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Electrical assemblies contain networks of varying voltages between which short circuits can form either by sparkover through the air (clearance) or across the surfaces of insulators (creepage). AutoCrear offers a robust and efficient software-based analysis of all clearances and creepage distances on CAD data of electrical assemblies. For the first time, developers of electrical assemblies have a robust tool at their disposal to detect all standard violations already in the design phase. A comprehensive and uniform documentation regarding clearance and creepage distances is automatically created. AutoCrear is a standalone solution that combines the complete workflow of a clearance and creepage distance analysis in a single programme. / Elektrische Baugruppen enthalten Netze unterschiedlicher Spannung, zwischen denen sich Kurzschlüsse entweder durch Funkenüberschlag durch die Luft (Luftstrecke) oder über die Oberflächen von Isolatoren (Kriechstrecke) bilden können. AutoCrear bietet eine robuste und effiziente softwarebasierte Analyse aller Luft- und Kriechstrecken auf CAD Daten elektrischer Baugruppen. Entwickler von elektrischen Baugruppen steht damit erstmals ein robustes Werkzeug zur Verfügung, um sämtliche Normverletzung bereits in der Designphase zu erkennen. Es wird automatisch eine umfassende und einheitliche Dokumentation hinsichtlich Luft- und Kriechstrecken erstellt. AutoCrear ist eine Standalone-Lösung, die den kompletten Workflow einer Luft- und Kriechstreckenanalyse in einem einzigen Programm vereint.

In mehrstufigen Axialverdichtern für Flugtriebwerke und stationäre Gasturbinen werden die Statoren entweder mit Deckband ausgeführt oder freistehend mit einem Radialspalt zur Rotornabe. Diese zwei üblichen konstruktiven Varianten zur Trennung von rotierenden und stehenden Bauteilen haben erheblichen Einfluss auf das Strömungsverhalten und die Verluste im nabennahen Bereich der Statorpassage. In den hinteren Stufen von mehrstufigen Axialverdichtern kommt dieser Problematik eine große Bedeutung bei, da mit sinkender Kanalhöhe der Anteil der Randverluste am Gesamtverlust steigt. Weiterhin ist mit relativ großen Spaltweiten im Verhältnis zur Kanalhöhe zu rechnen. Die vorliegende Arbeit vergleicht die Strömung an Statoren mit und ohne Deckband auf Basis experimenteller und numerischer Untersuchungen in einem vierstufigen Niedergeschwindigkeits-Axialverdichter. Für beide Bauarten werden die Auswirkungen einer Variation der Spaltweite auf das Strömungsfeld mit stationären Drucksonden ermittelt und mit stationären CFD-Simulationen verglichen. Für Statoren mit Radialspalt zur Nabe wird eine verbesserte dreidimensionale Gestaltung vorgestellt und experimentell untersucht. Ziel der neuen Auslegung ist die Verringerung der Auswirkung der Spaltweitenvergrößerung auf Verluste, Minderumlenkung und Blockage. Die experimentelle Verifizierung der Neuauslegung wird von numerischen Simulationen zur detaillierten Analyse der Verbesserungen unterstützt.:Symbolverzeichnis Einleitung 1 Grundlagen der Strömung im Seitenwandbereich von Statoren / Stand des Wissens 1.1 Sekundärströmung an Statoren 1.2 Historische Entwicklung der Untersuchung von Statoren mit und ohne Deckband in Axialverdichtern 1.3 Reduzierung von Verlusten durch dreidimensionales Schaufeldesign 1.4 Zielstellung der aktuellen Untersuchung 2 Niedergeschwindigkeitsverdichter und Messtechnik 2.1 Allgemeiner Aufbau des Niedergeschwindigkeitsverdichters 2.2 Messtechnik am Niedergeschwindigkeitsverdichter 2.3 Auswertungsmethoden und Analyse der Messergebnisse 2.3.1 Normierung der Messwerte 2.3.2 Kennfeld 2.3.3 Strömungsfeldmessung an der Stufe 2.3.4 Druckverteilungen 2.3.5 Betrachtung der Messgenauigkeit 2.4 Experimentell untersuchteAufbauten 2.4.1 Referenz-Statoren ohne Deckband - Aufbau 16 2.4.2 Referenz-Statoren mit Deckband - Aufbau 17 2.4.3 Neuauslegung für Statoren mit großen Radialspalten - Aufbau 20 3 Numerische Untersuchungen 3.1 Numerisches Modell 3.2 Simulationsmodell 3.2.1 Vernetzung des Verdichters für den Referenzfall 3.2.2 Modellierung unterschiedlicher Radialspaltweiten 3.2.3 Modellierung der Deckbandkavität 3.2.4 Einfluss der Turbulenzmodellierung auf die Strömung an Statoren mit und ohne Deckband 3.2.5 Simulationen mit Non-Linear-Harmonic-Method 4 Statoren mit und ohne Deckband 4.1 Globales Betriebsverhalten des Verdichters für Referenzmessungen an Statoren mit und ohne Deckband 4.1.1 Drehzahllinie des Verdichters bei Radialspaltvariation über Stator 3 und 4 4.1.2 Drehzahllinie des Verdichters bei Deckbandspaltvariation im Stator 3 4.1.3 Globale Ergebnisse der CFD-Simulation für Statoren mit und ohne Deckband 4.2 Strömungsfeldmessungen für Statoren mit und ohne Deckband 4.2.1 Zuströmung zum dritten Stator 4.2.2 Vergleich der Strömung am dritten Stator mit und ohne Deckband 4.2.3 Auswirkung des Designs des dritten Stators auf Rotor 4 4.3 Bewertung der Ergebnisse für Statoren mit und ohne Deckband 5 Statoren ohne Deckband mit verringerter Sensitivität gegenüber großen Radialspaltweiten 5.1 Auslegung eines Stators ohne Deckband für große Radialspaltweiten 5.2 Globales Betriebsverhalten des Verdichters für neuausgelegte Statoren ohne Deckband 5.3 Strömungsfeldmessungen am neuausgelegten Stator mit großem Radialspalt 5.3.1 Zuströmung zum dritten Stator 5.3.2 Strömung am dritten Stator bei Radialspaltvariation 5.3.3 Auswirkung der Radialspaltvariation am dritten Stator auf Rotor 4 5.4 Bewertung der neuen Auslegung für Statoren mit großem Radialspalt 6 Zusammenfassung A Anhang A.1 Eigenschaften des CFD-Netzes A.2 CFD-Netze f¨ur Stator 3 mit Deckband A.3 Einfluss des Fillets am dritten Stator mit Deckband Literaturverzeichnis

The 2009 edition of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) recommends a pedestrian walking speed of 3.5 feet per second for use in the timing of pedestrian clearance intervals at signalized intersections (reduced from 4.0 feet per second in the 2003 edition). Jurisdictions across the state of Utah continue to maintain pedestrian walking speeds of 4.0 feet per second for normal intersections with guidance on engineering judgement for areas where a lower pedestrian walking speed should be considered. In 2018, it was decided that the current state guidance with regard to pedestrian walking speeds be evaluated for any needed changes, such as adopting the national guidance found in the 2009 MUTCD. To evaluate pedestrian walking speeds at signalized intersections, 15 sites throughout the state of Utah were studied, producing a total of 2,061 observations of pedestrian crossing events. These crossing events were evaluated to calculate walking speeds in relation to pedestrian demographics at each location. Evaluated demographics included pedestrian group size, gender, mobility status, age category, alertness, and potential distractions. Upon completion of data collection, a statistical analysis was conducted to determine mean and 15th percentile pedestrian walking speeds by demographic. The data collection procedure, data analysis, and limited recommendations for pedestrian start-up delay and pedestrian walking speeds as used in signal timing are discussed in this report. The data suggest that Utah continue to maintain its guidance of 4.0 feet per second walking speeds at most signalized intersections, while exercising engineering judgment at locations containing high pedestrian volumes or locations containing high percentages of elderly or disabled pedestrians.

This thesis has been a collaboration between the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) and Siemens Energy which invest in the research facility at KTH. The objective was to investigate the use of eddy current sensors in real-time monitoring of turbine blades. The main focus has been on finding a use for blade tip clearance and a correlation for the insufficient sampling that eddy current sensors suffer from. At the same time, it was desirable to also investigate the use of the same sampled data for blade tip vibration. The research on eddy current sensors is important for their relative low price compared to other instruments and how resistance it is to contamination found in turbines, enabling real-time monitoring.  The testing has been conducted at the Energy Technology department which utilizes a scaled version of a full-sized turbine to investigate performance measurements. It is scaled to have the same stage loading for both blisks investigated. Two different blisks have been used for this project, one with thicher but fewer blades and one with thinner but more blades. On each blisk different types of sampling have been done in order to capture suitable data for both tip timing and tip vibration. This resulted in sampling with static RPM and sweeps over certain regions as well as full sweeps from design RPM to standstill.  A computer model was developed to evaluate the sampled data. In the model, the sample points were interpolated to compensate for the insufficient sampling, enabling tip gap measurements. Measurements and calibration were done on the blisks for the possibility of using a compensation curve in order to be able to compensate for the signal error. The results show that eddy current sensors and setup used here have a good capability of capturing the tip clearance with precision in the range of hundreds of millimeter on the blisk with thicker blades and up to a certain rotational speed on the blisk with thinner blades. In regards to the tip vibration, eddy current system had problems capturing the time of arrival with sufficient precision correctly. / Den här uppsatsen har varit ett sammarbete mellan Kunglig Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) och Simens Energy vilka investerar i forskningen som bedrivs på KTH. Målet var att undersöka användningen av eddy current sensors för övervakning av turbinbliskar. Huvudfokus har varit att hitta användning av sensorerna för topspelsmätningar och ta fram en korregering av den otillräckliga insamlingen av data som eddy current sensorer lider av. Samtidigt var det önskvärt att samtidigt undersöka samma insamlade data för att utvärdera bladvibrationer. Forskning på eddy current sensorer är viktig för dess relativt låga pris jämfört med andra alternativ samt att de dess höga motståndskraft mot smuts som ofta finns i miljöer där turbiner används. Testerna har gjorts på instutitionen för Energiteknik vilka använder en nedskalad versioner av den verkliga storleken på turbinen för att utföra mätningar på. Två olika bliskar har använts för detta projekt, en med grövre men färre blad samt en med tunnare och fler blad. Stegbelastningen är dock samma för båda. På båda bladen har olika typer mätningar gjorts för att kunna fånga passade data för båda topspelsmätningar och bladvibrationer. Detta gav data med statiskt varvtal, långsamma svepningar över specialla regioner och svepningar över från designvarvtal ner till stillastående. En datormodell har utvecklats för utvärdera insamlade data. I modellen sker en interpolering som kompenserar för de låga antalet samplade punkter på bladet. Mätnigar och kalibreringar är gjorda på bliskarna för att skapa en kompenseringskurva åt signalfel i utdatan. Resultatet visar att eddy current systemet har goda möjligheter att visa rätt toppspel med god precition för blisken med tjocka blad och upp till ett visst varvtal på den med tunnare blad. När det kommer till bladvibrationer hade sensorerna och datormodellen svårt att fånga rätt ankomst tid för bladet med tillräckligt hög precision.

Soybean oil (SBO), menhaden fish oil (FO), chicken fat (CF) or hydrogenated soybean oil (HSBO) were incorporated at 5% of the total diet to study changes in the immunological status of both Japanese quail (JAP) and Bobwhite quail (BOB). The SBO diet, in which 66% of the total fatty acids were polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), was rich in linoleic acid (LA 18:2 n-6), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA 18:3 n-3) and low in saturated fatty acid (SFA). The FO diet which contained about 50% PUFA, had only 40% n-6 fatty acids and 8% n-3 PUFA. The trans fatty acid isomers and other monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were high in the HSBO diet. The diet containing CF provided a relatively balanced fatty acid composition with 18% SFA, 31% MUFA and 50% PUFA. Plasma fatty acid and hepatic fatty acid profiles consistently reflected their respective dietary lipid treatments. There were no differences in the fatty acid profile between blood and liver within respective dietary treatments in the two species. Dietary fatty acids had no effect on antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) at 1, 2 and 8 months following the start of dietary lipid treatment in JAP. However, female JAP fed FO had a significantly (p< 0.05) higher antibody production compared to the other dietary lipid treatments at 4 months following the start of fatty acids supplementation. BOB fed either FO or SBO diets had a higher immunoglobulin G production compared to birds fed the CF diet. The total antibody titer was significantly higher in BOB fed SBO compared to CF. Dietary fatty acids had a significant effect on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) as accessed by toe web thickness 24 hours post intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) in both JAP and BOB. In general, birds fed a FO diet had a significantly higher CMI response than those fed HSBO. A diet high in n-3 PUFA increased the index of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH), while the high trans fatty acid isomers suppressed the CBH response. By observing a CBH response over a 72-hour period in JAP, it was concluded that quail fed CF or SBO had a different peak response time (12 hours post PHA challenge) and amplitude compared with those fed FO or HSBO (24 hours post PHA challenge). Phagocytic ability was not affected by dietary lipid treatments in BOB while the quail fed FO diet had a faster carbon clearance rate. The FO fed JAP had a significantly higher response (p< 0.05) to concanavalin A ensiformis (CONA) compared to HSBO fed birds. There was no difference in B lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by lipopolysacchride (LPS) in female JAP, whereas it was significantly higher in male JAP fed SBO compared to those fed FO and HSBO. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin calcium salt (PMA/ION) was used to nonspecifically stimulate cell proliferation by increasing chromosome mitosis. Dietary FO or HSBO suppressed cell proliferation stimulated by PMA/ION. However, JAP fed SBO or CF had a significantly higher PMA/ION stimulated lymphocyte proliferation compared those fed FO or HSBO. In male BOB, the FO fed birds had the highest response to all mitogens. In contrast, female BOB did not show any dietary effects by lymphocyte proliferation. Consistent with JAP, BOB fed HSBO had depressed lymphocytes proliferation in response to various mitogens stimulation. In general, female birds had a higher plasma total protein (PTP) and lower pack cell volume (PCV) compared to their males counterparts in both BOB and JAP. In summary, in in vivo experiments, feeding a diet high in menhaden fish oil that is rich in n-3 PUFA enhanced the CMI. There was a minimal effect on antibody production caused by feeding n-3 PUFA in JAP since a significant treatment effect was only found at one sampling period, while BOB were more sensitive to dietary lipid manipulation and had a higher antibody production with SBO or FO treatments. Dietary lipids exerted different effects in the two species in in vitro experiments. While both BOB and JAP fed FO had higher lymphocyte proliferation to CON A mitogen compared to those fed HSBO, only male BOB showed a higher proliferation to LPS. Feeding HSBO that contained a higher content of trans fatty acid isomers, MUFA, but lower PUFA content resulted in the lowest lymphocyte proliferation to various mitogens in both BOB and JAP. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Title The effect of airway clearance techniques on patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Objective The main purpose of this study is to expose and evaluate the efficacy of airway clearance techniques on patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by using pulmonary functions and Quality of Life measurements from recent studies. Methodology This thesis is literature review. The selected studies were according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selections of recent studies were published from the year of 2000 until 2017 in English language. The following research databases were selected to identify the relevant topic: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, PEDro, and CINAHL. The parameters' results from the articles have been also selected by evaluation the statistical differences according to the P-values. Results Twenty-three articles out of 117 have been found according to inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, and outcome measures. The techniques were active cycle of breathing technique (ACBT), positive expiratory pressure (PEP), temporary of positive expiratory pressure (T-PEP), Oscillating positive expiratory pressure (O-PEP), high-frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO), slow expiration with glottis opened in lateral posture (ELTGOL), postural drainage, and autogenic...

Dans mon projet de doctorat, j’ai étudié des fonctions primordiales de l’épithélium respiratoire telles que la régulation du transport ionique, la clairance liquidienne et la réparation épithéliale. J’ai particulièrement mis l’emphase sur le rôle des canaux potassiques qui interviennent dans ces trois fonctions de l’épithélium respiratoire. J’ai tout d’abord prouvé que la modulation des canaux potassiques régulait l’activité du promoteur de αENaC, en partie via la voie de signalisation ERK1/2, dans des cellules alvéolaires. Cette régulation entraîne une variation de l’expression génique et protéique du canal ENaC. Physiologiquement, il en résulte une augmentation du phénomène de clairance liquidienne suite à l’activation des canaux K+, tandis que l’inhibition de ces canaux la diminue sévèrement. J’ai aussi pu démontrer que l’absence de canal KvLQT1 entraînait une diminution du courant (ENaC) sensible à l’amiloride, dans les cellules de trachée en culture primaire, isolées de souris KO pour kcnq1. Dans la seconde partie de mon étude, j’ai évalué l’impact de l’hyperglycémie sur la capacité de transport ionique et de réparation de cellules épithéliales bronchiques saines ou Fibrose Kystique. Mes résultats montrent que l’hyperglycémie diminue le transport transépithélial de chlore et le transport basolatéral de potassium. Des études préalables du laboratoire ayant montré que les canaux K+ et Cl- contrôlent les processus de réparation, j’ai donc évalué si ceux-ci étaient modifiés par l’hyperglycémie. Et en effet, l’hyperglycémie ralentit la vitesse de réparation des cellules issues des voies aériennes (CFBE-wt et CFBE-ΔF508). J’ai donc démontré que le transport de potassium intervenait dans des fonctions clés de l’épithélium respiratoire, comme dans la régulation génique de canaux ioniques, le contrôle de la clairance liquidienne alvéolaire, et que l’hyperglycémie diminuait le transport ionique (K+ et Cl-) et la réparation épithéliale. / During my Ph.D. training, I studied 3 important functions of respiratory epithelium : regulation of ion transport, liquid clearance and epithelial repair. I focused on potassium channels, because they control these three respiratory epithelial functions. First, I proved that αENaC promoter activity was regulated following K+ channel modulation, in alveolar cells. This regulation of αENaC promoter which might be through a modification of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, was followed by ENaC mRNA and protein expression regulation. I then showed that activation of KvLQT1 and KATP channels increased alveolar liquid clearance, whereas inhibition of these K+ channels decreased the alveolar clearance. I showed that the absence of KvLQT1 channel inhibited the amiloride-sensitive current (ENaC), in tracheal epithelial cells isolated from KvLQT1-KO mice. In the second part of my Ph.D. project, I studied the impact of hyperglycemia on Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and non-CF epithelial cells. I first observed that K+ and Cl- currents were reduced by hyperglycemia. Because we have previously shown that wound-healing process was dependant on K+ and Cl- channels, I then evaluated the impact of hyperglycemia on wound-healing. As expected, hyperglycemia slowed the repair rate of non-CF (CFBE-wt) and CF (CFBE-ΔF508) cell monolayers.

O consenso sobre os efeitos prejudiciais da material particulado atmosférico (MP) para a saúde humana é apoiado por um grande número de trabalhos epidemiológicos e experimentais mas a capacidade para definir qual o componente mais importante envolvido em sua toxicidade é dificultado pela sua grande complexidade de composição. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os efeitos de diferentes partículas de poluição atmosférica, quanto à origem e quanto a sua composição, sobre o sistema biológico através de 3 experimentos. O efeito do PM2,5 urbano de São Paulo, Brasil, coletado durante greve de ônibus foi avaliada através do TRAD-MN para a mutagenicidade e o teste de inibição de mitose em células meristemáticas da raiz de Allium cepa. para a toxicidade. Utilizamos o palato de rã para avaliar os parâmetros funcionais (transporte mucociliar -TMC, freqüência do batimento ciliar - FBC e diferença de potencial - DP) e morfométricos (espessura do epitélio, produção de muco) do aparelho mucociliar exposto ao ROFA, proveniente de usina siderúrgica e ao PM2,5 urbano. A análise comparativa da composição do PM2,5 através da ativação com nêutrons, fluorescência de raio-X e cromatografia gasosa espectrometria de massa mostrou redução na concentração de elementos traços de metais, redução de enxofre (44,17%) e de orgânicos (39,3%) na amostra de PM2,5 nos filtros coletados no dia de greve que associou-se com redução do dano no DNA. O ROFA induziu dano funcional do aparelho mucociliar (queda do TMC e aumento da FBC) que foi recuperado pela ação de antioxidantes vitamina E e n-Propil galato. O PM2,5 urbano provocou danos funcionais (diminuição do TMC e aumento da FBC) e morfológicos (diminuição da espessura e produção de muco) do epitélio respiratório. A análise comparativa da composição do ROFA e do PM2,5, demonstrou que o ROFA possui composição predominante de ferro (57,729%±0,004%) enquanto o PM2,5 urbano possui composição mais heterogênea, com predominância de enxofre (37,594%±17,930%), ferro (14,490%±6,489%) e silício (13,142%±8,516%) e pequenas quantidade de níquel (0,0336%±0,312%) e vanádio(0,260%±0,006%). Concluímos que substâncias oxidantes presentes no MP possuem papel relevante na injúria do aparelho mucociliar e que os efeitos lesivos do MP sobre os sistemas biológicos são fortemente dependentes de sua composição. / The association between atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and adverse human health effects have been consistently reported in epidemiological and experimental studies however, the ability to define the most important components involved in PM toxicity is hindered by its complex composition. In the present study we decided to further explore the effects of different atmospheric particles due to both source and composition, on the biologic system through 3 experiments. The mutagenicity and toxicity of urban PM2,5 of Sao Paulo, Brazil, from a bus strike day was evaluated by the TRAD-MN assay and inhibition of mitotic rate test of root tips Allium cepa. The frog palate was used to evaluate functional parameters (mucociliary transport ? MCT, ciliary beating frequency - CBF and potential difference ? PD) and morphometric data (epithelium tikness and mucus production) of the mucocliary apparatus exposed to ROFA from an a still plant, and to urban PM2,5. The comparative analysis of PM2,5 composition made by neutrons activation, fluorescence X-ray and gas cromatography/mass spectrometry showed decrease of trace elements, sulfur concentration (44,17%) and organics compounds (39,3%) in relation to the non strike day and was associated to coherent reduction in DNA damage. ROFA induced functional injury of the mucociliary apparatus (decrease of MCT and icrease of CBF) and the presence of antioxidants n-Propyl gallate and E vitamin protected against the mucociliary impairment induced by ROFA exposure. The comparative analysis between ROFA and PM2,5 composition showed that ROFA exhibited predominance of iron while PM2,5 showed heterogeneous composition presenting predominance of sulfur (37,594%±17,930%), iron (14,490%±6,489%) and silicon (13,142%±8,516%) and decrement of nickel (0,0336%±0,312%) and vanadium (0,260%±0,006%). We concluded that PM plays an important role in respiratory injury through oxidative stress and that adverse effects of PM on the biologic systems are strongly dependent on its composition.