Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the key histological predictor of the progression of declining renal function and the final common pathway of progressive kidney disease, regardless of aetiology. Despite its significance, there are currently no treatments available to abrogate this process and those that suffer with this burden eventually succumb to renal failure. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is largely mediated by fibroblasts and myofibroblasts present in the interstitium. In response to injury, activated fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts which serves as a histological hallmark of fibrosis. Myofibroblasts are characterised as the key contributors to interstitial volume and their presence ultimately leads to loss of renal function. The pathological entities leading to fibrosis inextricably depend on complex signalling pathways. Whilst many of the well-known growth factors that exert effects on renal fibroblasts (such as FGF, EGF and PDGF) involve the activation of receptor tyrosine kinases, the intracellular signalling events dictating the response of fibroblasts remain undefined. The kinase mTOR, responsible for integrating stress and amino acids and controlling cell growth, is increasingly recognised for its ability to integrate growth factor signals mediated through the upstream serine/threonine kinase PI3K. A number of recent studies have highlighted the role of PI3K and mTOR in the regulation of key events relevant to fibrosis, serving as a basis for Chapter 3: The role of PI3K and mTOR in the regulation of fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis, and the first part of Chapter 5: The role of PI3K and mTOR in the regulation of myofibroblast differentiation. These studies have identified a key role for PI3K and mTOR in the regulation of fibroblast proliferation, differentiation and collagen synthesis. The work described within has also attempted to examine the derivation of myofibroblasts via EMT. EMT is a process that is integral to embryogenesis and may act as an important source of myofibroblasts during fibrosis. This process is examined in Chapter 4: Development and validation of an ex vivo model of EMT. This model aims to better represent the in vivo environment and has also been used to identify novel regulators involved in EMT being utilised in the second part of Chapter 5: The role of PI3K and mTOR in EMT. Although cytokines and growth factors are thought to be chiefly responsible for tubulointerstitial fibrosis, we now know that serine proteases of the coagulation cascade may also play roles in renal disease. However, unlike their role in glomerular diseases, the role of coagulation in tubulointerstitial fibrosis is less well-known. The work described in Chapter 6: Constituents of the coagulation cascade are spatially and functionally related to experimental tubulointerstitial fibrosis has examined temporal and spatial in vivo relationships of coagulation factors and markers of fibrosis that aid our understanding of mechanisms of fibrosis. The aim of this thesis was to examine those facets of renal fibroblast function that are most devastating to renal function and culminate in an expansion of the renal interstitium during fibrosis. This work hopes to provide useful information to aid the understanding of the multifaceted mechanisms involved in renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis.

Leptospiras são bactérias espiroquetas altamente móveis dotadas de estratégias que possibilitam grande eficiência nos processos de invasão e disseminação no hospedeiro. Nosso grupo demonstrou previamente que leptospiras patogênicas secretam proteases capazes de clivar e inativar moléculas-chave do sistema complemento humano, o que confere a essas bactérias a capacidade de driblar os mecanismos de defesa do sistema imune inato. Dada a rápida disseminação das leptospiras durante o processo de infecção, aventou-se a hipótese de que essas proteases secretadas pudessem alvejar uma gama maior de moléculas do hospedeiro. No presente estudo, a atividade proteolítica de proteínas secretadas por leptospiras sobre um painel de moléculas da matriz extracelular e do plasma foi avaliada. O sobrenadante de cultura da estirpe virulenta L. interrogans sorovar Kennewicki Fromm degradou fibrinogênio humano, fibronectina plasmática, colágeno Tipo I, e as proteoglicanas decorina, biglicam e lumicam. A atividade proteolítica foi inibida por 1,10-fenantrolina, sugerindo o envolvimento de metaloproteases. Laminina, matrigel, plasminogênio e trombina não foram clivados por proteases presentes nos sobrenadantes. Ainda, os dados indicam que a produção de proteases deve ser um determinante de virulência importante, uma vez que os sobrenadantes de estirpes saprófitas ou patogênicas atenuadas em cultura não apresentaram atividade proteolítica sobre componentes da matriz ou do plasma. A análise dos genomas de leptospiras disponíveis nos levou à identificação de quatro termolisinas, metaloproteases presentes apenas nas espécies patogênicas. Uma delas, codificada pele LIC13322, foi produzida na forma recombinante e apresentou atividade proteolítica sobre fibrinogênio, biglicam e decorina. Em paralelo, foram também realizadas análises comparativas dos exoproteomas das estirpes Fromm e Patoc I. Algumas metaloproteases que podem estar envolvidas na degradação de moléculas do hospedeiro foram identificadas. A capacidade de clivar moléculas do tecido conjuntivo e proteínas da cascata de coagulação pode certamente contribuir para a invasão e a destruição tecidual observadas durante a infecção por Leptospira. / Leptospires are highly motile spirochetes equipped with strategies for efficient invasion and dissemination within the host. Our group previously demonstrated that pathogenic leptospires secrete proteases capable of cleaving and inactivating key molecules of the human complement system, allowing these bacteria to circumvent host´s innate immune defense mechanisms. Given the successful dissemination of leptospires during infection, we wondered if such proteases would target a broader range of host molecules. In the present study, the proteolytic activity of secreted leptospiral proteases against a panel of extracellular matrix and plasma proteins was assessed. The culture supernatant of the virulent L. interrogans serovar Kennewicki strain Fromm degraded human fibrinogen, plasma fibronectin, collagen Type 1, and the proteoglycans decorin, biglycan, and lumican. Proteolytic activity was inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, suggesting the participation of metalloproteases. Laminin, matrigel, plasminogen and thrombin were not cleaved by proteases present in the supernatants. Moreover, production of proteases might be an important virulence determinant since culture-attenuated or saprophytic Leptospira did not display proteolytic acticity against ECM or plasma components. A search against Leptospira genomes allowed identification of four thermolysins, which are metalloproteases found exclusively in pathogenic species. One of them, encoded by LIC13322, was produced in the recombinant form and displayed proteolytic activity against fibrinogen, biglycan and decorin. Comparative exoproteomic analyses using Fromm and Patoc I strains were also performed and allowed identification of a few metalloproteases that could be involved in the degradation of host components. The ability to cleave connective tissue molecules and coagulation cascade proteins may certainly contribute to invasion and tissue destruction observed upon infection with Leptospira.

Leptospiras são bactérias espiroquetas altamente móveis dotadas de estratégias que possibilitam grande eficiência nos processos de invasão e disseminação no hospedeiro. Nosso grupo demonstrou previamente que leptospiras patogênicas secretam proteases capazes de clivar e inativar moléculas-chave do sistema complemento humano, o que confere a essas bactérias a capacidade de driblar os mecanismos de defesa do sistema imune inato. Dada a rápida disseminação das leptospiras durante o processo de infecção, aventou-se a hipótese de que essas proteases secretadas pudessem alvejar uma gama maior de moléculas do hospedeiro. No presente estudo, a atividade proteolítica de proteínas secretadas por leptospiras sobre um painel de moléculas da matriz extracelular e do plasma foi avaliada. O sobrenadante de cultura da estirpe virulenta L. interrogans sorovar Kennewicki Fromm degradou fibrinogênio humano, fibronectina plasmática, colágeno Tipo I, e as proteoglicanas decorina, biglicam e lumicam. A atividade proteolítica foi inibida por 1,10-fenantrolina, sugerindo o envolvimento de metaloproteases. Laminina, matrigel, plasminogênio e trombina não foram clivados por proteases presentes nos sobrenadantes. Ainda, os dados indicam que a produção de proteases deve ser um determinante de virulência importante, uma vez que os sobrenadantes de estirpes saprófitas ou patogênicas atenuadas em cultura não apresentaram atividade proteolítica sobre componentes da matriz ou do plasma. A análise dos genomas de leptospiras disponíveis nos levou à identificação de quatro termolisinas, metaloproteases presentes apenas nas espécies patogênicas. Uma delas, codificada pele LIC13322, foi produzida na forma recombinante e apresentou atividade proteolítica sobre fibrinogênio, biglicam e decorina. Em paralelo, foram também realizadas análises comparativas dos exoproteomas das estirpes Fromm e Patoc I. Algumas metaloproteases que podem estar envolvidas na degradação de moléculas do hospedeiro foram identificadas. A capacidade de clivar moléculas do tecido conjuntivo e proteínas da cascata de coagulação pode certamente contribuir para a invasão e a destruição tecidual observadas durante a infecção por Leptospira. / Leptospires are highly motile spirochetes equipped with strategies for efficient invasion and dissemination within the host. Our group previously demonstrated that pathogenic leptospires secrete proteases capable of cleaving and inactivating key molecules of the human complement system, allowing these bacteria to circumvent host´s innate immune defense mechanisms. Given the successful dissemination of leptospires during infection, we wondered if such proteases would target a broader range of host molecules. In the present study, the proteolytic activity of secreted leptospiral proteases against a panel of extracellular matrix and plasma proteins was assessed. The culture supernatant of the virulent L. interrogans serovar Kennewicki strain Fromm degraded human fibrinogen, plasma fibronectin, collagen Type 1, and the proteoglycans decorin, biglycan, and lumican. Proteolytic activity was inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, suggesting the participation of metalloproteases. Laminin, matrigel, plasminogen and thrombin were not cleaved by proteases present in the supernatants. Moreover, production of proteases might be an important virulence determinant since culture-attenuated or saprophytic Leptospira did not display proteolytic acticity against ECM or plasma components. A search against Leptospira genomes allowed identification of four thermolysins, which are metalloproteases found exclusively in pathogenic species. One of them, encoded by LIC13322, was produced in the recombinant form and displayed proteolytic activity against fibrinogen, biglycan and decorin. Comparative exoproteomic analyses using Fromm and Patoc I strains were also performed and allowed identification of a few metalloproteases that could be involved in the degradation of host components. The ability to cleave connective tissue molecules and coagulation cascade proteins may certainly contribute to invasion and tissue destruction observed upon infection with Leptospira.

No description available.

For the successful food intake by organisms that feed on blood is essentials presence of antihaemostatic molecules such as vasodilators, anticoagulant molecules and apyrases., Although members of family Diplozoidae (Heteronchoinea) are blood-feeding parasites on the gills of the fish, these molecules, that could disrupt host hemostasis, have not yet been identified. Thus, the aim of this study was to find molecules with potential anticoagulant activity in homogenates of whole worm bodies and excretory/secretory products of the members of family Diplozoidae. Furthermore perform bioinformatics analysis of sequences obtained from transcriptom project of Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Heteronchoinea: Diplozoidae) and selected proteins (protein domain) then expressed in a recombinant form. We tested inhibitory activity in excretory-secretory products and homogenates of members family Diplozoidae towards coagulation factors IIa and Xa and their specific fluorogenic with 4 negative and 1 positive results. From the results of two transcriptome analysis we discovered three protein families of potential anticoagulants - annexins, serpins and Kunitz-domain proteins. For further analyses we focused on the Kunitz protein family. These proteins contain one or more structurally related active domains which are able to...