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Nanotubular titanates were synthesized by a simple methodology using a commercial TiO2 (Degussa P25 containing anatase and rutile phases) and a base (KOH) solution. Prior to the removal of KOH, the samples of TiO2 were aged for three different time intervals (0, 2 days, 61 days). The freshly prepared synthetic samples were characterized for their structural and morphological properties by BET, XRD, Raman, TEM, HRTEM, EDX and SEM. Both TEM and SEM analysis revealed that ageing time influenced the tubular structure and morphology of the new materials. Raman and surface analysis data also showed that ageing time affected both the structural and surface properties of TiO2. The XRD results showed that the crystallinity of the TiO2 decreased with increasing ageing time. Energy dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDX) showed that the tubes derived from TiO2 are comprised of potassium, titanium and oxygen. Catalysts A, B and C were prepared by the addition of 1 wt% Pd (wet impregnation) to the titanate formed after ageing of the TiO2 in KOH for 0, 2 and 61 days, respectively. The catalysts were tested for the vapour phase hydrogenation of phenol in a fixed-bed micro reactor within the temperature range of 165 to 300oC under atmospheric pressure. Of the three catalysts, catalyst B showed the best activity (conversion 97%) and total selectivity to cyclohexanone (99%). In contrast, catalyst C, which showed a moderate activity favoured selectivity to cyclohexanol. These results are attributed to differences in surface morphologies between the two catalysts B and C, associated with the surface area and a change in the surface acid-base properties. Catalyst B also showed a higher resistance towards deactivation and maintained a higher total selectivity to cyclohexanone than did catalyst C. A hydrothermal treatment of NaOH and TiO2 was employed to prepare two materials, TiO2-B and TiO2-C with relatively small crystallite size and large specific surface area. The hydrogenation of phenol was used to evaluate the activity of the catalysts Pd/TiO2-B and Pd/TiO2-C. The reaction proceeds in a single step and involves the formation of a partially hydrogenated product, namely cyclohexanone. The larger surface area catalyst (Pd/TiO2-C, 89 m2/g) showed better activity and selectivity to cyclohexanone than its counterpart (Pd/TiO2-B, 45 m2/g). The catalyst activity showed significant dependency on the surface area whereas the selectivity was greatly influenced by surface basicity. Titania derived nanotubes synthesized by treating P25 Degussa TiO2 with a concentrated KOH solution and aged for 2 days was used as a catalyst support for the hydrogenation of o-chloronitrobenzene (O-CNB) with Pd as the active phase. The vapour-phase hydrogenation of O-CNB was carried out in ethanol at 250 oC and atmospheric pressure over a Pd/TiO2 derived nanotube catalyst (Pd/TiO2-M). Pd/TiO2-M gave complete conversion (100%) of O-CNB with a selectivity to orthochloroaniline (O-CAN) of 86 %. The stability of the Pd/TiO2 catalyst was tested over 5 hours during which time the conversion slowly dropped to 80 % (selectivity 93 %) due to poisoning. TPR analysis revealed the existence of a strong palladium-support interaction and this was found to be crucial to the overall activity of the catalyst. It has been found that gold supported on potassium titanate, KTiO2(OH) can, under some circumstances, exhibit a superior performance for the oxidation of carbon monoxide, relative to that obtained with titania as a support. It appears that the dispersions of gold on the two types of support are sufficiently similar that other factors are responsible for the improved activity noted. It may be that the higher basic character and detailed structural features of the titanate surface play a role. The effect of the addition of alkali metal ions on the anatase to rutile transformation of titanium dioxide (P25 Degussa) was investigated using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and surface area measurements. Both Li and Cs ions accelerated the anatase to rutile transformation whereas Na and K ions did not show any effect. Furthermore, the effect was more pronounced after addition of the Li ions so that the transformation temperature dramatically decreased from ~800 oC for commercial TiO2 to ~600 oC. The surface area of the TiO2 material decreased with sintering due to the increase in crystalline size. Moreover, the acceleration of the transformation occurred at lower temperatures and at higher Li content. Mesoporous nanocrystalline TiO2 (HSA TiO2) was prepared by hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 with NaOH. The material was very amorphous and underwent the phase transformation from amorphous to anatase phase and subsequently from anatase to rutile phase with sintering. The anatase to rutile transformation was delayed after doping and grain growth was inhibited. After sintering at 800 oC the material (HSA TiO2) still contained a significant amount of the anatase phase. The complete transformation only occurred at ~1000 oC. The esterification of benzoic acid and butyric acid with propanol over alkali metal ions supported on TiO2 was investigated. K/TiO2-D showed the highest conversion for both benzoic acid and butyric acid. The selectivity to propylbenzoate and propylbutyrate was influenced by the basic nature of the catalysts. Butyric acid was found to be more reactive than benzoic acid. The difference in reactivity was explained in terms of steric and inductive effects. The differences in boiling points and pH values were also considered.

This dissertation is focused on understanding the structure-activity relationship in heterogeneous catalysis by studying model catalytic systems. The catalytic oxidation of CO was chosen as a model reaction for studies on a variety of catalysts. A series of Au/TiO2 catalysts were prepared from various metalorganic gold complexes. The catalytic activity and the particle size of the gold catalysts were strongly dependent on the gold complexes. The Au/TiO2 catalyst prepared from a tetranuclear gold complex showed the best performance for CO oxidation, and the average gold particle size of this catalyst was 3.1 nm. CO oxidation was also studied over Au/MgO catalysts, where the MgO supports were annealed to various temperatures between 900 and 1300 K prior to deposition of Au. A correlation was found between the activity of Au clusters for the catalytic oxidation of CO and the F-center concentration in the MgO support. In addition, the catalytic oxidation of CO was studied in a batch reactor over supported Pd/Al2O3 catalysts, a Pd(100) single crystal, as well as polycrystalline metals of rhodium, palladium, and platinum. A hyperactive state, corresponding to an oxygen covered surface, was observed at high O2/CO ratios at elevated pressures. The reaction rate at this state was significantly higher than that on CO-covered surfaces at stoichiometric conditions. The oxygen chemical potential required to achieve the hyperactive state depends on the intrinsic properties of the metal, the particle size, and the reaction temperature. A well-ordered ultra-thin titanium oxide film was synthesized on the Mo(112) surface as a model catalyst support. Two methods were used to prepare this Mo(112)- (8x2)-TiOx film, including direct growth on Mo(112) and indirect growth by deposition of Ti onto monolayer SiO2/Mo(112). The latter method was more reproducible with respect to film quality as determined by low-energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy. The thickness of this TiOx film was one monolayer and the oxidation state of Ti was +3 as determined by Auger spectroscopy, high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

No description available.

Single atom catalysis is a relatively new form of heterogeneous catalysis. While single atom catalysts probably are already used in a lot of catalysis, their identification and characterization has only recently become common place. As we now have the ability to synthesis relatively pure systems consisting of single atoms and then to characterize them, there are many interesting questions that we can answer about them. In this work we will use a combination of several different types of characterizations such as kinetic measurements, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, extended x-ray absorption fine structure, and many more to better understand how single atoms react and how we can attempt to make such systems more active. The work here is primarily based around Ir single atoms and/or small clusters on three different supports MgAl2O4, TiO2, and CeO2. In each of these cases we attempt to understand how the Ir and the support catalytically oxidize CO into CO2 through a kinetic, and if possible, mechanistic study. Through these mechanistic studies we attempt to isolate the most important parameters of the catalyst so that we can create a more active catalyst. There are, of course, many different ways that we can use this information. The most obvious is by changing the catalyst support, but as the breadth of the research presented here will show, we can also optimize catalytic activity through using mixtures of single atoms with larger species as well as by changing the nuclearity of the said species, i.e., we can increase activity by controlling the size of the catalysts. However, in order to be able to control the activity in this way, we must 1) know how the size affects the activity and 2) know how the reaction conditions affect the size, i.e., we must establish the catalyst size is stable during reaction. Each of these topics are discussed to some extent here. Additionally, we also discuss how different sites of single atoms on the same support might differ and we show that we can create such different sites. On the whole, we have studied single atom and small cluster catalysis in many different directions based on systems of Ir for CO oxidation. This work is also performed with the intent to compare these Ir systems to similar systems of Rh, Pt, Pd, etc. However here we will only discuss the Ir pieces. / Doctor of Philosophy / In this work we study various properties of Ir single atom and subnanometer cluster catalysts for CO oxidation in hopes that we might be able to design a better catalyst with this information. A catalyst is a substance that facilitates a chemical reaction but is not consumed. For this work we will be considering the reaction of carbon monoxide (CO), which is a common pollutant and highly toxic gas, with O2 to create CO2, a much less dangerous pollutant. Our catalyst thus makes this reaction happen much faster and thus allows us to remove CO from exhaust streams, such as car exhaust, better. A single atom catalyst is a catalyst that is primarily a single atom on a metal oxide support. A subnanometer cluster catalyst is thus a catalyst that is smaller than one nanometer (0.00000004 inches). These are typically 10-20 atoms grouped together. This size is interesting as it is bigger than a single atom, but it is still much smaller than a classical catalyst nanoparticle and is thus controlled or dominated by different properties. In this work we will look at how different characteristics of the singe atom and cluster catalysts affect how good of a catalyst it is. The first is how the amount of single atoms and nanoparticles affect the overall activity of the catalyst. This study will tell us what the best mixture of single atoms is. The second study is how small clusters of Ir/MgAl2O4 react differently than single atoms and large nanoparticles. This tells us what the best size for Ir/MgAl2O4 catalysts are. The third study tells us how Ir/TiO2 single atom catalysts react which is useful when compared to Ir/MgAl2O4 and Ir/CeO2 (Chapter 7). The combination of single atom studies then allows us to make predictions on which supports (apart from Ir/MgAl2O4, Ir/TiO2, and Ir/CeO2) will be the best for CO oxidation. The fourth study compares different single atoms (all of Ir/TiO2) and shows how they behave differently, this is another possibility to increase the effectiveness of the catalyst. The fifth study discusses how different conditions affect the size of the Ir/TiO2 catalysts. Specifically, whether they exist as single atoms, subnanometer clusters, or larger clusters. All of these different studies represent another way that we can potentially increase catalytic activity and hopefully will allow our group, or another group to create even more active catalysts.

Este trabalho descreve um estudo da reação de oxidação eletroquímica de uma monocamada de monóxido de carbono (CO) adsorvido (Stripping de CO) sobre materiais eletrocatalíticos não suportados bem como a influência do suporte nas propriedades estruturais e eletroquímicas dos eletrocatalisadores suportados. Os eletrocatalisadores estudados foram platina (Pt) não suportada bem como Pt suportada em carbono Vulcan (Pt/C) e em óxidos de rutênio (Pt/RuO2) e estanho (Pt/SnO2). Os materiais foram caracterizados por Difratometria de Raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia por Dispersão de Energia de Raios X (EDX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET) e Espectroscopia de Absorção de Raios X (XAS). Os resultados encontrados para duas amostras de Pt não suportada mostraram que os materiais são compostos de aglomerados de nanopartículas de Pt com cerca de 10 nm e revelam múltiplos picos de oxidação de CO em meio de ácido perclórico 0,1 mol L-1, tanto em condições potenciodinâmicas quanto potenciostáticas. Foi demonstrado que o stripping de CO potenciodinâmico pode fornecer evidências acerca do tamanho de partícula e que partículas maiores apresentam os menores sobrepotenciais para a reação em questão. A partir de experimentos de oxidação de CO sob condições potenciostáticas e com o auxílio de um modelo para a reação, foram encontrados os valores das constantes de velocidade para cada processo, cujo comportamento em função do potencial revelou diferenças entre os dois materiais estudados, o que também sugere mudanças no mecanismo da reação ou na isoterma de adsorção das espécies envolvidas. No caso dos eletrocatalisadores suportados Pt/C, Pt/RuO2 e Pt/SnO2, o suporte pode influenciar nas propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas, como evidenciado pelos experimentos de XAS, como também se apresentar como um co-catalisador para a reação de oxidação de CO, como encontrado para os materiais Pt/RuO2 e Pt/SnO2, visto que apresentaram menores sobrepotenciais para a oxidação de CO se comparados com Pt/C. Tal fato pode ser comprovado também por meio dos estudos nos quais Pt não suportada foi posteriormente ancorada nos diferentes suportes estudados, onde se destacou o material Pt + RuO2, que apresentou o menor sobrepotencial para a reação. De maneira comparativa, foi estudada a reação de oxidação de etanol sobre os catalisadores suportados e os resultados mostraram que os óxidos de rutênio e estanho aumentam as densidades de correntes amostradas a partir de saltos potenciostáticos. / This work describes a study of carbon monoxide monolayer electrochemical oxidation (CO stripping) on unsupported electrocatalysts as well as the influence of the support on the structural and electrochemical properties of the supported electrocatalysts. The materials studied comprised unsupported platinum (Pt) nanoparticles, Pt nanoparticles supported on high surface area carbon (Pt/C), and Pt nanoparticles supported on ruthenium oxide (Pt/RuO2) and on tin oxide (Pt/SnO2). All materials were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM), and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). The results for two samples of unsupported Pt nanoparticles revealed the materials are formed by agglomerates of Pt nanoparticles of about 10 nm with slight differences between the samples, and the CO stripping electrochemical oxidation in 0.1 mol L-1 HClO4 showed multiple oxidation peaks in both potentiodynamic and potentiostatic conditions. It was demonstrated that potentiodynamic CO stripping can give evidences about the particle size, in which larger particles present smaller overpotentials for the reaction. From potentiostatic CO electro-oxidation, aided by a mathematical model of the reaction, it was found the reaction rate constant for each process and its behavior as a function of the potential revealed differences between the two samples, also suggesting differences in the mechanism of the reaction or in the adsorption isotherm for the involved species. In the case of the supported electrocatalysts Pt/C, Pt/SnO2, and Pt/RuO2, the support seems to influence in the structural and electronic properties, as probed by XAS experiments, as well as to participate as a co-catalyst in the CO oxidation, as in the case of Pt/SnO2 and Pt/RuO2, once they presented lower overpotentials for CO oxidation if compared to Pt/C. This fact was also confirmed by studies using mixtures of unsupported Pt nanoparticles and the different supports described, in which the system Pt + RuO2 presented the lowest overpotential for the reaction. From a comparative point of view, ethanol electrochemical oxidation was also investigated on the different prepared materials and the results showed that RuO2 and SnO2 as the catalyst supports increase the current density at a given potential in the potential step experiments.

Este trabalho descreve um estudo da reação de oxidação eletroquímica de uma monocamada de monóxido de carbono (CO) adsorvido (Stripping de CO) sobre materiais eletrocatalíticos não suportados bem como a influência do suporte nas propriedades estruturais e eletroquímicas dos eletrocatalisadores suportados. Os eletrocatalisadores estudados foram platina (Pt) não suportada bem como Pt suportada em carbono Vulcan (Pt/C) e em óxidos de rutênio (Pt/RuO2) e estanho (Pt/SnO2). Os materiais foram caracterizados por Difratometria de Raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia por Dispersão de Energia de Raios X (EDX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET) e Espectroscopia de Absorção de Raios X (XAS). Os resultados encontrados para duas amostras de Pt não suportada mostraram que os materiais são compostos de aglomerados de nanopartículas de Pt com cerca de 10 nm e revelam múltiplos picos de oxidação de CO em meio de ácido perclórico 0,1 mol L-1, tanto em condições potenciodinâmicas quanto potenciostáticas. Foi demonstrado que o stripping de CO potenciodinâmico pode fornecer evidências acerca do tamanho de partícula e que partículas maiores apresentam os menores sobrepotenciais para a reação em questão. A partir de experimentos de oxidação de CO sob condições potenciostáticas e com o auxílio de um modelo para a reação, foram encontrados os valores das constantes de velocidade para cada processo, cujo comportamento em função do potencial revelou diferenças entre os dois materiais estudados, o que também sugere mudanças no mecanismo da reação ou na isoterma de adsorção das espécies envolvidas. No caso dos eletrocatalisadores suportados Pt/C, Pt/RuO2 e Pt/SnO2, o suporte pode influenciar nas propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas, como evidenciado pelos experimentos de XAS, como também se apresentar como um co-catalisador para a reação de oxidação de CO, como encontrado para os materiais Pt/RuO2 e Pt/SnO2, visto que apresentaram menores sobrepotenciais para a oxidação de CO se comparados com Pt/C. Tal fato pode ser comprovado também por meio dos estudos nos quais Pt não suportada foi posteriormente ancorada nos diferentes suportes estudados, onde se destacou o material Pt + RuO2, que apresentou o menor sobrepotencial para a reação. De maneira comparativa, foi estudada a reação de oxidação de etanol sobre os catalisadores suportados e os resultados mostraram que os óxidos de rutênio e estanho aumentam as densidades de correntes amostradas a partir de saltos potenciostáticos. / This work describes a study of carbon monoxide monolayer electrochemical oxidation (CO stripping) on unsupported electrocatalysts as well as the influence of the support on the structural and electrochemical properties of the supported electrocatalysts. The materials studied comprised unsupported platinum (Pt) nanoparticles, Pt nanoparticles supported on high surface area carbon (Pt/C), and Pt nanoparticles supported on ruthenium oxide (Pt/RuO2) and on tin oxide (Pt/SnO2). All materials were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM), and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). The results for two samples of unsupported Pt nanoparticles revealed the materials are formed by agglomerates of Pt nanoparticles of about 10 nm with slight differences between the samples, and the CO stripping electrochemical oxidation in 0.1 mol L-1 HClO4 showed multiple oxidation peaks in both potentiodynamic and potentiostatic conditions. It was demonstrated that potentiodynamic CO stripping can give evidences about the particle size, in which larger particles present smaller overpotentials for the reaction. From potentiostatic CO electro-oxidation, aided by a mathematical model of the reaction, it was found the reaction rate constant for each process and its behavior as a function of the potential revealed differences between the two samples, also suggesting differences in the mechanism of the reaction or in the adsorption isotherm for the involved species. In the case of the supported electrocatalysts Pt/C, Pt/SnO2, and Pt/RuO2, the support seems to influence in the structural and electronic properties, as probed by XAS experiments, as well as to participate as a co-catalyst in the CO oxidation, as in the case of Pt/SnO2 and Pt/RuO2, once they presented lower overpotentials for CO oxidation if compared to Pt/C. This fact was also confirmed by studies using mixtures of unsupported Pt nanoparticles and the different supports described, in which the system Pt + RuO2 presented the lowest overpotential for the reaction. From a comparative point of view, ethanol electrochemical oxidation was also investigated on the different prepared materials and the results showed that RuO2 and SnO2 as the catalyst supports increase the current density at a given potential in the potential step experiments.

Gold¡¦s reputation as an inactive catalyst has been changed since the discoveries made by pioneers, including Bond, Hutchings, and Haruta. Today, exploring gold¡¦s potential to catalyze a range of heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions has been a hot topic. In this dissertation, reaction of CO and hydroxyl groups and cyclotrimerization of propanal (C2H5CHO) catalyzed by gold were studied by using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. keywords: LEED, XPS, RAIRS,TPD, Gold, cyclotrimerization, propanal, CO oxidation In the first topic, CO oxidation by hydroxyl groups prepared by electron beam bombardment of physisorbed water was performed on Au(110) and Au(531). The formation of hydroxyl groups was evidenced by the observation of the desorption of D2O at 175 K and D2 at 230 K in TPD, in conjunction with the O 1s peak at 531.32 eV in XPS. The adsorption of CO on the hydroxyl-covered surface resulted in CO2 desorption at 110 K and 150 K on Au(110), and 105 K, 140 K and 180 K on Au(531). In the investigation of various D2O and CO coverages, the adsorption of CO and D2O was found to be preferred on low-coordinated Au atoms. Additionally, D2O on low-coordinated Au atoms required lower dissociation energy. This site effect was correlated with the high activity of smaller gold nanoparticles. Moreover, the mechanism for reaction of CO and hydroxyl groups was suggested to be similar to the water-gas-shift reaction due to the observation of the enhancement of D2 desorption after reaction. The second topic studied the cyclotrimerization of propanal catalyzed by gold. After exposing Au(110) to propanal at 180 K, the desorption of 2,4,6-triethyl-1,3,5-trioxane ((C2H5CHO)3) was observed at 340 K. The RAIRS and XPS studies showed that the cyclotrimerization of propanal was completed at 180 K. The same results were also detected on Au(531). However, only propanal molecular desorption was found on Au(111) suggesting that the low coordination Au atoms and the trench-like structure on Au(110) and Au(531) play key roles. On Ag(110) and Cu(110), no reaction was found indicating that the intrinsic nature of gold is also an important factor for the reaction. Investigation on Pt(110) inherited with the same (1x2) missing-row structure revealed that the decarbonylation of propanal occurred due to the stronger £b2(C,O) bonding mode. The reactions observed on Au(110), Au(531), and Pt(110) strongly suggest that the activity for the reactions may result from the relativistic effect of gold. The DFT calculations further showed the interactions between hydrogen in carbonyl groups and low-coordinated Au atoms (O=C-H¡KAu) help to gather propanal molecules and preorganize them at specific surface sites while an intracomplex reaction takes place.

Pt-group metals were some of the first metals to be studied as catalysts for industrial use. The goal of these studies was to ascertain a fundamental understanding of CO oxidation and acetylene cyclotrimerization reactions on Ptgroup metals. A further goal was to determine the optimal conditions for each reaction. CO oxidation on Rh(111),Pt(100), and Pd(100) was scrutinized on various oxide surfaces from chemisorbed to bulk metal oxides. Low pressure reactions on Rh(111) reveal the highest activity was a CO uninhibited surface with <1ML of chemisorbed oxygen. Pt(100) high pressure oxidation revealed that only <1ML oxygen is formed during high pressures reactions. High pressure CO oxidation reactions on Pd(100) show oxygen penetration after CO has been consumed; however, during the highest activity XPS found only chemisorbed species. The cyclotrimerization of acetylene to benzene is another reaction found in industry typically carried out on Pd. The active site is considered to be a 7 atom configuration with 6 atoms surrounding a central atom. By adding relatively catalytically inert Au atoms to the active Pd(111) surface the acetylene coupling activity is enhanced. Cyclization activity is a function of the surface composition and the surface structure. A single Pd atom surrounded by six Au atoms is found to have the highest activity at 300K for acetylene cyclotrimerization.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22684号 / 理博第4625号 / 新制||理||1665(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 北川 宏, 教授 吉村 一良, 教授 有賀 哲也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM