Cette thèse envisage la relation qui prend forme par le biais du texte littéraire, lors de son écriture et de ses lectures subséquentes, dans la perspective d’une amitié, telle que l’amitié textuelle posthume entre les autrices Clarice Lispector (1920-1977) et Hélène Cixous (1937- ) la donne à penser. Bien que la mort de Lispector soit survenue avant que Cixous ait pu la lire, celle-ci a perçu dans son écriture un appel à l’amitié qui s’est répercuté autant dans sa pensée que dans son écriture et ses enseignements, influençant considérablement sa conception de l’écriture féminine. Il demeure que l’approche qu’a eue Cixous du texte lispectorien a été fortement critiquée parce que jugée trop envahissante, voire déformante, et ce, malgré les multiples invitations à la lectrice que recèle les textes de Lispector. Celle-ci somme sa lectrice à reconnaître non seulement le rôle qu’elle joue dans la constitution du texte, mais aussi à accepter sa part de la responsabilité qu’implique l’autorité du texte. L’étude de certains de ses romans montre que Lispector met de l’avant une manière d’être en relation avec autrui par le biais du texte qui tient de l’amitié. Entre l’approche lispectorienne, qui appelle à une reconnaissance de la subjectivité, ce à quoi Cixous a adhéré pleinement, et celle des critiques de la lecture de Cixous, qui prônent une lecture objective fondée sur la connaissance, il y a donc un conflit portant sur le statut du texte littéraire et sur le rapport que l’on peut entretenir avec lui. Cette relation inédite entre Lispector et Cixous est une invitation à revoir l’amitié de même que la manière dont on peut concevoir la relation qui prend forme par le biais du texte littéraire. Pour mieux comprendre le malaise que suscite le fait de rapprocher cette relation à une amitié, seront étudiées les définitions que les philosophes de l’Antiquité Platon, Aristote et Cicéron ont données à l’amitié pour mieux cerner, notamment, les enjeux relatifs à la réciprocité et à la vie en commun des amis. Montaigne et Maurice Blanchot ayant écrit au sujet de l’amitié une fois leur ami disparu, ils nous permettent de penser ce lien entre l’amitié et le texte, en ce que ce dernier permet la poursuite de la première après la mort de l’ami, alors que la réciprocité et la vie en commun sont rendues impossibles. Or, si le texte permet à l’amitié de se poursuivre au-delà de la mort, Emmanuel Levinas et Hans-Georg Gadamer considèrent que tout rapport au texte et toute herméneutique impliquent une relation qu’il faut simplement reconnaître. Cette amitié entre Lispector et Cixous s’avère donc un exemple d’amitié textuelle, laquelle est une invitation à revoir la manière dont on entre en relation avec le texte et dont on vit l’amitié en dehors de lui, comme quoi, à l’instar de toute relation, l’amitié et le texte se trouvent modifiés lorsqu’ils sont envisagés dans la perspective de leur relation. / This dissertation examines the relationship that takes shape within the literary text, through writing and reading it, as a friendship. The posthumous textual friendship between authors Clarice Lispector (1920-1977) and Hélène Cixous (1937- ) serves as an example as to how such a relationship can occur through the literary text. While Lispector was already dead when Cixous first read her, the latter heard a calling in the former’s writing, which she perceived as an invitation to be friends. Lispector’s oeuvre had a considerable influence on Cixous’ writing, teaching and thinking, even modifying her conception of écriture féminine. Nonetheless, her reading of Lispector’s texts was harshly criticized, as some found it to be domineering, even though Lispector often directly asks her reader to engage with the text so as not to leave her alone. She also invites her reader to recognize her share of the responsibility that comes with creating the text, suggesting a way to relate to another within the text that is akin to a friendship. This way to engage with the text calls for a recognition of everyone’s —writers’ and readers’— subjectivity, an approach Cixous took to heart. As for the critics, their approach to the literary text is based on knowledge instead of on the relationships to which it gives shape. This clash explains why they deemed Cixous’ reading as utterly unacceptable, these conflicting visions being irreconcilable. Lispector’s and Cixous’ uncanny friendship reads as an invitation to envision friendship as a new way to engage with the literary text. To better understand the reluctance to define any relationship taking place within the literary text as a friendship, we will examine how friendship has been defined philosophically since Antiquity through the works of Plato, Aristotle and Cicero, in which the questions of reciprocity and proximity arise. Then, Montaigne and Maurice Blanchot, who wrote texts about their respective deceased friend, will help us to consider the relationship between friendship and the text, as the latter serves to keep the friendship alive after their friend’s death, when reciprocity and proximity are no longer possible in the living world. Since the text allows for friendship to be carried on after one of the friend’s passing, it can also be envisioned as the place for friendships to take place. Emmanuel Levinas and Hans-Georg Gadamer both consider that any relation to the text and hermeneutics as a whole implies a relationship that requires to be recognized as such. Therefore, the relationship between Lispector and Cixous is considered an example of textual friendship that allows us to rethink how we engage with the text but also how we experience friendship. Just like friends both impact one another, friendship and the literary text also affect one another when viewed through the lens of relationship.

In the period following the May 1968 protests, French women began to create theatre that highlighted women’s struggles. This study explores the dual influence of Antonin Artaud and Bertolt Brecht on plays by Hélène Cixous, Simone Benmussa, and the Théâtre du Soleil led by Ariane Mnouchkine. Artaud argued that theatre should become a transformative experience through an explosion of sensory stimuli: music, light, noise, and imagery. Conversely, Brecht wanted to use theatre to revolutionize society and theorized that by maintaining historical and emotional distance between the audience and the play, spectators would be encouraged to think critically about the its significance and be compelled to action. The female playwrights and directors studied created powerful theatre by combining these ideas in a manner mimicking Julia Kristeva’s notion of subject formation. Kristeva proposes that the human subject is never stable. Instead, it oscillates between the non-discursive, emotion-filled state she labels the semiotic and the more language- and logic-propelled symbolic register. These two realms are in constant tension as the semiotic disrupts the logic of the symbolic and in turn, the symbolic strives to regulate the semiotic impulses. In this study, I argue that the ideas of Artaud are aligned with the semiotic while those of Brecht resemble the symbolic. In the plays examined, the non-linguistic elements of the design and mise-en-scène engage with the didactic aims of the playwrights and directors, causing the spectator to connect emotionally with the story while simultaneously reflecting on its real-world signification.

<p>When attempting to convey certain political or ideological agendas in literary texts maintaining specific writing strategies can work as a useful tool. From a feminist perspective the use of <em>écriture feminine</em> as a means of undermining patriarchy has been largely neglected as well as misunderstood by many feminists. However, as argued in this essay, <em>écriture feminine</em> is not only a useful tool for pursuing a feminist agenda, but is also something that needs to be discussed due to the many misunderstandings of it. Resting on the theoretical perspectives of Judith Butler, Hélène Cixous, Antonio Gramsci, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and Richard Slotkin this essay investigates Angela Carter’s short story “The Lady of the House of Love” in relation to <em>écriture feminine</em> by exploring how the text rejects patriarchy and its idea of the gender binary. In this short story Carter re-works the classic Sleeping Beauty fairy tale and provides us with a feminist’s version of it. The main thesis of this essay is therefore that Carter challenges the gender binary by de-victimizing “woman” and by engaging in a style of writing that overturns western culture’s definitions of “woman” Carter provides a version of Sleeping Beauty that radically differs from the hegemonic/patriarchal versions.</p>

This thesis deals with the representation of the body and space in the theatre of Bernard-Marie Koltes and Helene Cixous. From the theoretical point of view, it looks at transition in French theatre from a modern to a postmodern predicament, from a discursive to a corporeal theatre. It then looks at the ways postmodern culture maps, configures, disciplines, and violates the body, particularly through the relationship of the new textuality to its stage manifestations. Textually, it analizes three plays by each playwright. The juxtaposition of the works of Koltes and Cixous allows for an in depth look at the theatre of the 1970's and 80's in France, a period marked by theatrical decentralisation and experimentation. Both favoured a strong tie to theatre practice while developing a close relationship with a theatre director: Patrice Chereau, in the case of Koltes, and Ariane Mnouchkine, in the case of Cixous. Aside from looking at the relationship with theatre practitioners, this thesis examines a number of aesthetic and political affinities which bring Koltes and Cixous together, such as redefining a postmodern mythology and a political role for theatre. Unlike many postmodernist theatre practices that try to evade political commitment, both Cixous and Koltes are preoccupied with the resistance to a nihilistic discourse, and propose an evolving and corporeal stage presence inscribed in a pluralistic space of representation. For Koltes, the body on the stage resists symbolic categorization in Combat de negre et de chiens (1979), it then becomes related to spatial reality outside language in Quai ouest (1985), and finally the corporeal body is culturally and ideologically mapped in Le Retour au desert (1988). This triple dimension is also reflected in the work of Cixous, for whom the theatre is a space of feminist praxis. First, the space of representation, through the subversive performativity of the body, questions the premises of the psychoanalytic gaze in Portrait de Dora (1976), then classical mythology is rewritten to disrupt patriarcal discourse in Le Nom d'Oedipe: chant du corps interdit (1978), and a post-colonial role for theatre is redefined in order to question the historical subject in L'Indiade ou l'lnde de leurs reves (1987). Finally, this thesis looks at the ways both Koltes and Cixous join in with postmodernism in declaring the impossibility of grand-narrative, while trying to show how identity cannot be based on essentialist categories of race, gender, ethnicity, or sexual orientation, but on the performance of all these various categories as they intersect in the performing body.

The present MA thesis explores the concept of a female body and voice and their transformations as presented by various American writers. The chosen male authored works include Washington Square by Henry James, The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway, and The Crying of Lot 49 by Thomas Pynchon, for these writers delineate their heroines Catherine Sloper, Lady Brett Ashley, and Oedipa Maas in a turbulent period of their lives when they attempt to break with the obsolescent roles of passive and obedient daughters, partners, and wives. These fictional agents use different kinds of resistance, but as women, they are, nevertheless, mediated through the dominant male and masculine discourse that pervades the fictionalized societies in which these female agents appear. As for fictional work by female writers, without the assumption that the gender of the writer makes any literary work more or less "feminine", I have chosen The Awakening by Kate Chopin, The House of Mirth by Edith Wharton, a short-story "Good Country People" by Flannery O'Connor, and Blood and Guts in High School by Kathy Acker. The female heroines of the selected literary works bear a number of traumas women have had to endure under the patriarchal order and this thesis will address those traumas, their manifestation in the female psyche, and how...

The definition of one's femininity and its reflection in poetic language are two recurring issues examined by contemporary feminist critics. In their works, they consistently challenge the opinion that true poetry is essentially masculine, and that a woman poet is inevitably an inferior poet. Sylvia Plath, whose poetry represents the central subject of this thesis, could hardly be considered an inferior poet. Despite her early death, Plath's poetry continues to be immensely influential, and it tends to be adopted as an example by feminist critics who attempt to define the branch American women's poetry, reaching back to poets such as Anne Bradstreet and Emily Dickinson. From their point of view, Plath's works illustrate the fact that women's poetry has not only its history, but also its language. One may thus discover interesting parallels between the French-based concept of l'écriture féminine and Plath's poetic language. For the representatives of the l'écriture féminine movement Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and Julia Kristeva, Western discourse is phallogocentric, i.e. based on the centrality of the phallus as a primary signifier. To disrupt the traditional (masculine) discourse, they neither propose a total split between the "male" and the "female" signifiers nor do they encourage women to...

This thesis deals with the representation of the body and space in the theatre of Bernard-Marie Koltes and Helene Cixous. From the theoretical point of view, it looks at transition in French theatre from a modern to a postmodern predicament, from a discursive to a corporeal theatre. It then looks at the ways postmodern culture maps, configures, disciplines, and violates the body, particularly through the relationship of the new textuality to its stage manifestations. Textually, it analizes three plays by each playwright. The juxtaposition of the works of Koltes and Cixous allows for an in depth look at the theatre of the 1970's and 80's in France, a period marked by theatrical decentralisation and experimentation. Both favoured a strong tie to theatre practice while developing a close relationship with a theatre director: Patrice Chereau, in the case of Koltes, and Ariane Mnouchkine, in the case of Cixous. Aside from looking at the relationship with theatre practitioners, this thesis examines a number of aesthetic and political affinities which bring Koltes and Cixous together, such as redefining a postmodern mythology and a political role for theatre. Unlike many postmodernist theatre practices that try to evade political commitment, both Cixous and Koltes are preoccupied with the resistance to a nihilistic discourse, and propose an evolving and corporeal stage presence inscribed in a pluralistic space of representation. For Koltes, the body on the stage resists symbolic categorization in Combat de negre et de chiens (1979), it then becomes related to spatial reality outside language in Quai ouest (1985), and finally the corporeal body is culturally and ideologically mapped in Le Retour au desert (1988). This triple dimension is also reflected in the work of Cixous, for whom the theatre is a space of feminist praxis. First, the space of representation, through the subversive performativity of the body, questions the premises of the psychoanalytic gaze in Portrait de Dora (1976), then classical mythology is rewritten to disrupt patriarcal discourse in Le Nom d'Oedipe: chant du corps interdit (1978), and a post-colonial role for theatre is redefined in order to question the historical subject in L'Indiade ou l'lnde de leurs reves (1987). Finally, this thesis looks at the ways both Koltes and Cixous join in with postmodernism in declaring the impossibility of grand-narrative, while trying to show how identity cannot be based on essentialist categories of race, gender, ethnicity, or sexual orientation, but on the performance of all these various categories as they intersect in the performing body. / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

David Lurie, the main character in J.M. Coetzee’s novel Disgrace, is a white middle-aged man who lives in South Africa. He is a South African man but seems to think of himself as a European man and the story plays out in a post-colonial setting. In the story, sex and sexual violence are used by several characters as a means to communicate hierarchy and patriarchal power relations, intersected by race and sexuality. This essay explores how we can understand the plot and the role of sex in Disgrace, through Hélène Cixous’ theory of patriarchal binary thought. By using phallocentric oppositional word couples as examples, a close reading of the novel enables us to see how patriarchal binary thinking reveals the backbone of patriarchy in Disgrace.

Depuis les années 80, le développement rapide des nouvelles technologies microélectroniques a donné naissance à une nouvelle génération d’oeuvres d’art musicales. Souvent, ces oeuvres profitent d’une approche analytique provenant de la théorie des médias. En même temps, de nouveaux courants dans la philosophie ainsi que dans les études culturelles ont engendré une nouvelle notion de genre (anglais : gender), qui vient s’établir dans la musicologie anglo-américaine et, de manière plus conscrite, dans la musicologie allemande ; jusqu’ici, elle ne s’établit guère dans la musicologie française. Cette thèse entreprend une investigation théorique d’oeuvres d’art électroniques, tout en utilisant la notion de gender : gender + electronic = gendertronics. Pour cette investigation, des notions sont employées dérivant de la lecture féminine : une approche pluridisciplinaire associée à l’écriture féminine d’Hélène Cixous (* 1937), écrivain et théoricienne poststructuraliste. Puisque ni la lecture féminine ni la théorie des médias ne prend en compte des éléments musicaux, cette investigation incorpore également des aspects de l’analyse musicale. Trois artistes sont considérées : Gerhard Stäbler (*1943), Terre Thaemlitz (*1968) et Miss Kittin (*1973). L’investigation trace le développement des notions de « sujet » et de « matériau musical » depuis la théorie poststructuraliste et la musique contemporaine jusqu’à des notions philosophiques émergentes du « corps ». Une considération particulière est le genre musical electronica, repérant ses antécédents dans la musique électronique expérimentale en Europe du vingtième siècle et dans les musiques populaires de danse aux Etats-Unis dans les années 80 et 90. L’investigation cherche à joindre les recherches récentes dans ces domaines. Elle ouvre de nouvelles pistes et propose des nouveaux outils pour explorer plus profondément le domaine émergent des gendertronics / Since the 1980s, rapid development of new micro-electronic technologies has spawned a new generation of musical art works employing electronic means. These artworks are often theoretically approached using media theory. Contemporaneously, new developments in philosophy and in cultural studies have given rise to the new notion of gender, which has since found its way into Anglo-American musicological and, to a more limited degree, into German musicology, though not at all into French. The present work undertakes a gendered theoretical investigation of electronic art works – gender + electronics = ‘gendertronics’. For the investigation, notions stemming from lecture féminine are employed, a pluralistic reading approach associated with écriture féminine of the poststructuralist theorist/writer Hélène Cixous (born 1937). Since neither lecture féminine nor abovementioned media theory takes musical elements into account, this investigation also draws on music analysis. Aspects of the works of three artists are considered: Gerhard Stäbler (born 1943), Terre Thaemlitz (born 1968), and DJ Miss Kittin (born 1973). The investigation traces the development of the topics ‘Subject’ and ‘musical material’ from poststructuralist and New Music theory of the 20th century to emerging new philosophical notions of the body. Particular attention is given to the development of the musical genre ‘electronica’, tracing its antecedents from European experimental electronic music of the 20th century and from American popular dance music of the 80s and 90s; subgenres treated include rave, glitch, clicks-and-cuts, electroclash, techno, electro, ambient, and house. The investigation complements recent research addressing lacunae in these areas and offers new paths and tools for future investigation in the emerging area of gendertronics

Denna uppsats har undersökt hur Hilma af Klint har framställts i utställningskataloger och recensioner av Moderna Museet i Stockholms tre utställningar – 1989, 2013 och 2022. Uppsatsen har granskat ordval, fraser och åsikter gällande beskrivningar av henne, hennes konst och hennes plats i konsthistoriens skrivning. Undersökandet har utifrån ett feministiskt synsätt. Genom Linda Nochlins Varför har det inte funnits några stora kvinnliga konstnärer, Whitney Chadwicks Women, Art &amp; Society samt Hélène Cixous dikotomier och text Laugh of the Medusa har uppsatsen kommit fram till att återkommande ordval som hänvisar på af Klint som kvinna har förekommit främst i samband med Moderna Museets första utställningen. Idag vid utställningen 2022 ifrågasätts Moderna Museets roll mer i deras återkommande synlighet av af Klint och hur vidare hon ska förklaras som ett geni som marknadsför museumet, mer än henne som en konstnär. / This essay has examined how Hilma af Klint has been described in exhibition catalogues and reviews of Moderna Museet in Stockholm’s three exhibitions - 1989, 2013 and 2022. The essay has examined word choices, phrases and opinions regarding descriptions of her, her art, and her place in the writing of art history. The examination has used a feminist approach. Through Linda Nochlin’s Varför har det inte funnits några stora kvinnliga konstnärer, Whitney Chadwick’s Women, Art &amp; Society, as well as Hélène Cixous’ dichotomies and text Laugh of the Medusa the essay has reached the conclusion that recurring word choices that refer to and highlight to af Klint’s gender as a woman are most visible in the first exhibition from 1989. Today, at 2022’s exhibition, the role of Moderna Museet is challenged more in their repeated visualising of af Klint and also how she is now depicted as a genius to market the museum, more than her as an artist.