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Surgiu em 2003 no Brasil uma modalidade de transporte aquaviário, destinada à movimentação de madeira na costa do país, cuja frota de embarcações navega entre dois portos, geralmente com carga em um sentido e vazio em outro. Esta modalidade permite a operação com um pequeno tempo de parada nos portos, operando com poucas interrupções e movimentando expressiva demanda. Dado que a frota serve exclusivamente a uma empresa e a uma carga homogênea denominouse esse sistema como cabotagem industrial. No Brasil atualmente três empresas operam na cabotagem industrial: Aracruz Celulose, Veracel e Arcelor Mittal Tubarão, empresas estas que serviram de base para delinear o presente trabalho, cujo principal propósito consiste em examinar as premissas básicas desde a elaboração do projeto até a implantação do sistema de cabotagem industrial, fornecendo diretrizes básicas para a adoção e utilização deste sistema de transporte. A premissa fundamental deste sistema é basicamente a substituição de um transporte puramente rodoviário por outro em que as pontas, quando rodoviárias, são menores, menos significativas em relação aos custos envolvidos e aos impactos gerados no tráfego de caminhões por rodovias estaduais e federais, quando comparadas ao sistema original, além de impactos ambientais. Para a realização do trabalho foi utilizada a abordagem do enfoque sistêmico, onde o sistema foi dividido em diversos subsistemas, e após a determinação das diretrizes e fatores críticos da cabotagem industrial, identificou-se que a principal dificuldade está relacionada com o dimensionamento do sistema, por envolver inúmeras atividades complexas e aleatórias. Com o intuito de se atenuar esta dificuldade, desenvolveu-se um modelo de simulação como ferramenta de auxílio à decisão no que tange ao dimensionamento do sistema. Além disso, foram avaliados os casos existentes, e nestes identificou-se ganhos oriundos da implementação da cabotagem industrial, tais como: reduções do tráfego nas estradas, dos índices de acidentes, nos custos de transporte, nas emissões de gases poluentes, além da economia com combustível. Adicionalmente, esse sistema apresentou um melhor histórico de sinistro e de integridade de carga, quando comparado ao transporte rodoviário. / It appeared in 2003, in Brazil, a modality of waterway transport, intended for the wooden transport at the Brazilian coast, which fleet of vessels navigates between two ports, full in one direction and empty in the other one. This modality has as characteristics a low time at the ports, operating with few interruptions and transporting a huge demand. Once that the fleet is used exclusively by a company and the cargo is homogenous, this system is called industrial short sea. In Brazil, nowadays, three companies operate in the industrial short sea: Aracruz Cellulose, Veracel and Arcelor Mittal Tubarão. These companies have been used as source of information to delineate the present study, which intends to analyze the basic premises since the elaboration of the project until the implementation of the industrial short sea system, supplying basic guidelines for the adoption of this transport system. The main premise of this system is the substitution of one purely road transport for another one where the distance between the extremes, when road, are lower, less significant in relation to the involved costs and the traffic of trucks at the state and federal highways, when compared with the original system. This study has utilized the systemic approach, dividing the system in several subsystems, and after the determination of the guidelines and critical factors of the industrial short sea, it was identified that the main difficulty is related with the sizing of the system, because of the uncountable complex and random activities. With the intention of attenuating this hassle, simulation software was developed as a support tool to the decision regarding the sizing of the system. Moreover, case studies have been analyzed, and it has been found vantages when industrial short sea was adopted, such as reduction of: road traffic, road accident rate, transport costs, emission of pollutant gases and fuel expenditure. Additionally, this system has presented a better description concerning theft and cargo integrity, when compared with the road transport.

This dissertation provides a brief introduction into scanning tunneling microscopy, and then Chapter III reports on the design and operation of a cryogenic ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscope (STM) coupled to a closed-cycle cryostat (CCC). The STM is thermally linked to the CCC through helium exchange gas confined inside a volume enclosed by highly flexible rubber bellows. The STM is thus mechanically decoupled from the CCC, which results in a significant reduction of the mechanical noise transferred from the CCC to the STM. Noise analysis of the tunneling current shows current fluctuations up to 4% of the total current, which translates into tip-sample distance variations of up to 1.5 picometers. This noise level is sufficiently low for atomic-resolution imaging of a wide variety of surfaces. To demonstrate this, atomic-resolution images of Au(111) and NaCl(100)/Au(111) surfaces, as well as of carbon nanotubes deposited on Au(111), were obtained. Other performance characteristics such as thermal drift analysis and a cool-down analysis are reported. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurements based on the lock-in technique were also carried out and showed no detectable presence of noise from the CCC. These results demonstrate that the constructed CCC-coupled STM is a highly stable instrument capable of highly detailed spectroscopic investigations of materials and surfaces at the atomic-scale. A study of electron transport in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was also conducted. In Chapter IV, STS is used to study the quantum-confined electronic states in SWCNTs deposited on the Au(111) surface. The STS spectra show the vibrational overtones which suggest rippling distortion and dimerization of carbon atoms on the SWCNT surface. This study experimentally connects the properties of well-defined localized electronic states to the properties of their associated vibronic states. In Chapter V, a study of PbS nanocrystals was conducted to study the effect of localized sub-bandgap states associated with surface imperfections. A correlation between their properties and the atomic-scale structure of chemical imperfections responsible for their appearance was established to understand the nature of such surface states. This dissertation includes both previously published/unpublished and co-authored material.

Surgiu em 2003 no Brasil uma modalidade de transporte aquaviário, destinada à movimentação de madeira na costa do país, cuja frota de embarcações navega entre dois portos, geralmente com carga em um sentido e vazio em outro. Esta modalidade permite a operação com um pequeno tempo de parada nos portos, operando com poucas interrupções e movimentando expressiva demanda. Dado que a frota serve exclusivamente a uma empresa e a uma carga homogênea denominouse esse sistema como cabotagem industrial. No Brasil atualmente três empresas operam na cabotagem industrial: Aracruz Celulose, Veracel e Arcelor Mittal Tubarão, empresas estas que serviram de base para delinear o presente trabalho, cujo principal propósito consiste em examinar as premissas básicas desde a elaboração do projeto até a implantação do sistema de cabotagem industrial, fornecendo diretrizes básicas para a adoção e utilização deste sistema de transporte. A premissa fundamental deste sistema é basicamente a substituição de um transporte puramente rodoviário por outro em que as pontas, quando rodoviárias, são menores, menos significativas em relação aos custos envolvidos e aos impactos gerados no tráfego de caminhões por rodovias estaduais e federais, quando comparadas ao sistema original, além de impactos ambientais. Para a realização do trabalho foi utilizada a abordagem do enfoque sistêmico, onde o sistema foi dividido em diversos subsistemas, e após a determinação das diretrizes e fatores críticos da cabotagem industrial, identificou-se que a principal dificuldade está relacionada com o dimensionamento do sistema, por envolver inúmeras atividades complexas e aleatórias. Com o intuito de se atenuar esta dificuldade, desenvolveu-se um modelo de simulação como ferramenta de auxílio à decisão no que tange ao dimensionamento do sistema. Além disso, foram avaliados os casos existentes, e nestes identificou-se ganhos oriundos da implementação da cabotagem industrial, tais como: reduções do tráfego nas estradas, dos índices de acidentes, nos custos de transporte, nas emissões de gases poluentes, além da economia com combustível. Adicionalmente, esse sistema apresentou um melhor histórico de sinistro e de integridade de carga, quando comparado ao transporte rodoviário. / It appeared in 2003, in Brazil, a modality of waterway transport, intended for the wooden transport at the Brazilian coast, which fleet of vessels navigates between two ports, full in one direction and empty in the other one. This modality has as characteristics a low time at the ports, operating with few interruptions and transporting a huge demand. Once that the fleet is used exclusively by a company and the cargo is homogenous, this system is called industrial short sea. In Brazil, nowadays, three companies operate in the industrial short sea: Aracruz Cellulose, Veracel and Arcelor Mittal Tubarão. These companies have been used as source of information to delineate the present study, which intends to analyze the basic premises since the elaboration of the project until the implementation of the industrial short sea system, supplying basic guidelines for the adoption of this transport system. The main premise of this system is the substitution of one purely road transport for another one where the distance between the extremes, when road, are lower, less significant in relation to the involved costs and the traffic of trucks at the state and federal highways, when compared with the original system. This study has utilized the systemic approach, dividing the system in several subsystems, and after the determination of the guidelines and critical factors of the industrial short sea, it was identified that the main difficulty is related with the sizing of the system, because of the uncountable complex and random activities. With the intention of attenuating this hassle, simulation software was developed as a support tool to the decision regarding the sizing of the system. Moreover, case studies have been analyzed, and it has been found vantages when industrial short sea was adopted, such as reduction of: road traffic, road accident rate, transport costs, emission of pollutant gases and fuel expenditure. Additionally, this system has presented a better description concerning theft and cargo integrity, when compared with the road transport.

Master thesis is concerned with gas turbines from Siemens company. The thesis consists of two main parts. In the first part describes the different types of turbines, their characteristics and use in practice. The following is a detailed description of components and systems the biggest industrial gas turbine SGT-800. The second part discusses about the necessary steps for commissioning turbine. These particulars are managing software, testing, commissioning and phasing of the turbine generator to the distribution network. The conclusion is devoted to the example of calculating return investment on the overall gas turbine project.

Greenhouse cultivation is a growing industry, especially in mild climates, much due to the ability toadjust the growing conditions and increased water utilization efficiency. The most important aspect onthe cultivation is the indoor temperature. The variation in temperature is due to the Swedish climatewhere the highest and lowest outdoor temperature respectively varies greatly during the year. To enableoptimal indoor climate additional heating is required during colder periods. Presently, most of theexisting greenhouses utilizes combustion of fossil fuels for heating, which contributes to the climatechange through the emissions of greenhouse gases. One way to circumvent this impact is to exchangethe fossil fuels with biogas. Combining biogas production and greenhouse cultivation enables synergiesand a more closed cycle of material flow can be achieved. However, this combination is rather immaturedue to lacking previous research, giving this report its main purpose, to examine the synergies andsustainability of combining a greenhouse with small-scale biogas production. Initially, an extensive literature study was carried out followed by a simulation based on the obtainedknowledge. The simulation was comprised of two greenhouses with different geometries, one with theshape of an arch with polyethylene-film cladding and the other with a sawtooth roof with glass cladding,both with two layers. The other properties such as internal area and volume are more or less the samefor the simulated greenhouses. Useful data such as outdoor temperature, rainfall and solar irradiationetc. was obtained for the city of Enköping, Sweden. The calculations for the models were carried out inthe program Microsoft Excel. In order to evaluate the feasibility of these models a reference greenhousewas studied, which had similar properties and conditions. The optimal temperature for tomato cultivation is 20° C, and to maintain this level over the entire yearit was found that the heat requirements were 89 500 kWh for the arched greenhouse and 94 400 kWhfor the sawtooth greenhouse. In comparison with the reference greenhouse, the heat requirement wasaround 200 kWh per m2 and year less in the simulated greenhouses. Furthermore, it was found thataround 31 800 kWh of cooling is required over the year (249 kWh per m2 and year) for the archedgreenhouse and 30 900 kWh per year (241 kWh per m2 and year) for the sawtooth greenhouse, to keepthe indoor temperature at 20 °C. Moreover, two to three possible harvests annually gives the yield of 3456-5184 kg tomatoes per year. Both the simulated greenhouses are feasible concepts, however thesawtooth greenhouse is a better option due to its increased longevity and lower contribution ofgreenhouse gas emissions over time. Furthermore, more research needs to obtain a fully closed cycle.

A pesquisa organizada em quatro partes a partir do sistema de planejamento denominado Dragon Dreaming teve como objetivo a elaboração de um modelo de diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de ecovilas urbanas que possam ser utilizadas como opção para a transformação de bairros existentes ou a criação de novos assentamentos urbanos sustentáveis. Para isso foram abordados aspectos teóricos, visitas técnicas e participação em eventos sobre o tema que, a partir de métodos colaborativos, fundamentaram o processo de criação e implantação de um estudo de caso denominado Ecovila Urbana Sta. Margarida no município de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, como parte experimental da pesquisa. A parte I SONHO apresenta as aspirações individuais que, expressas de forma teórica na pesquisa, estabelecem o referencial coletivo incluindo os conceitos do termo Ecovila e das Dimensões da Sustentabilidade; a parte II PLANEJAMENTO foi estruturada para adequar a teoria ao ambiente referente à parte experimental da pesquisa a partir de estratégias e alternativas; a parte III REALIZAÇÃO apresenta os conceitos e ideias viáveis e possíveis de serem postos em prática a partir da consolidação do projeto da Ecovila Sta. Margarida e dos resultados não previstos; e a parte IV CELEBRAÇÃO estabelece o fechamento do ciclo acrescentando, a partir da prática, uma nova experiência, possibilitando a reprodução do experimento e da pesquisa ampliando, desta forma, a rede de ecovilas e consequentemente a qualidade de vida. Os elementos e sistemas fundamentados na Permacultura e Avaliação de Ciclo Fechado previstos para a constituição da Ecovila Sta. Margarida, em processo de aprovação pelos órgãos públicos, que complementam a legislação urbana, levando-se em conta as normas da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas - ABNT, caracterizam o assentamento como uma Ecovila e formam as diretrizes pretendidas organizadas em formato de um projeto de Lei Municipal, criando parâmetros para o planejamento, avaliação e aprovação de novas ecovilas. / This research, organized into four parts, based on a planning system called Dragon Dreaming, aims at creating a guideline model for the development of urban ecovillages. This model can be used as an option for transforming existing neighborhoods or creating new sustainable urban settlements. For that, technical visits, participation in events on the subject, and addressing theoretical aspects led to collaborative methods, that substantiated the process of creating and implementing a case study called Santa Margarida Urban Ecovillage in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, as part of the experimental research. Part I, DREAM, presents individual aspirations that, expressed theoretically in the research, establish the collective reference that include the concepts of the term \"ecovillage\" and the Dimensions of Sustainability; Part II, PLANNING, was structured to ensure suitability between theory and environment as presented in the experimental part of the research and was based on strategies and alternatives; Part II, PLANNING, was structured to ensure that the theory was adequate to the environment, as presented in the experimental part of the research and based on strategies and alternatives; Part III, ACHIEVEMENT, presents feasible concepts, as experienced in the consolidation of the project Santa Margarida Ecovillage, in which unanticipated results were also considered and, Part IV CELEBRATION establishes the closing of the cycle, and, based on practice, adds a new experience, that enables future reproduction of the experiment and the research, thus contributing to the expansion of ecovillage networks and consequently the quality of life. The elements and systems based on the Permaculture and Evaluation of Closed Cycle planned for the creation of the Santa Margarida Ecovillage (today undergoing government approval procedures) complement the urban legislation, that takes into account the regulations established by the Brazilian Association for Technical Standards - ABNT, characterize the settlement as an ecovillage and constitute guidelines in a format of Municipal Law project, thereby creating parameters for planning, assessment and approval of new ecovillages.

Cold, trapped atomic ions have enabled the investigation of fundamental physics and generated a rich field of applications. Foremost among these is quantum computation which has recently driven the development of the sophisticated, scalable surface-electrode trap. Despite the many advantages of surface-electrode traps, the typically smaller ion-electrode distance, d, in these traps results in an increased ion heating rate that is proportional to d^(-4) and a decreased trap well-depth that is proportional to d^(-2). These shortcomings can be simultaneously addressed by installing the trap into a cryogenic environment. With this in mind, a closed-cycle, cryogenic ion trapping apparatus that maintains excellent vacuum, is highly modular, has increased optical access, and uses a simple vibration isolation system has been developed. Single ions are trapped and used to characterize system properties such as the motion of the vibration isolation stage. In order to compare this system to a similar room temperature apparatus, the ion trapping lifetime and heating rate are determined. A single ion also serves as a sensitive electric field probe that is used to measure and compensate stray electric fields across the trap. Due to the long dark ion lifetimes in this system, it is well-suited to probing the stability of small, linear ion crystals. Linear ion crystals of arbitrary length are built in an automated fashion using transport waveforms and the scaling of dark lifetime with ion number for N <= 6 is investigated. These data are then used to consider the relevance of various loss channels.

A pesquisa organizada em quatro partes a partir do sistema de planejamento denominado Dragon Dreaming teve como objetivo a elaboração de um modelo de diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de ecovilas urbanas que possam ser utilizadas como opção para a transformação de bairros existentes ou a criação de novos assentamentos urbanos sustentáveis. Para isso foram abordados aspectos teóricos, visitas técnicas e participação em eventos sobre o tema que, a partir de métodos colaborativos, fundamentaram o processo de criação e implantação de um estudo de caso denominado Ecovila Urbana Sta. Margarida no município de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, como parte experimental da pesquisa. A parte I SONHO apresenta as aspirações individuais que, expressas de forma teórica na pesquisa, estabelecem o referencial coletivo incluindo os conceitos do termo Ecovila e das Dimensões da Sustentabilidade; a parte II PLANEJAMENTO foi estruturada para adequar a teoria ao ambiente referente à parte experimental da pesquisa a partir de estratégias e alternativas; a parte III REALIZAÇÃO apresenta os conceitos e ideias viáveis e possíveis de serem postos em prática a partir da consolidação do projeto da Ecovila Sta. Margarida e dos resultados não previstos; e a parte IV CELEBRAÇÃO estabelece o fechamento do ciclo acrescentando, a partir da prática, uma nova experiência, possibilitando a reprodução do experimento e da pesquisa ampliando, desta forma, a rede de ecovilas e consequentemente a qualidade de vida. Os elementos e sistemas fundamentados na Permacultura e Avaliação de Ciclo Fechado previstos para a constituição da Ecovila Sta. Margarida, em processo de aprovação pelos órgãos públicos, que complementam a legislação urbana, levando-se em conta as normas da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas - ABNT, caracterizam o assentamento como uma Ecovila e formam as diretrizes pretendidas organizadas em formato de um projeto de Lei Municipal, criando parâmetros para o planejamento, avaliação e aprovação de novas ecovilas. / This research, organized into four parts, based on a planning system called Dragon Dreaming, aims at creating a guideline model for the development of urban ecovillages. This model can be used as an option for transforming existing neighborhoods or creating new sustainable urban settlements. For that, technical visits, participation in events on the subject, and addressing theoretical aspects led to collaborative methods, that substantiated the process of creating and implementing a case study called Santa Margarida Urban Ecovillage in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, as part of the experimental research. Part I, DREAM, presents individual aspirations that, expressed theoretically in the research, establish the collective reference that include the concepts of the term \"ecovillage\" and the Dimensions of Sustainability; Part II, PLANNING, was structured to ensure suitability between theory and environment as presented in the experimental part of the research and was based on strategies and alternatives; Part II, PLANNING, was structured to ensure that the theory was adequate to the environment, as presented in the experimental part of the research and based on strategies and alternatives; Part III, ACHIEVEMENT, presents feasible concepts, as experienced in the consolidation of the project Santa Margarida Ecovillage, in which unanticipated results were also considered and, Part IV CELEBRATION establishes the closing of the cycle, and, based on practice, adds a new experience, that enables future reproduction of the experiment and the research, thus contributing to the expansion of ecovillage networks and consequently the quality of life. The elements and systems based on the Permaculture and Evaluation of Closed Cycle planned for the creation of the Santa Margarida Ecovillage (today undergoing government approval procedures) complement the urban legislation, that takes into account the regulations established by the Brazilian Association for Technical Standards - ABNT, characterize the settlement as an ecovillage and constitute guidelines in a format of Municipal Law project, thereby creating parameters for planning, assessment and approval of new ecovillages.

Diploma thesis deals with the gas turbine closed cycle. The first part concerns the maximum of theoretical efficiency and practical excutable efficiency for the cycles without regeneration, cycles with regeneration and cycles with regeneration with split compression. The second part concerns the optimalization of the recuperator towards the speed of gas flow in the pipes of the recuperator. The third part includes weight and size design of two kinds of recuperators for different levels of regeneration.