at the local level while being subject to little control from higher levels. This process, then, represented a power diffusion from central and civilian leadership levels to local leaders with coercive means ??? most often military or insurgent leaders. Having been triggered by guerrilla operations, however, the direction and process by which such power diffusion operated was heavily influenced by contextual variables, of which the most important were geographical factors, political culture, traditional authority structures and the interaction of external variables at different levels of analysis. Topographical isolation, poor infrastructure, severe terrain, scattered population groupings and strong influence by traditional hierarchies tend to accelerate and exacerbate the loss of central control. Conversely good infrastructure, large population centres, good communications and a high degree of influence by nation-state and systemic levels of analysis ??? particularly through economic and governmental institutionalisation ??? tend to slow such diffusion. Moreover, while power may be diffusing at one level of analysis (e.g. nation-state) it may be centralising at another (e.g. into the hands of military leaders at local level). Analysis of the Malayan Emergency indicates that, in a comparable non-Indonesian historical example, the same general tendency to political power diffusion was evident and that the same broad contextual variables mediated it. However, it would be premature to conclude that the process observed in Indonesia is generally applicable. The nature and relative importance of contextual factors is likely to vary between examples and hence additional research on non-Indonesian examples would be necessary before such a conclusion could be drawn. Further research on a current instance of guerrilla operations in Indonesia is also essential before the broader contemporary applicability of these findings can be reliably demonstrated. Major Conclusions Reached. Based on the above, the theses developed to answer the initial problem can be stated thus: The command and control (C2) structures inherent in traditional, dispersed rural guerrilla movements that lack access to mass media or electronic communications tend to lessen the degree of control by central (military or political) leaders over regional leaders. If COIN or Internal Security Operations are conducted, two factors will operate. First, there will be an increase in the degree of control over the civil population by local military leaders, at the expense of local or central political leaders. Second, where military command structures are pyramidal or segmentary, there will be an increase in control by local commanders at the expense of central military leaders. Where the central government is civilian or has interests divergent from the military???s, the first of these factors will dominate. Where the government is military or has interests largely identical to those of the military, the second factor will be dominant. The process of power diffusion can thus be summarised as follows: A crisis driven by processes of societal change or by external causes, leads to the outbreak of violence, one facet of which may include guerrilla operations. If guerrilla operations do occur, the C2 structures inherent in such operations give a high degree of autonomy and independence to local military leaders. The same (or a contemporaneous) crisis produces a breakdown of formal power structures, causing organisations to fall back upon informal power structures. The nature of these informal power structures is determined by geography, political culture, patterns of traditional authority within the society and the degree of interaction of systemic/regional factors with local events. Thus the guerrilla operations and the concomitant breakdown in formal power structures form the trigger for political power diffusion. The precise nature and progress of this diffusion is then determined by contextual variables.

Zugl.: Frankfurt am Main, Univ., Diss. / Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)--Universität Frankfurt am Main. Includes bibliographical references and index.

Submitted by Fabio da Silva Pereira da Silva Pereira (fsp38cg@gmail.com) on 2016-07-22T16:20:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DM_FABIO_22_julho_entrega_final.pdf: 3178539 bytes, checksum: 0fb887e533921a95fc5b6758e4d07367 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2016-07-27T18:55:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DM_FABIO_22_julho_entrega_final.pdf: 3178539 bytes, checksum: 0fb887e533921a95fc5b6758e4d07367 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-08-02T17:57:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DM_FABIO_22_julho_entrega_final.pdf: 3178539 bytes, checksum: 0fb887e533921a95fc5b6758e4d07367 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T17:58:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DM_FABIO_22_julho_entrega_final.pdf: 3178539 bytes, checksum: 0fb887e533921a95fc5b6758e4d07367 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-19 / The aim of this study is realize an interaction analysis between Brazilian Army and the 42 (forty-two) military and civilian agencies in Maré slums and how these influence the doctrine of military pacification operations. Operation San Francisco - started on April 5, 2014 by Force Pacification (F Pac), was assigned to the Ministry of Defense components to ensure and promote the guarantee of law and order (GLO) public in the Complexo da Maré communities, in Rio de Janeiro city. The proposed methodology is based on applied research with mixed approach technique, through literature, analyzing the documents and reports of F Pac and interviews to members of the military and civil forces that provide public services in the aforementioned region. For this, we used the inductive method by means of statistical tests, to identify causal relationships between the demands of civil utilities met in the communities as well as their influence in the peace operations and defense policies in aimed at updating of doctrine and of military operations. The expected theoretical contributions are the observation of changes in operational use in an environment with high crime and low Human Development Index (IDH) and provide information for collaborative work and all civil institutions under the military protection (but not under military control). This aims to provided the population with access to basic public services safely and minimized wear of GLO actions through the achievement of local public opinion. Expected practical contributions reside in increasing the purely military potential, promoting the adoption of effective public policies civil folders. The implications relate to the approach and more interaction between the military government and civil folders through the mediation of the Section of Civil Affairs. The researches of this work are evident as they are restricted to the context of the pacification of a set of slums in the state capital of Rio de Janeiro in 2014 / O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma análise da interação do Exército Brasileiro perante os 42 (quarenta e dois) órgãos civis e militares no conjunto de favelas da Maré e de que forma estas influenciaram na doutrina das operações militares de pacificação. A Operação São Francisco - iniciada em 5 de abril de 2014 pela Força de Pacificação (F Pac), foi designada aos componentes do Ministério da Defesa para assegurar e promover a garantia da lei e da ordem (GLO) pública nas comunidades do Complexo da Maré, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia proposta baseou-se em uma pesquisa aplicada com técnica de abordagem mista, através da pesquisa bibliográfica, da análise dos documentos e relatórios da F Pac e da realização de entrevistas aos integrantes das forças militares e dos civis que prestaram serviços públicos na região supracitada. Para isso, foi utilizado o método indutivo por meio dos testes estatísticos, que visaram identificar relacionamentos causais entre as demandas de serviços públicos civis atendidos nas comunidades, bem como a influência destas nas operações de pacificação e nas políticas de defesa voltadas à atualização da doutrina e das operações militares. As contribuições teóricas esperadas foram a observação das mudanças no emprego operacional em um ambiente com alta criminalidade e baixo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e fornecer informações para o emprego colaborativo das instituições civis sob a proteção militar (mas não sob o controle militar). Isto visou proporcionar à população o acesso aos serviços públicos básicos com segurança e minimizou o desgaste das ações de GLO através da conquista da opinião pública local. As contribuições práticas esperadas residiram no aumento do potencial militar, através da integração de políticas públicas efetivas das pastas civis. As implicações referiram-se a abordagem e a maior interação entre as pastas governamentais militares e civis através da mediação da Seção de Assuntos Civis. As pesquisas deste trabalho evidenciaram por serem restritas ao contexto da pacificação de um conjunto de favelas da capital do Estado do Rio de Janeiro no ano de 2014.

O artigo em questão trata da evolução das relações civis-militares na Turquia e de sua estreita vinculação com a política externa do país. A partir de uma análise sobre o desenvolvimento do kemalismo na Turquia, demonstramos como as Forças Armadas conseguiram institucionalizar suas prerrogativas, de forma a ter grande relevância para a formulação da política externa turca. Ao longo da Guerra Fria, então, o papel jogado pelos militares fez com que Ancara se mantivesse alinhado ao Ocidente, com receio da ascensão de movimentos contrários, como o marxismo, o islamismo e o curdismo. No entanto, a partir de 1999, observamos o processo contrário, com o afastamento das Forças Armadas dos centros de decisão da política turca. Esse fenômeno foi acentuado a partir de 2002, com a emergência do AKP, que levou os setores religiosos ao governo e intensificou o declínio dos militares enquanto agentes políticos. Em termos diplomáticos, verificou-se uma transformação significativa da política externa da Turquia, que abandonou a matriz de aliança com o Ocidente em favor de uma estratégia mais regionalista e assertiva. / This article deals with the evolution of civil-military relations in Turkey, and with its strict link with its foreign policy. With that spirit, we analyzed the development of Kemalism in Turkey and we showed how the Turkish Armed Forces managed to institutionalize their prerogatives, so they could play a paramount role to the formulation of Turkish foreign policy. During the Cold War, therefore, it meant the Ankara has always been a close ally to the West, especially because Army feared the rise of antagonist political movements such as Marxism, Islamism and Kurdism. However, from 1999, we can observe the exact opposite phenomenon, because the Turkish Armed Forces have been ostracized when it comes to the Turkish political process. This fact was deeply intensified since 2002, when the AKP won the general elections. The AKP victory brought some religious segments to the core of the government and that deepen the military decline as political actors. Diplomatically, we remarked a significant shift in Turkish foreign policy, once Turkey abandoned its unquestionable alliance with the West in favor of a more assertive and regionalist strategy.

O propósito desta tese é explicar as relações civil-militares na Colômbia durante a década de 2000. Nesta perspectiva, considera-se, em primeiro lugar, o impacto da pressão externa por uma determinada conformação das FFAA. Ou seja, a influência da intervenção dos Estados Unidos da América através do Plano Colômbia. Em segundo lugar, avalia-se o impacto do contexto político interno da Colômbia na conjuntura 2000-2010 e, particularmente, a dinâmica do conflito colombiano durante a execução da Política de Segurança Democrática do governo Uribe, nas suas dimensões normativas, institucionais e operacionais. A pesquisa também desenvolve uma contextualização sócio-histórica para identificar os condicionantes estruturais das interações entre civis e militares na Colômbia desde o século XIX. Por fim, exploram-se as implicações do processo de fortalecimento, modernização e expansão das FFAA nos últimos anos para o controle civil democrático, como também para a inserção do estado colombiano em dinâmicas de cooperação regional no âmbito da segurança e defesa. / This research aims to explain the civilian-military relationships during the 2000 decade. First off, it considers the impact of external stress supporting a battle between the FFAA. I mean the influence from an American participation through the frame of Plan Colombia. In second place, it reviews the impact of the internal political context in Colombia in the juncture 2000-2010 and, specially, it focuses on the dynamics of armed conflict and the execution of the security policies during Uribe’s Government, within the normative, institutional and operational dimensions. Also includes the study of the historic and sociological context that represents the structural interactional conditions between civilians and militaries of the XIX century. Finally, it explores the consequences of the process of consolidation, modernization and expansion of the FFAA over the last years for the civil democratic control, as so as for the introduction of Colombia in regional cooperation policies of security and defense.

O propósito desta tese é explicar as relações civil-militares na Colômbia durante a década de 2000. Nesta perspectiva, considera-se, em primeiro lugar, o impacto da pressão externa por uma determinada conformação das FFAA. Ou seja, a influência da intervenção dos Estados Unidos da América através do Plano Colômbia. Em segundo lugar, avalia-se o impacto do contexto político interno da Colômbia na conjuntura 2000-2010 e, particularmente, a dinâmica do conflito colombiano durante a execução da Política de Segurança Democrática do governo Uribe, nas suas dimensões normativas, institucionais e operacionais. A pesquisa também desenvolve uma contextualização sócio-histórica para identificar os condicionantes estruturais das interações entre civis e militares na Colômbia desde o século XIX. Por fim, exploram-se as implicações do processo de fortalecimento, modernização e expansão das FFAA nos últimos anos para o controle civil democrático, como também para a inserção do estado colombiano em dinâmicas de cooperação regional no âmbito da segurança e defesa. / This research aims to explain the civilian-military relationships during the 2000 decade. First off, it considers the impact of external stress supporting a battle between the FFAA. I mean the influence from an American participation through the frame of Plan Colombia. In second place, it reviews the impact of the internal political context in Colombia in the juncture 2000-2010 and, specially, it focuses on the dynamics of armed conflict and the execution of the security policies during Uribe’s Government, within the normative, institutional and operational dimensions. Also includes the study of the historic and sociological context that represents the structural interactional conditions between civilians and militaries of the XIX century. Finally, it explores the consequences of the process of consolidation, modernization and expansion of the FFAA over the last years for the civil democratic control, as so as for the introduction of Colombia in regional cooperation policies of security and defense.

O artigo em questão trata da evolução das relações civis-militares na Turquia e de sua estreita vinculação com a política externa do país. A partir de uma análise sobre o desenvolvimento do kemalismo na Turquia, demonstramos como as Forças Armadas conseguiram institucionalizar suas prerrogativas, de forma a ter grande relevância para a formulação da política externa turca. Ao longo da Guerra Fria, então, o papel jogado pelos militares fez com que Ancara se mantivesse alinhado ao Ocidente, com receio da ascensão de movimentos contrários, como o marxismo, o islamismo e o curdismo. No entanto, a partir de 1999, observamos o processo contrário, com o afastamento das Forças Armadas dos centros de decisão da política turca. Esse fenômeno foi acentuado a partir de 2002, com a emergência do AKP, que levou os setores religiosos ao governo e intensificou o declínio dos militares enquanto agentes políticos. Em termos diplomáticos, verificou-se uma transformação significativa da política externa da Turquia, que abandonou a matriz de aliança com o Ocidente em favor de uma estratégia mais regionalista e assertiva. / This article deals with the evolution of civil-military relations in Turkey, and with its strict link with its foreign policy. With that spirit, we analyzed the development of Kemalism in Turkey and we showed how the Turkish Armed Forces managed to institutionalize their prerogatives, so they could play a paramount role to the formulation of Turkish foreign policy. During the Cold War, therefore, it meant the Ankara has always been a close ally to the West, especially because Army feared the rise of antagonist political movements such as Marxism, Islamism and Kurdism. However, from 1999, we can observe the exact opposite phenomenon, because the Turkish Armed Forces have been ostracized when it comes to the Turkish political process. This fact was deeply intensified since 2002, when the AKP won the general elections. The AKP victory brought some religious segments to the core of the government and that deepen the military decline as political actors. Diplomatically, we remarked a significant shift in Turkish foreign policy, once Turkey abandoned its unquestionable alliance with the West in favor of a more assertive and regionalist strategy.

O artigo em questão trata da evolução das relações civis-militares na Turquia e de sua estreita vinculação com a política externa do país. A partir de uma análise sobre o desenvolvimento do kemalismo na Turquia, demonstramos como as Forças Armadas conseguiram institucionalizar suas prerrogativas, de forma a ter grande relevância para a formulação da política externa turca. Ao longo da Guerra Fria, então, o papel jogado pelos militares fez com que Ancara se mantivesse alinhado ao Ocidente, com receio da ascensão de movimentos contrários, como o marxismo, o islamismo e o curdismo. No entanto, a partir de 1999, observamos o processo contrário, com o afastamento das Forças Armadas dos centros de decisão da política turca. Esse fenômeno foi acentuado a partir de 2002, com a emergência do AKP, que levou os setores religiosos ao governo e intensificou o declínio dos militares enquanto agentes políticos. Em termos diplomáticos, verificou-se uma transformação significativa da política externa da Turquia, que abandonou a matriz de aliança com o Ocidente em favor de uma estratégia mais regionalista e assertiva. / This article deals with the evolution of civil-military relations in Turkey, and with its strict link with its foreign policy. With that spirit, we analyzed the development of Kemalism in Turkey and we showed how the Turkish Armed Forces managed to institutionalize their prerogatives, so they could play a paramount role to the formulation of Turkish foreign policy. During the Cold War, therefore, it meant the Ankara has always been a close ally to the West, especially because Army feared the rise of antagonist political movements such as Marxism, Islamism and Kurdism. However, from 1999, we can observe the exact opposite phenomenon, because the Turkish Armed Forces have been ostracized when it comes to the Turkish political process. This fact was deeply intensified since 2002, when the AKP won the general elections. The AKP victory brought some religious segments to the core of the government and that deepen the military decline as political actors. Diplomatically, we remarked a significant shift in Turkish foreign policy, once Turkey abandoned its unquestionable alliance with the West in favor of a more assertive and regionalist strategy.

Submitted by Karina Rodrigues (karinafrodrigues@gmail.com) on 2013-11-18T11:39:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Karina Rodrigues - Relações civis-militares e Leis de Acesso.pdf: 977271 bytes, checksum: 5ca542611c3e3c891412198f7dc3596a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2014-01-28T13:22:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Karina Rodrigues - Relações civis-militares e Leis de Acesso.pdf: 977271 bytes, checksum: 5ca542611c3e3c891412198f7dc3596a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-02-03T15:50:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Karina Rodrigues - Relações civis-militares e Leis de Acesso.pdf: 977271 bytes, checksum: 5ca542611c3e3c891412198f7dc3596a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-03T15:51:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Karina Rodrigues - Relações civis-militares e Leis de Acesso.pdf: 977271 bytes, checksum: 5ca542611c3e3c891412198f7dc3596a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-28 / Particularly in Latin America, a vast legacy of military regimes has contributed to the entrenchment of a culture of secrecy in governments. In most of these cases, the argument used for the coup was the defense of the homeland against the communist threat, and also motivated by a sense of duty of the armed forces to preserve the rule. In this view, they would be the most qualified ones to determine when and how to intervene in the internal political order. However, to justify military intervention in the internal political order based on a 'cleansing' of democracy is always an endeavor fraught with contradictions and serious risks to freedom. This context led scholars and authorities to rethink civil control over the military, and to redefine the armed forces’ roles. On the ongoing process of democracy consolidation, the military still holds some political and veto powers within civilian governments. The civilian control of the military in Latin America faces the lack of political incentives for civilians to be involved and specialized on the subject, since there are no observed external, either internal threats. In fact, the region has been considered as a 'peace zone', where diplomatic efforts would prevail over armed conflicts. The enactment of FOI laws opens an entirely new way of civil scrutiny – a monitory democracy, which affects directly the military autonomy and organizational culture. In the study of the emergence and strength of Freedom of Information (FOI) laws in Latin America, the civil-military relations have not been considered in depth as an influential factor. From this, we sought to trace a link between, on the one hand, the existence of FOI legislation, the date of approval of the FOI law and its general and exceptions strength, and on the other hand, the civil-military relations in Latin America. We found some suggestive links to be explored. A considerable number of countries support that the civil-military relations influence both regulation of exceptions and the time the law was passed. There is a general trend in Latin America to adopt weak FOI laws in regulating exceptions. This study provides the transparency and civil-military research agendas with various possibilities of compared case studies. It was also made an in-depth case study of Brazil, a very representative country on military influence in politics. In the discussions about the law, secrecy was the most polemic topic, and besides the military and diplomats, no other actors got deeply involved against it. It was concluded that civil-military relations in Brazil were an important and non-ignorable factor in the late approval of the FOI law in the country. / Na América Latina, um vasto legado de regimes militares tem contribuído para o fortalecimento de uma cultura de sigilo nos governos. Além da defesa da pátria contra a ameaça comunista, a maioria destes golpes se deveu a um senso de dever das Forças Armadas em preservar o Estado. Deste ponto de vista, os próprios militares seriam os mais qualificados para determinar quando e como intervir na ordem política interna. No entanto, justificar a intervenção militar na ordem política interna é sempre um empreendimento repleto de contradições e riscos graves para a liberdade. Este contexto levou os estudiosos e autoridades a repensarem o controle civil sobre os militares, e a redefinirem os papéis das forças armadas. Neste processo de consolidação da democracia, os militares ainda mantêm alguns poderes políticos e de veto dentro dos governos civis. O controle civil democrático das Forças Armadas na América Latina enfrenta a falta de incentivos políticos para os civis a se envolverem e se especializarem no assunto, já que não há ameaças internas, quer externas observadas. De fato, a região tem sido considerada como uma 'zona de paz', onde os esforços diplomáticos prevaleceriam sobre conflitos armados. A promulgação de leis de acesso à informação pública (LAI) abre uma maneira inteiramente nova de escrutínio público – uma democracia monitorial, que afeta diretamente a autonomia militar e sua cultura organizacional. No estudo do surgimento e da força legal das LAI na América Latina, as relações entre civis e militares não foram consideradas em profundidade como um fator influente. Buscou-se traçar uma relação entre, por um lado, a existência de LAI, a data de aprovação da LAI e sua força geral e exceções, e por outro lado, as relações civis-militares na América Latina. Um número considerável de países suporta que as relações civis-militares influenciam a regulamentação das exceções e o momento em que a lei foi aprovada. Há uma tendência geral na América Latina a adotar LAI fracas na regulamentação de exceções. Também foi feito um estudo de caso do Brasil, país muito representativo da influência militar na política. Concluiu-se que as relações entre civis e militares no Brasil foram um fator de grande influência na aprovação final da LAI no país. Este estudo contribui para a construção de uma ponte entre as agendas de pesquisa de transparência e de relações civis-militares, com várias possibilidades de estudos de casos comparados.