Master of Dental Surgery / At the present time in Australia (1992) there exists no undergraduate training for dental students in auxiliary utilisation. The result of this is that new dental graduates have no understanding of the concept of practicing sit-down four-handed dentistry in a comfortable and efficient manner. This compares with the United States of America (USA) where, since 1961, every dental student receives formal instruction in Dental Assistant Utilisation (DAU) and, since 1973, Training in Expanded Auxiliary Management. In this treatise the history and development of “four-handed dentistry” is presented along with a literature review of the fundamental principles of DAU. The intial pilot programmes and the subsequent federally funded national DAU programme in the USA are analysed. Four undergraduate DAU programmes from the USA and the current graduate continuing education DAU programme at Westmead Hospital Dental Clinical School are examined. Finally, guidelines for the establishment and operation of a DAU programme are outlined. The aim of this treatise therefore, is to provide the necessary information for a thorough understanding of the fundamentals and philosophy of Dental Assistant Utilisation. This information is presented in the hope that at some stage in the future training in assistant utilisation would become an integral and important part of the undergraduate dental curriculum in Australia. The purpose of this would be to fill a major void that currently exists in the undergraduate training of dental students in auxiliary utilisation.

Master of Dental Surgery / At the present time in Australia (1992) there exists no undergraduate training for dental students in auxiliary utilisation. The result of this is that new dental graduates have no understanding of the concept of practicing sit-down four-handed dentistry in a comfortable and efficient manner. This compares with the United States of America (USA) where, since 1961, every dental student receives formal instruction in Dental Assistant Utilisation (DAU) and, since 1973, Training in Expanded Auxiliary Management. In this treatise the history and development of “four-handed dentistry” is presented along with a literature review of the fundamental principles of DAU. The intial pilot programmes and the subsequent federally funded national DAU programme in the USA are analysed. Four undergraduate DAU programmes from the USA and the current graduate continuing education DAU programme at Westmead Hospital Dental Clinical School are examined. Finally, guidelines for the establishment and operation of a DAU programme are outlined. The aim of this treatise therefore, is to provide the necessary information for a thorough understanding of the fundamentals and philosophy of Dental Assistant Utilisation. This information is presented in the hope that at some stage in the future training in assistant utilisation would become an integral and important part of the undergraduate dental curriculum in Australia. The purpose of this would be to fill a major void that currently exists in the undergraduate training of dental students in auxiliary utilisation.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A portfolio assessment system was designed to meet the needs of a Rural Clinical School education platform, hosting final year MB ChB students for the duration of their final year. A study entitled “What can be learned from the implementation of a portfolio assessment system, to be used in the assessment of clinical reasoning of final MB ChB students placed in a Rural Clinical School in South Africa? “ was conducted. The experience of educators and students during this process was explored. The findings are in keeping with the literature. Van Tartwijk & Driessen 2009, Eley et Al 2002, Lake & Ryan 2004, Burch & Seggie 2008 claim that portfolios drive deep student learning and develop clinical reasoning. Burch & Seggie (2008) offer an assessment tool which has proved feasible within the South African setting on which this portfolio assessment system was modelled. The assessment tool design faced a number of challenges within the RCS setting which were addressed during a review process. The portfolio assessment system is viewed as a work in progress requiring further development. Despite the constraints and challenges, both staff and students unanimously supported the development of patient case studies within the design as a valuable learning tool. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘n Portefeulje assesserings sisteem is ontwerp om die behoeftes van ‘n UKWANDA Landelike Kliniese Skool opvoedings program wat die gasheer van die MB ChB student tydens hul finale jaar is, na te kom. ‘n Studie genaamd “ Wat kan geleer word uit die implementering van ‘n portefeulje assesserings sisteem, wat gebruik gaan word om die kliniese redenering te bepaal van finale jaar MB ChB student wat geplaas is in ‘n Landelike Klinieke Skool in Suid Afrika? ” is uitgeoefen. Die ervaring van die dosent, so wel as die studente, is ondersoek. Die bevinding is in lyn met die literatuur. Van Tartwijk & Driessen 2009, Eley et Al 2002, Lake & Ryan 2004, Burch & Seggie 2008 beweer dat portfeuljes dryf student tot diep studie en ontwikkel kliniese redenasie. Burch & Seggie (2008) bied ‘n assesserings (hulp)middel aan wat toepaslik en uitvoerbaar is in die SA konteks , waarop die portfeulje assessering sisteem gebaseer is. Die ontwerp van die assesserings (hulp)middel het vele uitdagings binne die RCS opset in die oog gestaar. Dit is aangespreek tydens ‘n proses van hersiening. (Lather, 2006).Die portefeulje assesserings sisteem word gesien as ‘n werk onder hande en vereis verdere ontwikkeling. Ten spyte van die beperkinge en uitdagings het beide die staf en die student onomwonde die ontwikkeling van pasiente gevalle studies, binne die ontwerp, as ‘n waardevolle leermiddel gesien.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Regina Furigo.pdf: 3253353 bytes, checksum: 40a7772625492bb6a193cb7c1f5d4f54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-12-11 / The purpose of the present study was to investigate the experience undergone by both the undergraduate students and the supervisor of the clinical practicum training during the fifth year of the Psychology course. The data collection was done through the writing disclosures of the students soon after a sequence of three meetings were realized with the purpose of introducing a diversity of themes to the participating students. The themes were previously determined by the researcher to function as a triggering subject. The meetings were successively carried out during the month of November, 2001 lasting approximately one and a half hours each, so that the themes could be truly discussed. The chosen themes were based not only on the relationship provided by the close contact between the supervisor and the students of the practicum clinical experience course, but also the empathic comprehension among the involved parts, in addition to and specially for the identification that the supervisor had with a crises moment that the course was going through. This situation demanded that the students articulated their experiences in relation to the graduation process in the clinical psychology arena, providing than a great opportunity to help in the process of improving the status of the course through the achievement of a renewed comprehension of its processes. In order to do this, three meetings were carried out with each one of the three-practicum experience classes under the supervision of the researcher (and clinical supervisor). All of the students of each class (approximately 15 students) agreed on participating in the study, adding to a total of forty-five students and fifteen hundred of collected disclosures. The process was done in the University setting in which the students mastered their undergraduate degree in Psychology. The fifth year students were selected to participate in this study because it was assumed that they should be in a more appropriate position to evaluate the context of the subject of study, since they already had throughoutly experienced the academic process in the psychology arena. The data was collected immediately after the end of each meeting through the disclosures of the students so that it could reflect the sense of the students experiences. The data analyzes was based on the qualitative exploration of the phenomenological orientation. The results indicated that there are meaningful themes present in the clinical formation process of the students pursuing the under-graduation degree in Psychology. Despite the fact that the students do severely criticize the graduating school, they also feel glad and trust the experience provided to them. They experienced moments of anxiety and tension during the starting period of clinical work due to the difficulty that they had in linking theory to practice. They also had difficulty to deal with the clinical system of the University, which functions as an institution that rather privilege the academic scheme instead of the professional formation of the students in order to prepare them to a competitive and demanding job-market. It was observed that during a demanding period such as the fifth year of the psychology course, the students need a structure that supports them, so they can feel accepted and better able to compensate their insecurity and anxiety. Such situations were experienced during some therapeutic circumstances that were reflected during the supervisions, due to the supervisor s capacity to form alliances with the students. In addition, there were a great number of disclosures emphasizing situations of empathy and acceptance of the students in relation to their clients worlds. However, there were also expressions of concern around the incomprehension felt by many students playing the role of a beginner therapist in relation to their clients backgrounds. This resulted in an internal conflict between their world-view and own personal experiences, and their clients . The most valuable experiences granted during the graduation process were the possibility given to the students to participate in group supervisions where they had the opportunity to exchange their own personal and academic experiences with other students and the supervisor. Finally, the mostly significant experience seems to have been the possibility of acting as a clinical psychologist for the first time. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de investigar a viv?ncia de forma??o cl?nica de graduandos e supervisora, de ?ltima s?rie de um curso de gradua??o. Como porta de acesso, optouse pela coleta de depoimentos escritos, logo ap?s tr?s reuni?es, cujas tem?ticas foram previamente pensadas pela pesquisadora e apresentadas ao grupo como quest?es disparadoras. As reuni?es foram consecutivas e visaram o aprofundamento do tema enfocado.Ocorreram durante o m?s de novembro de 2001, tendo a dura??o de aproximadamente uma hora e trinta minutos cada. Os temas escolhidos nasceram da conviv?ncia estreita com estagi?rios, da compreens?o emp?tica entre supervisora e supervisionando, mas, principalmente, pela identifica??o do momento de crise, no qual se inseria o curso e da necessidade dos alunos expressarem suas viv?ncias, podendo colaborar para a melhoria futura do curso, a partir de uma compreens?o renovada do mesmo. Realizaram-se ent?o, tr?s reuni?es com cada um dos tr?s grupos envolvidos, por ser este o n?mero de classes sob a responsabilidade da supervisora-pesquisadora e todos os alunos decidiram-se por participar. Cada turma tinha aproximadamente quinze alunos, num total de quarenta e cinco participantes e cento e quinze depoimentos coletados. Os encontros foram realizados nas depend?ncias da Universidade, onde os alunos conclu?am a gradua??o em Psicologia. Optou-se por alunos quintanistas por considerar-se que os mesmos, ao estarem concluindo a gradua??o, teriam condi??es de avaliar o contexto pesquisado com maior abrang?ncia, por j? terem vivido na totalidade as experi?ncias acad?micas na ?rea cl?nica. Os dados coletados atrav?s de depoimentos escritos imediatamente ap?s o t?rmino das reuni?es, por supervisionandos e supervisora, possibilitaram a apreens?o do sentido das viv?ncias, analisadas segundo pressupostos da pesquisa qualitativa explorat?ria de orienta??o fenomenol?gica. Os resultados apontaram que existem grandes temas perpassando a forma??o cl?nica dos alunos de um curso de gradua??o em Psicologia. Do mesmo modo que tecem severas cr?ticas ? agencia formadora, sentem-se gratificados e confiantes na experi?ncia que tiveram. Viveram momentos de angustia e apreens?o, ao iniciarem os seus atendimentos cl?nicos, pela dificuldade em articular ci?ncia e pr?tica. Tiveram dificuldade tamb?m em lidar com a Cl?nica-Escola enquanto Institui??o, por entenderem-na arbitr?ria, funcionando em um esquema que mais privilegia a vida acad?mica do que a pr?profissionalizac?o do aluno para um mercado de trabalho competitivo e exigente. Percebeu-se que em um ano t?o exigente, como ? o ?ltimo ano da gradua??o, o aluno precisa de estruturas institucionais que o ap?iem, por tratar-se justamente de uma Cl?nica-Escola, para que possam sentir-se um pouco mais amparados e assim compensar sua inseguran?a e ansiedade. Facilidades vividas foram apontadas em rela??o ao manejo de algumas situa??es terap?uticas, decorr?ncia direta das supervis?es. A grande habilidade sentida foi com a capacidade para forma??o de v?nculos. Foram freq?entes os relatos de situa??es de empatia e aceita??o em rela??o ao mundo do cliente, embora tamb?m tenham sido expressas dificuldades decorrentes de uma incompreens?o do referencial subjetivo de clientes, levando o terapeuta iniciante a um confronto entre o seu referencial individual e o do cliente. Os grandes momentos vividos ao longo da gradua??o localizam-se na possibilidade de participa??o em grupos de supervis?o envolvendo trocas de experi?ncias e compartilhamento de aspectos de vida pessoal e acad?mica com os parceiros de grupo e supervisor. A experi?ncia mais significativa parece ter ocorrido diante da possibilidade de atua??o como psic?logos cl?nicos.

As an expression of current challenges faced by contemporary societies, past decades have witnessed heavy demands for higher education to change and transform. One key question here has been the increased digitalization of higher education. Within this wider setting, this thesis deals with an attempt to handle the increasing shortage of physicians in Sweden by way of digitalizing medical education. The aim of this explorative and longitudinal thesis is to describe and analyze structural and educational transformation work in medical education during the digitalization of the program and the transition from face-to-face to distance education. This thesis focuses on teachers, students and management, who are all heavily involved in this transition of the medical program. Two questions guide the research: (1) what are teachers’ and students’ expectations pending the transition, and what are the influences of already established tools and activities on the program and (2) in what ways do conflicts and changes occur over time, and how do teachers, students, and management deal with these as part of the transition? Cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) serves as the theoretical framework of the thesis. In particular, the concepts of dominant and non-dominant activities, conflicts, transitional actions, and levels of learning inform the analysis. The data are generated by surveys (N = 108), logging of actors’ activity patterns (N = 100 teachers and 100 students), field studies (65 hours), and interviews (N = 62). The data cover teachers’, students’ and management’s roles in the transition. The analysis shows that the way of theoretically understanding the transition – from a dominant face-to-face activity to a new and unproven non-dominant distance activity – have proved to contribute to deeper understanding of the process of digitalizing medical education. The analysis further displays how the transition from face-to-face to distance education creates considerable conflicts that over time force teachers, students and management into structural and educational transformation work. This type of work successively renders new educational design solutions and new flexible ways of organizing distance medical education. This thesis discusses how the structural and educational transformation work forces actors to collectively engage in the transition by experimenting with new suitable methods and designs, as digital technologies and technology-enhanced learning (TEL) could make sense to teachers and students when they are at a distance.