Orientadores: Sérgio Furtado dos Reis, Sergio Ivan Perez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T14:03:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_CarolinaLemesNascimento_M.pdf: 1856991 bytes, checksum: 0333e9b5415ace1df307eb389ef0260c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Mudanças climáticas são fenômenos responsáveis por influenciar dinâmicas de populações ao longo da história evolutiva das espécies. Quando mudanças no clima ocorrem de maneira abrupta suas consequências podem ser refletidas na distribuição, no tamanho e na persistência das populações sob o efeito destas mudanças. O Quaternário foi uma época caracterizada por mudanças climáticas rápidas e intensas. Estimar a demografia histórica de populações nesta escala de tempo é uma forma de avaliar como flutuações no clima influenciaram populações ancestrais. Dados genéticos nos permitem recuperar informação sobre o tamanho populacional em escalas de tempo amplas e buscar associações entre flutuações no tamanho das populações e variações no clima. A demografia histórica de populações do peixe de água doce Poecilia vivipara habitantes da planície Quaternária do norte do Rio de Janeiro foi estimada com o objetivo de avaliar se fenômenos em escalas de tempo ancestrais deixaram uma assinatura no genoma dos indivíduos de populações contemporâneas. Subsequentemente, foi avaliado se as assinaturas genéticas são reflexo de respostas populacionais às variações climáticas intensas ocorridas no Quaternário. Para estimar a demografia histórica de P. vivipara, utilizou-se o método Skyline-Plot Bayesiano (BSP), sendo o gene mitocondrial citocromo b o marcador molecular analisado. A dinâmica populacional ancestral de P. vivipara revelou uma mudança de regime nos últimos 75 mil anos, que pode estar associada direta ou indiretamente às variações climáticas do Quaternário. Flutuações no nível do mar, geradas pelas mudanças climáticas do Quaternário, podem estar relacionadas com as flutuações no tamanho populacional de P. vivipara. Estudos incluindo outras regiões do genoma e com maior detalhamento sobre variações climáticas locais podem contribuir para gerar estimações mais confiáveis da história populacional de P. vivipara e sua potencial relação com eventos climáticos / Abstract: Paleoclimatic changes are responsible to influence population dynamics through the evolutionary history of species. When climatic changes occur suddenly its consequences can be reflected in the distribution, size and persistence of populations. The Quaternary was a time of massive climatic changes. The estimation of the demographic history of populations at such timescales allows the assessment of how climatic fluctuations have influenced ancestral populations. Genetic data are available and allow recovering information about population sizes in wide timescales and searching for associations between population size fluctuations and climatic change. The historical demography of freshwater fish Poecilia vivipara populations inhabiting the Rio de Janeiro Northern Quaternary Plain was estimated aiming to evaluate if phenomena in ancestral timescales leaves a signature in the genomes of its modern representatives. Subsequently, we evaluate if the genetic signatures are the result of population responses to massive climatic changes occurred in Quaternary. The Bayesian Skyline-Plot (BSP) was utilized to estimate the demographic history of P. vivipara, with the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b as molecular marker. The ancestral population dynamics of P. vivipara revealed a regime change in the last 75,000 years, which can be direct or indirectly associated to Late Quaternary climatic variations. Sea level fluctuations, generated by Quaternary climatic changes, could be related to population size fluctuations of P. vivipara. Studies including other genome regions and with more details about local climatic variations can create more reliable estimations of the P. vivipara population history and its potential relationship with climatic events / Mestrado / Biodiversidade Animal / Mestra em Biologia Animal

In this study, the method of deciding the water level of the initial tsunami is proposed by using spatial-temporal focusing (Coalescence) theory and waveform inversion reciprocal with Green function. Tsunami and earthquake are so closely bonded that the current tsunami numerical model is dependent on the parameters of the fault and the initial tsunami water level by calculating the theory of half flexibility. But in fact, it is not easy to have the parameters of seabed fault so that the initial tsunami water level is very hard to get a accurate value. On the other hand, although the parameters of fault can be speculated by seismic waves, because ground is uneven medium, therefore, it is still a lot of improvement to get the parameters of fault by using seismic waves. For the tsunami simulation, if you have the value of the initial tsunami water level, the fault parameters can be estimated.Since the propagation of tsunami in the ocean is a linear behavior, the propagating process is affected by the topography of the ocean and the nonlinear effect so minimal that it is to satisfy the linear shallow water equations and the requirement of reversibility;However, in fact, the values of the water level measured by the tide stations on the coast are influenced by the shoaling effect so that the reversibility of linear system can not be directly applied to Coastal areas.Therefore, the overall Inversion procedure on this study consists of two parts; the first one is that the usage of variable coefficient Korteweg-de Vries (vKdV) equation and the Coalescence theory inverses the data gathered by the Coastal tide stations to the water level data where the depth is more than 50m on the linear region, and compares the above results with the stimulation and confirms the accuracy of the inversed waveform;The second one is that according to the reversibility of the linear system the use of least squares and least squares QR- decomposition (LSQR) method reproduce the initial tsunami wave source that compares with the initial tsunami wave source by stimulating and has a very good conformity. The seismic parameters can be easily decided by the above results.

Le développement des nouvelles techniques de séquençage élargit l' horizon de la génétique de populations. Une analyse appropriée des données génétiques peut augmenter notre capacité à reconstruire l'histoire des populations. Cette énorme quantité de données disponibles peut aider les chercheurs en biologie et anthropologie à mieux estimer les changements démographiques subis par une population au cours du temps, mais induit aussi de nouveaux défis. Lorsque les modèles sous-jacents sont trop simplistes il existe unrisque très fort d'être amené à des conclusions erronées sur la population étudiée. Il a été montré que certaines caractéristiques présentes dans l'ADN des individus d'une population structurée se trouvent aussi dans l'ADN de ceux qui proviennent d'une population sans structure dont la taille a changé au cours du temps. Par conséquent il peut s'avérer très difficile de déterminer si les changements de taille inférés à partir des données génétiquesont vraiment eu lieu ou s'il s'agit simplement des effets liés à la structure. D'ailleurs la quasi totalité des méthodes pour inférer les changements de taille d'une population au cours du temps sont basées sur des modèles qui négligent la structure.Dans cette thèse, de nouveaux résultats de génétique de populations sont présentés. Premièrement, nous présentons une méthodologie permettant de faire de la sélection de modèle à partir de l'ADN d'un seul individudiploïde. Cette première étude se limite à un modèle simple de population non structurée avec un changement de taille et à un modèle considérant une population de taille constante mais structurée. Cette nouvelle méthode utilise la distribution des temps de coalescence de deux gènes pour identifier le modèle le plus probable et ouvreainsi la voie pour de nouvelles méthodes de sélection de modèles structurés et non structurés, à partir de données génomiques issues d'un seul individu. Deuxièmement, nous montrons, par une ré-interprétation du taux de coalescence que, pour n'importe quel scénario structuré, et plus généralement n'importe quel modèle, il existe toujours un scénario considérant une population panmictique avec une fonction précise de changements de taille dont la distribution des temps de coalescence de deux gènes est identique a celle du scénario structuré. Cela non seulement explique pourquoi les méthodes d'inférence démographique détectent souvent des changements de taille n'ayant peut-être jamais eu lieu, mais permet aussi de prédire les changements de taille qui seront reconstruits lorsque des méthodes basées sur l'hypothèse de panmixie sont appliquées à des données issues de scénarios plus complexes. Finalement, une nouvelle approche basée sur un processus de Markov est développée et permet de caractériser la distribution du temps de coalescence de deux gènes dans une population structurée soumise à des événements démographiques tel que changement de flux de gènes et changements de taille. Une discussion est menée afin de décrire comment cette méthode donne la possibilité de reconstruire l'histoire démographique à partir de données génomiques tout en considérant la structure. / The rapid development of DNA sequencing technologies is expanding the horizons of population genetic studies. It is expected that genomic data will increase our ability to reconstruct the history of populations.While this increase in genetic information will likely help biologists and anthropologists to reconstruct the demographic history of populations, it also poses big challenges. In some cases, simplicity of the model maylead to erroneous conclusions about the population under study. Recent works have shown that DNA patterns expected in individuals coming from structured populations correspond with those of unstructured populations with changes in size through time. As a consequence it is often difficult to determine whether demographic events such as expansions or contractions (bottlenecks) inferred from genetic data are real or due to the fact that populations are structured in nature. Moreover, almost no inferential method allowing to reconstruct pastdemographic size changes takes into account structure effects. In this thesis, some recent results in population genetics are presented: (i) a model choice procedure is proposed to distinguish one simple scenario of population size change from one of structured population, based on the coalescence times of two genes, showing that for these simple cases, it is possible to distinguish both models using genetic information form one single individual; (ii) by using the notion of instantaneous coalescent rate, it is demonstrated that for any scenario of structured population or any other one, regardless how complex it could be, there always exists a panmitic scenario with a precise function of population size changes havingexactly the same distribution for the coalescence times of two genes. This not only explains why spurious signals of bottlenecks can be found in structured populations but also predicts the demographic history that actual inference methods are likely to reconstruct when applied to non panmitic populations. Finally, (iii) a method based on a Markov process is developed for inferring past demographic events taking the structure into account. This is method uses the distribution of coalescence times of two genes to detect past demographic changes instructured populations from the DNA of one single individual. Some applications of the model to genomic data are discussed.