Nous avons montré que la molécule recombinante humaine CD146 soluble (rh-sCD146) a un effet chimiotactique et angiogénique sur les cellules dérivées de progéniteurs endothéliaux (PEC) en augmentant leur capacité à migrer, à proliférer et à former des pseudo-capillaires. Des expériences réalisées in vivo sur un modèle d'ischémie de la patte chez le rat ont montré que des injections locales répétées de rh-sCD146 permettent une diminution significative du taux d'auto-amputation des animaux et une augmentation du taux de perfusion sanguin de la patte et de la densité capillaire. Dans une 2ème partie du travail, nous avons montré que l'angioplastie coronaire induit une hausse significative du nombre de cellules endothéliales circulantes (CEC) 6h après l'intervention (H6). Les lésions endothéliales, évaluées par la mesure de la variation du nombre de CEC (H6-H0), sont plus élevées chez les non-répondeurs par rapport aux bons répondeurs au Clopidogrel et sont corrélées à l'index VASP / We showed that the recombinant human soluble CD146 (rh-sCD146) has a chemotactic and angiogenic effect on endothelial progenitor derived cells (EPC) by increasing their ability to migrate, to proliferate and to form pseudo- capillaries. In an in vivo experiments model of ischemia in the rat by femoral artery ligation we showed that repeated local injections of rh-sCD146 for 12 days allows a significant reduction in the rate of animals self-amputation and an increase in the rate of blood perfusion of the leg and in the capillary density. In a second part of the work, we have shown that percutaneous coronary intervention induced a significant rise in circulating endothelial cells (CEC) levels 6h after the procedure (H6). The endothelial injury, assessed by CEC delta-change between H6 and H0, was significantly higher in the high on-treatment platelet reactivity group compared with the good responders to Clopidogrel and correlated with the Vasodilatator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein index

Les plaquettes sanguines sont les principaux acteurs de l’hémostase primaire et de la thrombose, deux éléments majeurs de la physiopathologie vasculaire. Plusieurs médicaments régulent les fonctions plaquettaires mais peu de tests sont validés pour suivre leur efficacité en fonction de l’évolution clinique des patients. Mon doctorat a eu pour but de développer de nouvelles approches d’évaluation de la fonction plaquettaire. Deux essais cliniques réalisés sur des patients atteints de syndrome coronarien stable ont constitué la première partie de mon doctorat. La première étude met en évidence la nécessité d'une standardisation des tests biologiques pour la détection de patients répondant moins au clopidogrel, un inhibiteur du récepteur plaquettaire de l'ADP P2Y12. L’étude suivante montre le potentiel thérapeutique, chez ces patients, de l’inhibition conjointe de P2Y12 et du second récepteur plaquettaire de l'ADP P2Y1, sur la fonction plaquettaire. De plus, le suivi en temps réel par vidéomiscroscopie a permis de distinguer des effets précoces et tardifs des antiplaquettaires sur la formation du thrombus en chambre de perfusion. La seconde partie de mon doctorat concerne les microdomaines membranaires de type « lipid rafts » qui tiennent une place fondamentale dans les fonctions cellulaires et plaquettaires. Ainsi plusieurs récepteurs dépendent de ces microdomaines, régulant la fonction plaquettaire et les effets des médicaments antiplaquettaires. Cependant, les techniques d’étude de ces microdomaines sont complexes et peu adaptées aux études cliniques. Profitant de nouvelles sondes fluorescentes sensibles au niveau d’ordre liquide membranaire (OLM), nous avons développé une méthode de mesure de l’OLM par cytométrie de flux spectrale. Grâce à cette approche, nous avons montré que l’activation plaquettaire diminue l’OLM alors qu’il est augmenté chez des patients traités par un inhibiteur de la synthèse du cholestérol ou par le clopidogrel. Nous avons également mis en évidence, en condition de forces de cisaillement élevées correspondant à celles retrouvées au niveau de sténoses artérielles, une sous-population plaquettaire présentant un OLM plus bas. Le passage dans le domaine clinique de ces approches fondamentales qui privilégient l’étude dynamique des plaquettes pourrait permettre d’améliorer le diagnostique et le suivi de traitement de pathologies cardiovasculaires. / Blood platelets play a central role in primary hemostasis and thrombosis, two major elements of vascular physiopathology. Although a number of drugs regulate platelet functions, there are no validated tests that monitor their efficacy on the basis of the patients' clinical course. This doctorate, therefore, aims to develop novel approaches to evaluate platelet function. The first part of my work consisted of two clinical trials involving patients with stable coronary syndrome. The first study demonstrated the need for standardized biological tests to screen for patients who respond less well to clopidogrel, an ADP P2Y12 receptor antagonist. The second study showed the therapeutic potential of the joint inhibition of P2Y12 and P2Y1 receptors on platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation for these patients. Furthermore, a video microscopy model using perfusion chambers made it possible to monitor the course of thrombosis in real time, and enabled us to dissociate the early and late effects of the antiplatelet drugs. Lipid raft membrane microdomains play a pivotal role in many cell functions. At the platelet level, many receptors depend on these microdomains and thus modulate the function as well as the drug sensitivity of platelets. However, current techniques for the study of these microdomains are complex and limit their clinical applications. By taking advantage of new fluorescent probes that are sensitive to the level of the membrane order, we developed a method of measuring the membrane order using spectral flow cytometry. Through this approach we showed that platelet activation reduced the lipid order of the membranes, whereas it was increased in patients treated with a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor or clopidogrel. It was also possible for us to demonstrate the appearance, under shear stress similar to that of stenotic arteries, of a platelet sub-population with a very low membrane order. These approaches which privilege the dynamic study of thrombi and platelets could be applied to the clinical practice and thus widen the fields of clinical studies.

Fundamentos: O implante de stents coronários constitui-se na técnica mais prevalente de revascularização percutânea, em especial pela prevenção da reestenose, quando comparado às intervenções com o balão. No entanto, a reestenose intra-stent, que ocorre em cerca de 25% dos casos, restringe os seus benefícios clínicos e econômicos tardios. Demonstrou-se que a hiperplasia neo-intimal decorrente da reação da parede vascular causada pelo implante do stent, é responsável pelas recidivas. Interroga-se se um protocolo de medicamentos contemplando doses máximas de manutenção de clopidogrel e atorvastatina poderia reduzir a hiperplasia neo-intimal e a reestenose. Objetivos: O objetivo primário foi aferir se esta associação de medicamentos reduziria o volume de hiperplasia neo-intimal (35% ou mais), expressa pela obstrução volumétrica da luz, mensurada pelo ultrassom intracoronário, 12 meses após a intervenção. Os objetivos secundários foram: os resultados da angiografia quantitativa e os eventos cardíacos adversos maiores (óbito, infarto e revascularização do vaso-alvo). Casuística e métodos: Foram incluídos casos eletivos e com lesões primárias nas artérias naturais. Os pacientes foram tratados com stents não farmacológicos e randomizados em dois grupos: A, com 50 pacientes medicados com doses máximas de clopidogrel e atorvastatina; e grupo B com 50 casos, medicados com 75mg de clopidogrel e doses de sinvastatina rotineiramente prescritas para obtenção das metas recomendadas para controle lipídico. Resultados: Ambos os grupos não apresentaram diferenças significantes em relação às características clínicas, angiográficas e técnicas, com exceção do diabetes, mais comum em A (36% vs 16%; p=0,02). Aos 12 meses de evolução, observaram-se eventos cardíacos maiores (12% versus 18%; p = 0,56) e revascularização do vaso-alvo (4% versus 2%; p>0,99) sem diferença significante. Nova angiografia coronária foi obtida em 98% dos casos dos dois grupos, observando-se taxa de reestenose de 8,1% e 8,2% nos grupos A e B (p>0,99). A perda tardia da luz arterial foi semelhante [0,9 mm (DP 0,5 mm) versus 1,1 mm (DP 0,7 mm); p = 0,22], o mesmo acontecendo com o diâmetro mínimo da luz [2,2 mm (DP 0,6 mm) versus 1,9 mm (DP 0,6 mm); p = 0,12]. Realizou-se ultrassom intracoronário em 98% dos pacientes de ambos os grupos, observando-se obstrução do volume da luz de 36,3% (DP 10,3%) no grupo A e de 40,1% (DP 10,9%) no grupo B (p = 0,14). Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que: 1) a terapêutica adjunta utilizando doses máximas de clopidogrel 150 mg/dia e atorvastatina 80 mg/dia não reduz o volume de hiperplasia neo-intimal, expressa pela obstrução volumétrica da luz; 2) as variáveis da angiografia quantitativa e os eventos cardíacos adversos maiores não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos. / Coronary stent implantation is the current technique of choice in patients undergoing percutaneous intervention. They effectively reduce acute occlusion and restenosis even in complex lesions. However, instent restenosis occurs in up to 25% of the treated cases and there are several theories elaborating the possible relation between coronary artery thrombosis and inflammation to neointimal proliferation and the mechanism of obstruction recurrence. There are questions whether an optimized medical treatment based on maximum doses of Clopidogrel and Atorvastatin could limit neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis. Objectives: Primary endpoint was to assess the efficacy of this scheme in reducing neointimal hyperplasia volume (XX% or more), according to intravascular ultrasound measurements, 12 months after the index intervention. Secondary endpoints were quantitative angiography measurements and major adverse cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization). Methods: We included patients with de novo lesions undergoing elective implantation of uncoated stents. Patients were divided according to the drug regimen into Group A - 50 patients receiving maximal atorvastatin and clopidogrel doses; and Group B - 50 cases treated with standard clopidogrel and simvastatin doses. Results: Groups were similar concerning clinical and angiographic characteristics, except for diabetes, more frequent in Group A (36% vs 16%, p = 0.02). At the end of 12 months major cardiac events (12% versus 18%, p = 0.56) and target vessel revascularization (4% versus 2%, p> 0.99) did not show differences between groups. Coronary angiography was obtained in 98% of the cases and the restenosis rate was 8.1% (A group) and 8,2% (B group) (p> 0.99). Late luminal loss was similar [0.9 mm (SD 0.5 mm) versus 1.1 mm (SD 0.7 mm), p = 0.22], as well as the minimum lumen diameter [2.2 mm (SD 0.6 mm) versus 1.9 mm (SD 0.6 mm), p = 0.12]. IVUS was done in 98% of patients in both groups, and the volume of neointimal hyperplasia was not significantly different in both groups [61.8 mm 3 (SD 35.4 mm3) mm3 versus 66.3 (SD 31.6 mm3), p = 0.58]. Luminal volume obstruction was 36.3% (SD 10.3%) in group A and 40.1% (SD 10.9%) in group B (p = 0.14). Conclusions: According to our results we may conclude that: 1) the therapeutic regimen using maximum doses of atorvastatin and clopidogrel did not reduce the volume of neointimal hyperplasia, 2) restenosis rate, quantitative angiography results and the rate of major adverse cardiac events were not affected by the treatment regimen.

Les plaquettes sanguines sont les principaux acteurs de l’hémostase primaire et de la thrombose, deux éléments majeurs de la physiopathologie vasculaire. Plusieurs médicaments régulent les fonctions plaquettaires mais peu de tests sont validés pour suivre leur efficacité en fonction de l’évolution clinique des patients. Mon doctorat a eu pour but de développer de nouvelles approches d’évaluation de la fonction plaquettaire. Deux essais cliniques réalisés sur des patients atteints de syndrome coronarien stable ont constitué la première partie de mon doctorat. La première étude met en évidence la nécessité d'une standardisation des tests biologiques pour la détection de patients répondant moins au clopidogrel, un inhibiteur du récepteur plaquettaire de l'ADP P2Y12. L’étude suivante montre le potentiel thérapeutique, chez ces patients, de l’inhibition conjointe de P2Y12 et du second récepteur plaquettaire de l'ADP P2Y1, sur la fonction plaquettaire. De plus, le suivi en temps réel par vidéomiscroscopie a permis de distinguer des effets précoces et tardifs des antiplaquettaires sur la formation du thrombus en chambre de perfusion. La seconde partie de mon doctorat concerne les microdomaines membranaires de type « lipid rafts » qui tiennent une place fondamentale dans les fonctions cellulaires et plaquettaires. Ainsi plusieurs récepteurs dépendent de ces microdomaines, régulant la fonction plaquettaire et les effets des médicaments antiplaquettaires. Cependant, les techniques d’étude de ces microdomaines sont complexes et peu adaptées aux études cliniques. Profitant de nouvelles sondes fluorescentes sensibles au niveau d’ordre liquide membranaire (OLM), nous avons développé une méthode de mesure de l’OLM par cytométrie de flux spectrale. Grâce à cette approche, nous avons montré que l’activation plaquettaire diminue l’OLM alors qu’il est augmenté chez des patients traités par un inhibiteur de la synthèse du cholestérol ou par le clopidogrel. Nous avons également mis en évidence, en condition de forces de cisaillement élevées correspondant à celles retrouvées au niveau de sténoses artérielles, une sous-population plaquettaire présentant un OLM plus bas. Le passage dans le domaine clinique de ces approches fondamentales qui privilégient l’étude dynamique des plaquettes pourrait permettre d’améliorer le diagnostique et le suivi de traitement de pathologies cardiovasculaires. / Blood platelets play a central role in primary hemostasis and thrombosis, two major elements of vascular physiopathology. Although a number of drugs regulate platelet functions, there are no validated tests that monitor their efficacy on the basis of the patients' clinical course. This doctorate, therefore, aims to develop novel approaches to evaluate platelet function. The first part of my work consisted of two clinical trials involving patients with stable coronary syndrome. The first study demonstrated the need for standardized biological tests to screen for patients who respond less well to clopidogrel, an ADP P2Y12 receptor antagonist. The second study showed the therapeutic potential of the joint inhibition of P2Y12 and P2Y1 receptors on platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation for these patients. Furthermore, a video microscopy model using perfusion chambers made it possible to monitor the course of thrombosis in real time, and enabled us to dissociate the early and late effects of the antiplatelet drugs. Lipid raft membrane microdomains play a pivotal role in many cell functions. At the platelet level, many receptors depend on these microdomains and thus modulate the function as well as the drug sensitivity of platelets. However, current techniques for the study of these microdomains are complex and limit their clinical applications. By taking advantage of new fluorescent probes that are sensitive to the level of the membrane order, we developed a method of measuring the membrane order using spectral flow cytometry. Through this approach we showed that platelet activation reduced the lipid order of the membranes, whereas it was increased in patients treated with a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor or clopidogrel. It was also possible for us to demonstrate the appearance, under shear stress similar to that of stenotic arteries, of a platelet sub-population with a very low membrane order. These approaches which privilege the dynamic study of thrombi and platelets could be applied to the clinical practice and thus widen the fields of clinical studies.

Fundamentos: O implante de stents coronários constitui-se na técnica mais prevalente de revascularização percutânea, em especial pela prevenção da reestenose, quando comparado às intervenções com o balão. No entanto, a reestenose intra-stent, que ocorre em cerca de 25% dos casos, restringe os seus benefícios clínicos e econômicos tardios. Demonstrou-se que a hiperplasia neo-intimal decorrente da reação da parede vascular causada pelo implante do stent, é responsável pelas recidivas. Interroga-se se um protocolo de medicamentos contemplando doses máximas de manutenção de clopidogrel e atorvastatina poderia reduzir a hiperplasia neo-intimal e a reestenose. Objetivos: O objetivo primário foi aferir se esta associação de medicamentos reduziria o volume de hiperplasia neo-intimal (35% ou mais), expressa pela obstrução volumétrica da luz, mensurada pelo ultrassom intracoronário, 12 meses após a intervenção. Os objetivos secundários foram: os resultados da angiografia quantitativa e os eventos cardíacos adversos maiores (óbito, infarto e revascularização do vaso-alvo). Casuística e métodos: Foram incluídos casos eletivos e com lesões primárias nas artérias naturais. Os pacientes foram tratados com stents não farmacológicos e randomizados em dois grupos: A, com 50 pacientes medicados com doses máximas de clopidogrel e atorvastatina; e grupo B com 50 casos, medicados com 75mg de clopidogrel e doses de sinvastatina rotineiramente prescritas para obtenção das metas recomendadas para controle lipídico. Resultados: Ambos os grupos não apresentaram diferenças significantes em relação às características clínicas, angiográficas e técnicas, com exceção do diabetes, mais comum em A (36% vs 16%; p=0,02). Aos 12 meses de evolução, observaram-se eventos cardíacos maiores (12% versus 18%; p = 0,56) e revascularização do vaso-alvo (4% versus 2%; p>0,99) sem diferença significante. Nova angiografia coronária foi obtida em 98% dos casos dos dois grupos, observando-se taxa de reestenose de 8,1% e 8,2% nos grupos A e B (p>0,99). A perda tardia da luz arterial foi semelhante [0,9 mm (DP 0,5 mm) versus 1,1 mm (DP 0,7 mm); p = 0,22], o mesmo acontecendo com o diâmetro mínimo da luz [2,2 mm (DP 0,6 mm) versus 1,9 mm (DP 0,6 mm); p = 0,12]. Realizou-se ultrassom intracoronário em 98% dos pacientes de ambos os grupos, observando-se obstrução do volume da luz de 36,3% (DP 10,3%) no grupo A e de 40,1% (DP 10,9%) no grupo B (p = 0,14). Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que: 1) a terapêutica adjunta utilizando doses máximas de clopidogrel 150 mg/dia e atorvastatina 80 mg/dia não reduz o volume de hiperplasia neo-intimal, expressa pela obstrução volumétrica da luz; 2) as variáveis da angiografia quantitativa e os eventos cardíacos adversos maiores não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos. / Coronary stent implantation is the current technique of choice in patients undergoing percutaneous intervention. They effectively reduce acute occlusion and restenosis even in complex lesions. However, instent restenosis occurs in up to 25% of the treated cases and there are several theories elaborating the possible relation between coronary artery thrombosis and inflammation to neointimal proliferation and the mechanism of obstruction recurrence. There are questions whether an optimized medical treatment based on maximum doses of Clopidogrel and Atorvastatin could limit neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis. Objectives: Primary endpoint was to assess the efficacy of this scheme in reducing neointimal hyperplasia volume (XX% or more), according to intravascular ultrasound measurements, 12 months after the index intervention. Secondary endpoints were quantitative angiography measurements and major adverse cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization). Methods: We included patients with de novo lesions undergoing elective implantation of uncoated stents. Patients were divided according to the drug regimen into Group A - 50 patients receiving maximal atorvastatin and clopidogrel doses; and Group B - 50 cases treated with standard clopidogrel and simvastatin doses. Results: Groups were similar concerning clinical and angiographic characteristics, except for diabetes, more frequent in Group A (36% vs 16%, p = 0.02). At the end of 12 months major cardiac events (12% versus 18%, p = 0.56) and target vessel revascularization (4% versus 2%, p> 0.99) did not show differences between groups. Coronary angiography was obtained in 98% of the cases and the restenosis rate was 8.1% (A group) and 8,2% (B group) (p> 0.99). Late luminal loss was similar [0.9 mm (SD 0.5 mm) versus 1.1 mm (SD 0.7 mm), p = 0.22], as well as the minimum lumen diameter [2.2 mm (SD 0.6 mm) versus 1.9 mm (SD 0.6 mm), p = 0.12]. IVUS was done in 98% of patients in both groups, and the volume of neointimal hyperplasia was not significantly different in both groups [61.8 mm 3 (SD 35.4 mm3) mm3 versus 66.3 (SD 31.6 mm3), p = 0.58]. Luminal volume obstruction was 36.3% (SD 10.3%) in group A and 40.1% (SD 10.9%) in group B (p = 0.14). Conclusions: According to our results we may conclude that: 1) the therapeutic regimen using maximum doses of atorvastatin and clopidogrel did not reduce the volume of neointimal hyperplasia, 2) restenosis rate, quantitative angiography results and the rate of major adverse cardiac events were not affected by the treatment regimen.

Purpose. The use of antiplatelet agents in patients hospitalized with ischemic stroke was studied. Methods. Patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis of noncardiogenic, thrombotic ischemic stroke from January 2002 through December 2004 were included in the analysis. Patients were then subdivided into four treatment groups and one no-treatment group based on whether they were charged for any of four antiplatelet regimens (low-dose aspirin [≤325 mg daily], extended-release dipyridamole 200 mg with aspirin 25 mg, clopidogrel 75 mg, and clopidogrel 75 mg [as the bisulfate] plus low-dose aspirin) at any time during hospitalization. Patients who did not receive any of these medications during hospitalization were defined as the no-treatment group. A patient's illness severity was measured and compared with other patients in the data set. Results. A total of 44,108 patients were assigned to the treatment group, and 14,255 patients were assigned to the no-treatment group. In general, longer lengths of stay and higher institutional costs were associated with the no-treatment group. Patients in the no-treatment group consistently displayed more comorbid conditions than did patients in the treatment group. The no-treatment group exhibited higher usage rates of both fibrinolytic agents and vitamin K. More patients in the treatment group were discharged to home or rehabilitation, while more patients in the no-treatment group were either discharged to another nursing facility or died before discharge. Conclusion. A retrospective analysis of a large national hospital database revealed that one quarter of patients who suffered an acute stroke did not receive antiplatelet drugs during their patient stay. Outcomes for such patients were poorer than for patients who had received antiplatelet therapy.

Background: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is a mainstay treatment for hospital survivors of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, there are extremely limited data on the prescribing patterns of DAPT among patients hospitalized with AMI. Objective: To examine decade-long trends (2001-2011) in the use of DAPT versus antiplatelet monotherapy and patient characteristics associated with DAPT use. Methods: The study population consisted of 2,389 adults hospitalized with an initial AMI at all 11 central Massachusetts medical centers on a biennial basis between 2001 and 2011. DAPT was defined as the discharge use of aspirin plus either clopidogrel or prasugrel. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify patient characteristics associated with DAPT use. Results: The average age of the study population was 65 years, and 69% of them were discharged on DAPT. The use of DAPT at the time of hospital discharge increased from 49% in 2001 to 74% in 2011; this increasing trend was seen across all age groups, both sexes, types of AMI, and in those who underwent a PCI. After multivariable adjustment, older age was the only factor associated with lower odds of receiving DAPT, while being male, receiving additional evidence-based cardioprotective therapy and undergoing cardiac stenting were associated with higher odds of receiving DAPT. Conclusions: Between 2001 and 2011, the use of DAPT increased markedly among patients hospitalized with AMI. However, a significant proportion of patients were not discharged on this therapy. Greater awareness is needed to incorporate DAPT into the management of patients with AMI.

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Με δεδομένο το γεγονός ότι η αιμοπεταλιακή αναστολή είναι θεμελιώδους σημασίας σε ασθενείς με οξύ έμφραγμα του μυοκαρδίου με ανάσπαση του ST τμήματος που υποβάλλονται σε πρωτογενή αγγειοπλαστική (PPCI), η αναγνώριση παραγόντων που σχετίζονται με την εμφάνιση στην οξεία φάση υψηλής αντιδραστικότητας των αιμοπεταλίων (HTPR) παρά τη θεραπεία με κλοπιδογρέλη μπορεί να είναι σημαντική. Σε ασθενείς με STEMI και επακόλουθη PPCI εκτιμήθηκε η αιμοπεταλιακή αντιδραστικότητα 2 ώρες μετά τη φόρτιση με 600mg κλοπιδογρέλης με τη χρήση της παρακλίνιας μεθόδου VerifyNow P2Y12. Το όριο ≥235 P2Y12 μονάδων αντιδραστικότητας (PRU) θεωρήθηκε ενδεικτικό HTPR. Από τους 92 ασθενείς με STEMI, 63 (68,5%) βρέθηκαν να έχουν υψηλή αιμοπεταλιακή αντιδραστικότητα στις 2 ώρεςμετά τη φόρτιση. Οι ασθενείς με την υψηλή αντιδραστικότητα είχαν λάβει ‘πρώιμη φόρτιση’ με κλοπιδογρέλη πιο συχνά, είχαν χαμηλότερη τιμή αιμοσφαιρίνης και έτειναν να έχουν επηρεασμένη νεφρική λειτουργία σε σε σχέση με αυτούς που είχαν ικανοποιητική απάντηση στην κλοπιδογρέλη. Στην πολυπαραγοντική ανάλυση, η ‘πρώιμη φόρτιση’ και η κάθαρση κρεατινίνης <60ml/min είχαν ανεξάρτητη συσχέτιση με υψηλότερο κίνδυνο εμφάνισης HTPR (σχετικός κίνδυνος [RR]=1,55 95% διάστημα εμπιστοσύνης [CI]:1,11-2,17 P=0,01 και RR=1,31 95% CI: 1,008-1,71 P=0,04 αντίστοιχα). Επομένως σε ασθενείς με STEMI που υποβάλλονται σε PPCI, η ‘πρώιμη φόρτιση’ με κλοπιδογρέλη και η επηρεασμένη νεφρική λειτουργία αποτελούν ανεξάρτητους προβλεπτικούς παράγοντες εμφάνισης υψηλής υπολειπόμενης αντιδραστικότητας των αιμοπεταλίων (εκτιμούμενης με τη μεθοδο VerifyNow) 2 ώρες μετά την αρχική φόρτιση με 600mg κλοπιδογρέλης / Given that platelet inhibition is crucial when ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergo primary PCI (PPCI), the identification of factors associated with early high on-treatment platelet reactivity may be important. Consecutive STEMI patients admitted for PPCI were considered for platelet reactivity assessment 2 h after loading with 600 mg clopidogrel using the VerifyNow point-of-care P2Y12 assay. A cut-off of ≥235 P2Y12 reaction units indicated high on-treatment platelet reactivity. Out of 92 STEMI patients, 63 (68.5%) were found to have high on-treatment platelet reactivity. Patients with high on-treatment platelet reactivity had received upstream clopidogrel loading more frequently, had lower admission hemoglobin and tended to have an impaired renal function compared to those with an adequate response to clopidogrel. On multivariate analysis, upstream clopidogrel loading and creatinine clearance <60 ml/min were independently associated with higher risk for high on-treatment platelet reactivity (relative risk [RR]=1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11–2.17, P=0.01; RR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.008–1.71, P=0.04, respectively). In patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI, use of upstream clopidogrel and impaired renal function independently predict high on-treatment platelet reactivity assessed as early as 2 h following 600 mg of clopidogrel loading dose on point-of-care P2Y12 function assay.

L’athérothrombose représente 80% des causes de décès chez les patients diabétiques de type II (DM-II). L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier les déterminants de l’athérothrombose chez le patient DM-II : (I) étude de l’inhibition des fonctions plaquettaires par le clopidogrel chez le patient DM-II: cette première partie du travail est centrée sur : l’impact du DM-II sur la qualité de l’inhibition plaquettaire par le clopidogrel, l’impact clinique de cette inhibition insuffisante (LR) des fonctions plaquettaires par le clopidogrel en terme d’évènements cardiovasculaires majeurs après angioplastie coronaire avec mise en place d’un stent (ACT+stent) chez des patients DM-II et l’étude des déterminants d’une LR au clopidogrel chez le patient DM-II. (II) Caractérisation de la plaque d’athérome chez le patient DM-II. A partir de plaques d’athéromes carotidiennes humaines, l’objectif est d’étudier les spécificités de ces plaques chez le patient DM-II par rapport au non diabétique (NDM), et d’identifier des marqueurs de vulnérabilité de la plaque spécifiques chez le DM-II. Deux approches ont été réalisées : (i) évaluation du potentiel pro-thrombotique de la plaque, par dosage des microparticules pro-coagulantes obtenues par broyat de la plaque d’athérome: réalisation d’activité prothrombinase et du facteur tissulaire et caractérisation phénotypique des microparticules (MPs) émises (origine cellulaire), (ii) évaluation dans des modèles de chambre de perfusion en condition de flux du caractère prothrombogène des broyats de plaque d’athérome.Nous avons montré que près de 40% des patients traités par ACT+stent ont une LR au clopidogrel évaluée par le test VASP. Cette réponse insuffisante (LR) au clopidogrel est accrue chez les patients DM-II et les patients obèses. Les déterminants indépendants de cette LR au clopidogrel chez les patients DM-II sont l’obésité et l’hyperleucocytose. En revanche, ni la glycémie, ni un équilibre glycémique strict (l’HbA1C) ne paraissent des déterminants d’une LR par le clopidogrel. Les patients ayant une LR au clopidogrel ont un surrisque de mortalité cardiaque et de survenue de thrombose de stent à 11 mois par rapport aux bons répondeurs au clopidogrel notamment en présence d’un diabète.Dans la deuxième partie, nous n’avons pas pu mettre en évidence une thrombogénicité accrue de la plaque d’athérome du patient DM-II. La présence de concentrations élevées de MPs plaquettaires et/ou érythrocytaires dans les plaques de patient DM-II et symptomatique souligne l’importance des mécanismes d’hémorragie intraplaque dans leur déstabilisation. En conclusion, ce travail souligne la complexité des mécanismes impliqués dans l’athérothrombose du patient diabétique. Au cours d’une ACT+stent, une inhibition insuffisante des fonctions plaquettaires par le clopidogrel permet l’identification d’un sous-groupe à très haut risque cardiovasculaire qui pourrait bénéficier des nouveaux inhibiteurs du récepteur P2Y12. A contrario, la présence de concentrations plaquettaires et érythrocytaires dans la plaque d’athérome de patients diabétiques symptomatiques souligne l’importance des mécanismes d’hémorragie intra-plaque dans leur déstabilisation. Au total, ces données remettent en cause le paradigme classique associent diabète-risque thrombotique accru-nécessité de majorer le traitement anti-plaquettaire. / The aim of this PhD is to study determinants of atherothrombosis in diabetes mellitus type II (DM-II): (i) study of platelets inhibition by clopidogrel in DM-II patients, the impact of low response (LR) to clopidogrel on cardiac prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Furthermore evaluate determinants of LR to clopidogrel in DM-II patients undergoing PCI. (ii) Study of specificities of atherosclerotic plaque in DM-II and identification of specific markers of plaque vulnerability in DM-II. Two methods were used: (a) evaluation of plaque prothrombotic potential using measurement of prothrombinase and tissue factor activity of procoagulante microparticles (MP) and determination of the different cellular origins of MPs in atherosclerotic plaque homogenate. (b) evaluation of prothrombogenic potentiel of plaque homogenate in flow chambers. The main results were: 40% of patients treated with PCI are LR to clopidogrel evaluated by the test VASP. LR was more frequent in DM-II patients as compered to NDM-II. The independent determinants of LR in DM-II were obesity and hyperleucocytosis. In contrast, glycaemia and HbA1C were not determinants of LR in DM-II. Low responders to clopidogrel had higher cardiac death and stent thrombosis at 11 months after PCI as compared to responders to clopidogrel. In the second part of this work, we could not found a higher atherosclerotic plaque thrombogenicity in DM-II as compared to NDM patients. DM-II symptomatic patients had higher levels of platelets and erythrocytes MPs origins; these results could reflect a higher intra-plaque haemorrhage.