Cette thèse s’inscrit dans une perspective compréhensive des processus de patrimonialisation de grands sites naturels bretons, de leur découverte à leur réhabilitation, ici la pointe du Raz, le cap Fréhel et la côte sauvage de Quiberon. Ces promontoires littoraux, objets inventés au 19e siècle, sont devenus au fil du temps des supports d’oeuvres littéraires et picturales, d’introspection et de fascination exercée par la puissance des éléments marins. Ces lieux ont accueilli depuis les années 1950 des fréquentations touristiques de plus en plus importantes, ayant provoqué des phénomènes de mise à nu des sols, que l’administration de l’Environnement a jugé menaçants pour leur intégrité. Il y a une trentaine d’années, elle a donc décliné une politique de réhabilitation dont la matérialisation principale fut la conduite d’‘Opérations Grands Sites’. De quelle manière ces projets de réhabilitation sont-ils menés et selon quelles doctrines ? Comment prennent-ils en compte les différents usages et valeurs attribuées à ces patrimoines ? Cette thèse analyse les aménagements, désaménagements et réaménagements de ces sites, l’imbrication de la montée de la doctrine écologique et des jeux d’acteurs qui s’y développent, et, interroge leur incidence sur le patrimoine et les modalités de son appropriation, ce que nous appelons le processus de patrimonialisation. La première partie retrace la patrimonialisation des grands sites naturels emblématiques de France, leur invention (chapitre 1), les politiques publiques mises en place en vue de leur protection (chapitre 2 et 3), et se focalise sur nos terrains d’étude (chapitre 4). La seconde partie montre les évolutions du cadre doctrinal, organisationnel et normatif de l’action publique, favorisant la protection de l’environnement et l’aménagement touristique. Elle montre le renouvellement des principes d’action publique (chapitre 5) et les transformations des espaces induites par les doctrines et les jeux d’acteurs (chapitre 6 et 7). Enfin, la troisième partie aborde les effets de ces réhabilitations sur le patrimoine et le processus de patrimonialisation contemporains (chapitre 8 et 9) et propose une réflexion sur la dimension normative des opérations de réhabilitation : nous démontrons qu’elles sont constitutives du processus de patrimonialisation. / This work analyzes in a comprehensive perspective the heritage making of the Brittanygreat sites, namely the point of Raz, the cape of Fréhel and the wild coast of Quiberon. These coastal headlands, objects invented in 19th century, became over time supports of literary and pictorial works, of introspection and fascination exercised by the power of the marine elements. Since the 1950s, aincrease of tourist attendances has led to the degradation of their ecosystems, that the administration of the Environment considered that’s a threat for their integrity. Thirty years ago, this administration introduced a policy of rehabilitation the main realization of which was the conduct of « Opérations Grands Sites ». How are these projects of rehabilitation led and according to which doctrines? How dothey take into account the various uses and the values attributed to these heritages? This thesis analyzes the land planning, dis-planning and re-planning of these sites, the rise of the ecological doctrine and stakeholders' interactions and questions their incidence about the heritage and the modalities of its appropriation, that we call the process of heritage making. The first part redraws the heritage making of the big symbolic natural sites of France, their invention (chapter 1), the public policies creation with the purpose of their protection (chapter 2 and3), and a more precisely a focus on our study fields (chapter 4). The second part shows the evolutionsof the doctrinal, organizational and normative dimension of the public action, favoring the environmental protection and the tourist development. It shows the renewal of the principles of publicaction (chapter 5) and the transformations of the spaces, which it led from stakeholders' interactions in presence (chapter 6 and 7). Finally, the third part approaches the effects of these rehabilitations on contemporary heritage and process of heritage making (chapter 8 and 9) and proposes a reflection on the normative dimension of the operations of rehabilitation. We make the demonstration that they area part of the process of heritage making.

Troupers: Essays in Three Rings is a collection of fourteen essays focused mainly on variety entertainers (including the author). It leads the reader through a menagerie of the author's own enthusiasms--from clowning and circus elephants, to hot jazz and the ukulele. While the primary occupation of the "troupers"spotlighted here has always been to delight audiences, many of them--both human and animal--could not escape the hardscrabble, the sundered relations, the violence of everyday life. The author tells the stories of these "troupers" here, stories that reveal both their suffering and their refusal to suffer.

Women comprise over 57% of all U.S. mortuary school students, yet less than 20% of all funeral directors employed in this country are women. As such, women are underrepresented as funeral directors in the funeral industry. Research to date has not established clear differences between perceived gender roles and occupations in the funeral service industry. The research questions examined the perceived differences of gender role characteristics of masculine, feminine, and androgyny between the occupations of funeral service providers and nursing. Bem's gender role theory was the theoretical framework of this study. The research compared the mean scores of male and female funeral service professionals and nursing professionals as measured by the validated Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). A sample consisted of 214 randomly selected male (n = 88) and female (n = 25) funeral service professionals and male (n = 37) and female (n = 64) nurse professionals. Data scores were analyzed using the factorial multivariate analysis of variance method. Results indicated nonsignificant gender role differences between male and female funeral directors. Funeral directors appear more androgynous compared to nurses. The present study contributed to the development of this important and neglected area of research by quantitatively examining the gender role perceptions of men and women in the funeral service industry for the first time. This study results highlighted the complexity in self-perceived gender role characteristics as measured by BSRI. When the funeral profession begins to dispel gender stereotypes and discrimination issues, positive social change can occur.

This dissertation contends that The Tempest by William Shakespeare plays a seminal role in the development of postcolonial literature and criticism because it was created in a moment when the colonial system that was now falling apart was just beginning to come into being. Creative writers and critics from the Third World, particularly Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America, and the First found that the moment reflected in The Tempest had something very specific to say to a generation coming of age in the postcolonial world of the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s. I establish that a significant discourse that begins in the Nineteenth Century and intensifies in the Twentieth depends on The Tempest to explore the nature of colonialism and to develop an understanding of the postcolonial world. I then examine the role theories of adaptation play in understanding why The Tempest assumes such a crucial role and determine that the most useful model of adaptation resembles the method developed by biblical typologists which “sets two successive historical events [or periods] into a reciprocal relation of anticipation and fulfillment” (Brumm 27). I ague that postcolonial writers and critics found in The Tempest evidence of a history of colonial oppression and resistance often obscured by established historical narratives and a venue to explore their relationship to their past, present, and future. Because my argument rests on the contention that The Tempest was created in a world where colonialism was coming into being, I explore the historical context surrounding the moment of the play’s creation and determine, in spite of the contention of many historians and some literary critics to the contrary, the forces bringing colonialism into being were already at play and were having a profound effect. After briefly illustrating the historical roots of several popular themes in The Tempest that postcolonial writers have embraced, I turn to the work of writers and critics from the Third World and the First to show how The Tempest plays a significant role in postcolonial studies.

This dissertation contends that The Tempest by William Shakespeare plays a seminal role in the development of postcolonial literature and criticism because it was created in a moment when the colonial system that was now falling apart was just beginning to come into being. Creative writers and critics from the Third World, particularly Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America, and the First found that the moment reflected in The Tempest had something very specific to say to a generation coming of age in the postcolonial world of the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s. I establish that a significant discourse that begins in the Nineteenth Century and intensifies in the Twentieth depends on The Tempest to explore the nature of colonialism and to develop an understanding of the postcolonial world. I then examine the role theories of adaptation play in understanding why The Tempest assumes such a crucial role and determine that the most useful model of adaptation resembles the method developed by biblical typologists which “sets two successive historical events [or periods] into a reciprocal relation of anticipation and fulfillment” (Brumm 27). I ague that postcolonial writers and critics found in The Tempest evidence of a history of colonial oppression and resistance often obscured by established historical narratives and a venue to explore their relationship to their past, present, and future. Because my argument rests on the contention that The Tempest was created in a world where colonialism was coming into being, I explore the historical context surrounding the moment of the play’s creation and determine, in spite of the contention of many historians and some literary critics to the contrary, the forces bringing colonialism into being were already at play and were having a profound effect. After briefly illustrating the historical roots of several popular themes in The Tempest that postcolonial writers have embraced, I turn to the work of writers and critics from the Third World and the First to show how The Tempest plays a significant role in postcolonial studies.

Women comprise over 57% of all U.S. mortuary school students, yet less than 20% of all funeral directors employed in this country are women. As such, women are underrepresented as funeral directors in the funeral industry. Research to date has not established clear differences between perceived gender roles and occupations in the funeral service industry. The research questions examined the perceived differences of gender role characteristics of masculine, feminine, and androgyny between the occupations of funeral service providers and nursing. Bem's gender role theory was the theoretical framework of this study. The research compared the mean scores of male and female funeral service professionals and nursing professionals as measured by the validated Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). A sample consisted of 214 randomly selected male (n = 88) and female (n = 25) funeral service professionals and male (n = 37) and female (n = 64) nurse professionals. Data scores were analyzed using the factorial multivariate analysis of variance method. Results indicated nonsignificant gender role differences between male and female funeral directors. Funeral directors appear more androgynous compared to nurses. The present study contributed to the development of this important and neglected area of research by quantitatively examining the gender role perceptions of men and women in the funeral service industry for the first time. This study results highlighted the complexity in self-perceived gender role characteristics as measured by BSRI. When the funeral profession begins to dispel gender stereotypes and discrimination issues, positive social change can occur.

This paper attempts to estimate the change in sales associated with pharmaceutical patent expiration. Using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and patent expiration information from historical Orange Book publications, I estimated monthly sales associated with choice pharmaceutical patents. I then used a fixed-effects model to estimate the average change in sales before and after initial patent expiration, controlling for patent extension factors. My findings support that pharmaceutical patent expiration results in a statistically significant drop in sales by 38% on average within this sample, and further, that patent extensions had a negligible effect on this relationship. The question of patent expiration’s effect on sale is economically important for the sake of evaluating the efficacy of pharmaceutical patent law in protecting the interests of brand-name and generic drug manufacturers as well as paying consumers.

The use of iceberg-keel ploughmarks as proxy indicators of past and present iceberg morphology, keel depth and drift direction has seldom been approached in the southern hemisphere. Using high-resolution multi-beam swath bathymetry of the mid-shelf Pine Island Trough and outermost Weddell Sea shelf regions of Antarctica, detailed analysis of >13,000 iceberg-keel ploughmarks was undertaken. By considering the draft of icebergs calved from Antarctica today, calculated from detailed satellite altimetric datasets by this work, almost all observed ploughmarks were interpreted to be relict features. In Pine Island Trough, ploughmark planform parameters and cross-sections imply calving of a large number of non-tabular icebergs with v-shaped keels from the palaeo-Pine Island-Thwaites ice stream. Geological evidence of ploughmark form and modern water depth distribution indicates calving-margin thicknesses (949 m) and subaerial ice cliff elevations (102 m) equivalent to the theoretical threshold predicted to trigger ice-cliff structural collapse and calving by marine ice-cliff instability (MICI) processes. Thus, ploughmarks provide the first observational evidence of rapid retreat of the palaeo-Pine Island-Thwaites ice stream, driven by MICI processes commencing ~12.3 cal ka BP. On the Weddell Sea shelf, ploughmark morphologies imply considerable variation in palaeo-iceberg shape and size, most likely reflecting calving from multiple source margins. In turn, an absence of grounded ice on the Weddell Sea shelf and a palaeo-oceanographic regime comparable to today are implied at the time of formation. Analysis of a 3D seismic cube of the Sea Lion Field area of the North Falkland Basin reveals iceberg-keel ploughmarks incised into the modern- and palaeo-seafloor, formed by icebergs of varying shape and size that most-likely calved from the Antarctic Ice Sheet during three past glacial periods (estimated ages ~18 - 26.5 ka BP, ~246 ka BP, ~9.8 Ma BP). Despite illustrating the possibility of iceberg drift into the North Falkland Basin today, the relict ploughmark age implies little risk to any seafloor structures in the area, which might be required for hydrocarbon production. By these analyses, the significance of iceberg-keel ploughmarks as indicators of palaeo-glaciology and palaeo-oceanography at the time of formation is emphasised.

Submitted by Daniele Santos (danielesantos.htl@gmail.com) on 2017-02-22T17:37:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth Rojas.pdf: 1624527 bytes, checksum: b5f7bc8eba2184b3778dbd4c4d06b39d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2017-02-23T17:48:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth Rojas.pdf: 1624527 bytes, checksum: b5f7bc8eba2184b3778dbd4c4d06b39d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-24T17:49:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth Rojas.pdf: 1624527 bytes, checksum: b5f7bc8eba2184b3778dbd4c4d06b39d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19 / As women make wide strides in labor participation in both, business and politics, a staggering reality is that the progress is rather minimal at the top of decision-making. In Nordic nations, which rank among the top five in the world for gender equality, women fare far worse than their American counterparts in the upper echelons of large corporations. For the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) position, the number one leadership and decision-making role in a company, women held 4.6% of CEO positions in S&P 500 companies in the US, while they held zero positions in large cap companies in Finland (Catalyst, 2015). The objective of this study is to gain an in-depth understanding of how women are disproportionally represented at the top decision-making position, the CEO post, in corporations. It also seeks to investigate the key factors that impact women’s career pathway to the CEO position in corporations and recommendations from participants to change the course. This study uses an exploratory framework employing a case study of the telecommunications industry, and compares the experiences of a Nordic country, Finland, with the United States, with an eye on the so-called Nordic Mystery (The Economist, 2014). Data was collected by conducting interviews with 11 participants in both countries, including CEOs and chief government decision-makers in the industry and leading experts in academia, business and international executive-search firms. This exploratory study poses limitations: a small number of participants in the sample, a reduced geographical context, short period of time for data collection, and findings applicable solely to the largest publicly traded firms. Contrary to most quantitative studies, however, this qualitative approach of interviewing current top decision-makers deepens the understanding of this phenomenon and serves as a starting point for future research of women CEOs.

Les blocs supratidaux de tempête que l’on trouve au sommet des falaises vont à l’encontre du schéma classique qui décrit l’érosion des falaises. Généralement, le recul des escarpements rocheux se fait au rythme des écroulements gravitaires dont les éléments s’accumulent en pied de falaise, la mer intervenant surtout dans le déblaiement des matériaux accumulés à la base des versants. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous étudions les processus d’érosion qui se traduisent par l’accumulation de dépôts grossiers en sommet de falaise. Nous montrons qu’au cours des événements météo-océaniques extrêmes, les effets combinés d’un niveau d’eau à la côte particulièrement élevé et du déferlement de vagues de haute énergie peuvent se manifester localement par l’arrachement et le transport de blocs littoraux supratidaux. Leur masse peut dépasser plusieurs dizaines de tonnes, et leur remaniement peut se faire à plusieurs mètres au-dessus du niveau des hautes mers. De même, leur déplacement peut atteindre plusieurs dizaines à centaines de mètres à l’intérieur des terres. A l’heure où l’on s’interroge sur une possible intensification et/ou augmentation de la fréquence des événements météoocéaniques extrêmes, la dynamique morphosédimentaire de ces blocs littoraux apparait comme un indicateur géomorphologique pertinent pour l’évaluation de ces changements. Un suivi topo-morphologique, sédimentaire et hydrodynamique pluriannuel a été réalisé sur plusieurs sites bretons (Finistère) et islandais (presqu’île de Reykjanes). Les résultats de ce suivi ont montré des schémas de circulation hydro-sédimentaire bien distincts suivant le contexte morphodynamique. Si dans certains cas, les processus transversaux prédominent dans l’édification et le remaniement de ces accumulations, dans d’autres cas, la composante longitudinale contrôle une partie des transferts à la côte. Les processus d’arrachement et de transport de blocs sont concomitants, et peuvent se produire à plusieurs reprises au cours d’un même événement et/ou hiver, y compris pendant les tempêtes d’intensité modérée. L’étude rétrospective des conditions météo-océaniques favorables au déclenchement de ces processus sur les 70 dernières années montre une forte variabilité interannuelle, sans périodicité ni tendance particulière. Cette variabilité est commandée par la dynamique atmosphérique WEPA aux latitudes tempérées de la Bretagne, et par l’ONA aux latitudes sub-polaires de l’Islande. / Cliff-top storm deposits (CTSDs) corresponding to boulder accumulations are locally identified along the North–Atlantic coasts (Iceland, Scotland, Ireland, France), where they are defined as one of the most remarkable morphosedimentary storm signature. Their study aims to understand the effects of high energy storm waves on these specific rocky cliffed coasts facing deep–water and exposed to energetic wave–climates. Recent works demonstrated the role of high energy storm waves (instead of tsunami waves) in transporting and supplying in boulders these deposits. In the context of climate change, and the possible intensification and/or increase in frequency of extreme meteo-oceanic events, CTSDs appears as a potential geomorphological indicator for the monitoring of these changes on high-energy rocky coasts. This thesis propose an analysis of their morphosedimentary dynamics based on field observations realized at high (64°N) and medium (48°N) latitude of the Northeast Atlantic basin. In the present work, their morphosedimentary dynamics have been annually surveyed using low altitude aerial photographs. Results shows two different hydrosedimentary circulation patterns of CTSDs. The first one concerns inland boulder transport, corresponding the directions of the incident waves. This pattern confirms the contemporary edification of ridges. The second one concerns longshore or seaward boulder transport, describing a longitudinal drift of this sedimentary material.The processes of quarrying and transport of CTSDs are concomitant and can repeatedly occur during one single event and/or winter, including during regular storms. The retrospective analysis of sea weather forecast favorable to these processes during the last 70 years showed an infraannual frequency with no particular periodicity nor tendency.