Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were widely distributed in the environment, and may cause hazardous effects to human health. Among these pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation, have been banned in the mid 1970s in most countries. They are ubiquitous and highly persistent, and therefore, PCBs are of most concern for their potential to be globally transported through air-water exchange. Previous studies such as Fang et al.¡]2008¡^ and Chen¡]2010¡^have studied the air-water exchange of PCBs in Kaohsuing Harbor. This study not only continued monitoring this area but also included Gao-Ping coastal areas and Lanyu Island in order to determine the air-water exchange fluxes of PCBs in harbor and coastal area. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of PCB air-water exchange fluxes and dry deposition fluxes by measuring the gas/particle phase concentrations in ambient air and dissolved/particle phase concentrations in water column, and to analyze the compositional patterns of PCB homologs. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal components analysis (PCA) were performed with compositional patterns of commercial products such as Aroclor mixtures to gain a better understanding of pollution topography for PCBs . The concentrations of £UPCBs in the ambient air ranged from 116 to 439 pg m-3, with an average concentration of 164 pg m-3 . The average PCB concentrations in gas and particle phase were 161 pg m-3 and 2.91 pg m-3, respectively. The concentrations of £UPCBs in water column ranged from 14.1 to 1750 pg L-1, with an average concentration of 233 pg L-1. The average PCB concentrations in dissolved and particle phase were 162 pg L-1 and 70.4 pg L-1, respectively. The highest gaseous concentration of £UPCBs was observed in GRE in November, suggesting that wind direction and Linyuan Industrial Park may be the major contributor of PCBs there. However, the highest dissolved concentration of £UPCBs was found in KHH in August, indicating that rainfall and runoff of Typhoon Morakot were evident in source. Results from HCA, PCA and compositional patterns indicate that lower chlorinated congeners (dichlorobiphenyls to tetrachlorobiphenyls) were predominant in the gas and dissolved phase of ambient air and water column. In particle phase of ambient air and water column, PCB compositions were dominated by higher chlorinated congeners (tetrachlorobiphenyls to hexachlorobiphenyls). TEQ was used to determine the level of pollution for environment and human health. The average TEQ was 0.0008 pg-TEQ m-3 in gas-phase of ambient air and was 0.0006 pg-TEQ L-1 in dissolved phase in water. PCB114 was observed to be the predominant congener in this study. The average flux of air-water exchange was ¡Ï31.5 ng m-2 day-1, and was much higher than the average flux of dry deposition (¡Ð0.54 ng m-2 day-1). The net PCB fluxes in KHH suggest that annual air-water exchange was ¡Ï40.2 mg m-2 yr-1 and estimated yearly, 0.5 kg of PCBs were emitted from water column of Kaohsiung harbor to the ambient atmosphere.

With the dominance of service industry and the membership of WTO for Taiwan, the farming and fishing industries are facing fierce competition from globalization. Traditional agricultural society has thus largely perished, its population aged and young people moving to cities, productivity being low. Farming and fishing industries are no longer able to support livelihood of local communities. It is highly trumpeted for these industries to be transformed to leisure-purposed farming and fishing. Tourism is now almost seen as a panacea for the future. However, there are many problems. The current study uses a ¡¥mediocre¡¦ case of Shi-Tsao area of Tainan as an example, to study the normal pattern of development of traditional communities into tourism destinations. The research focuses on the issues that this area has faced, the ecological functions and environmental attributes of its coastal area, including the carrying capacity; an environmental analysis of the community is also executed. Adopting a qualitative approach, the research is based on in-depth interviews, literature evidence, and a case study of Tao-Mi Community. The purpose is to study the issues that Shi-Tsao faces during its transit to a new industry. SWOT analysis is used, and cross-analyses of the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat are executed to find out the priorities of the related issues. Suggestions are given as how to make the transition more smooth and plausible. The ultimate purpose is to help understand the whole situation that Taiwanese rural area faces nowadays. The conclusions include issues in ecology, land use, investment and professional planning from outside and legal problems; it is also found that social and political issues such as resource distributions and partisan are detrimental to development.

No abstract available. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria,1952 / gm2014 / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第18394号 / 地博第163号 / 新制||地||55(附属図書館) / 31252 / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻 / (主査)准教授 安藤 和雄, 教授 小林 繁男, 准教授 竹田 晋也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE TOOLS &amp / TECHNIQUES USED IN COASTAL PLANNING: CASE STUDY MUGLA-G&Ouml / KOVA SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AREA Yusufoglu, Ay&ccedil / a M. S., Programme of City Planning Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serap Kayas&uuml / June 2010, 119 Pages This study focuses on the issue of coastal area management in terms of planning techniques and tools as well as legal aspects necessary in order to clarify the components of a successful coastal area planning process. It has been emphasized that planning of the coastal area should be performed within the context of integrated policy mechanism considering maintance of biodiversity, public participation and, promoting diversification among coastal related economic uses such as tourism, aquaculture, fishing. The thesis haS been grouped into according to definitions of coastal area, coastal planning and legislation, institutions, organizations, international commisions regarding coastal areas and G&ouml / kova Special Environment Protection Area from the perspective of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM). The case section of the thesis formed by five phases of G&ouml / kova SEPA 1/25.000 scaled Environmental Relation Plan in order to achieve ICM. Also, this is the first study performed by the reviewing of the tools and techniques used in the G&ouml / kova SEPA towards Integrated Coastal Management approach.

Heavy metals are highly persistent in water and have a particular significance in ecotoxicology. Heavy metals loading from the Pearl River are likely to cause significant impacts on the environment in the South China Sea and the West Pacific. In this study, using monthly monitoring data from a water quality monitoring campaign during 2006–2012, the temporal variation and spatial transfer of six heavy metals (lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg)) in the Pearl River were analyzed, and the heavy metal fluxes into the sea were calculated. During this period, the annual heavy metal loads discharged from the Pearl River into the South China Sea were 5.8 (Hg), 471.7 (Pb), 1524.6 (Cu), 3819.6 (Zn), 43.9 (Cd), and 621.9 (As) tons, respectively. The metal fluxes showed a seasonal variation with the maximum fluxes occurring from June to July. There is a close association between metal fluxes and runoff. The analysis of the heavy metal transfer from the upstream to the downstream revealed that the transfer from the upstream accounted for a major portion of the heavy metals in the Pearl River Delta. Therefore, earlier industry relocation efforts in the Pearl River watershed may have limited effect on the water quality improvement in surrounding areas. It is suggested that watershed-based pollution control measures focusing on wastewater discharge in both upstream and downstream areas should be developed and implemented in the future.

Coastal zone is the region of rapid socio-economic development and the habitat of various marine lives. With the increasing complexity of land use, integrated spatial planning is important and indispensable to the development of coastal zone. Coastal environment is a complicated system with highly dynamic environment, coastal zone planning needs to achieve the objectives of environmental protection, economic development and ecological sustainability. To solve this planning problem, either analytic or simulation approaches have been used. However these two approaches have their own demerits in problem solving. The purpose of this research is to develop a model combing analytic and simulation methods to solve spatial planning problem in complicated dynamic marine environment. Through combined with Multi-Objective Programming, Fuzzy Sets Theory and System Dynamics, a spatial planning model of dynamic multi-objective programming approach to the coastal zone spatial planning will be constructed. It could be used in coastal zone development predicting, regional and city planning and marine policy decision making.

Historically Bangladesh is a breeding ground for different climatic disasters due to its geographical location and the impacts are huge due to economic condition, high intensity of exposed population and dependency on nature. Climate change is causing an increase in the intensity and frequency of natural disasters. In Bangladesh, coastal areas are susceptible to cyclones, storm surge, salinity intrusion etc. and northern areas are susceptible to drought. In both these areas agriculture is the major mean of livelihood and agriculture is heavily dependent on nature and thus being severely affected by climatic disasters. In the face of climatic change and disasters farmers apply different adaptive measures to survive. Documenting and analyzing the local adaptation practices is vital to design a comprehensive model of adaptation to save agriculture in these areas. The main objective of this study was to find out the mechanism applied locally by the farmers to adapt with the changing climate. A qualitative case study approach was applied to understand the mechanisms in detail. In-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and observations were tools applied for data collection. Male elderly farmers, elderly women from the community and Government Agriculture Officers were interviewed and FGDs were conducted with both male and female community people. Many local level adaptation practices were found. These adaptation practices can be divided broadly in three groups: protective measures, modification and alternative practice. Unavailability of required resources mostly because of poverty is a common challenge faced by the farmers during adapting to climate change. In some cases farmers are yet to find the best practices for best possible adaptations and in this regard institutional support with scientific knowledge could help to come up with best practices.

Hurricanes are one of the deadliest and costliest natural hazards affecting the Gulf coast and Atlantic coast areas of the United States. An effective way to minimize hurricane damage is to strengthen structures and buildings. The investigation of surface level hurricane wind behavior and the resultant wind loads on structures is aimed at providing structural engineers with information on hurricane wind characteristics required for the design of safe structures. Information on mean wind profiles, gust factors, turbulence intensity, integral scale, and turbulence spectra and co-spectra is essential for developing realistic models of wind pressure and wind loads on structures. The research performed for this study was motivated by the fact that considerably fewer data and validated models are available for tropical than for extratropical storms. Using the surface wind measurements collected by the Florida Coastal Monitoring Program (FCMP) during hurricane passages over coastal areas, this study presents comparisons of surface roughness length estimates obtained by using several estimation methods, and estimates of the mean wind and turbulence structure of hurricane winds over coastal areas under neutral stratification conditions. In addition, a program has been developed and tested to systematically analyze Wall of Wind (WoW) data, that will make it possible to perform analyses of baseline characteristics of flow obtained in the WoW. This program can be used in future research to compare WoW data with FCMP data, as gust and turbulence generator systems and other flow management devices will be used to create WoW flows that match as closely as possible real hurricane wind conditions. Hurricanes are defined as tropical cyclones for which the maximum 1-minute sustained surface wind speeds exceed 74 mph. FCMP data include data for tropical cyclones with lower sustained speeds. However, for the winds analyzed in this study the speeds were sufficiently high to assure that neutral stratification prevailed. This assures that the characteristics of those winds are similar to those prevailing in hurricanes. For this reason in this study the terms tropical cyclones and hurricanes are used interchangeably.

Drought is a climatic event regarding prolonged "drier than normal" conditions. Precipitation deficits, crop-moisture stress, soil-water unbalance, sudden stream flow cut-offs and low carrying capacity of ecosystems are responses to drought. Drought can occur in humid to arid climates, however, drought is more severe in arid and semi-arid areas due to the fact that in those distinctive areas, water resources are extremely limited and restricted. Additionally, local ecologies and ecosystems in arid regions are very fragile. Once a water competition occurs, critical services of ecosystems such as pure water, recreation, and land productivity will be threatened. This research focuses on prolonged drought events that have been occurring more frequently in a coastal province of South Central Vietnam – named Binh Thuan. The study area is distinctive because its climate is characterized as one of the driest provinces in Vietnam. Annual rainfall in the North and near the coast of the province is less than 800 mm per year. During 6 months of dry season, there is almost no rain, or less than 50 mm. Due to precipitation deficits and high surface temperatures in recent years, meteorological droughts have occurred more frequently, and lasted longer, thereby stressing water resources for vegetation, wildlife, households, and industry. The occurrence of prolonged droughts has constrained economic activities in the coastal areas, especially agriculture and aquaculture. Furthermore, a long duration of dry conditions coupled with unsustainable land management (such as overgrazing), "drought-sensitive" soils in areas with sand and barren lands may introduce and accelerate risks of desertification processes (land productivity deterioration and unable to recover). This research uses geospatial technologies to monitor drought severity and drought impacts on land use and land cover. Chapter 1 is a brief introduction and literature review of the drought context in Binh Thuan Province to place the research questions and objectives in content. Chapter 2 discusses the occurrence of meteorological droughts in Binh Thuan Province, then proposes climatic indices able to monitor this type of drought. Chapter 3 focuses on explaining and assessing uneven dry conditions that stressed vegetation health in the study area. This chapter investigates spatiotemporal distributions and frequencies of prolonged agricultural droughts using remotely sensed data and anomalies of precipitation distribution. Results indicate that coastal areas in the North of Binh Thuan are subject to severe droughts. Chapter 4 assesses human impacts on land management and practices in the study area during drought periods. Results show that in recent years (2010 to present), local governments and residents have implemented strategies to prevent sand dominance and to adapt to water shortages during dry seasons, such as vegetative cover, crop rotation with drought-tolerant plants and wind breaks. Accuracy was assessed using field data collected in the summer of 2016, in conjunction with Google Earth imagery. In summary, this dissertation enhances understanding of drought events and impacts in Binh Thuan Province by considering different types of drought - meteorological and agricultural drought, and interactions of drought and human impacts upon land management and land practices during dry periods. Furthermore, findings and results of this research have demonstrated the effectiveness of remotely sensed datasets, and other geospatial technologies, such as geographic information systems, in modeling drought severity and in examining efforts and drought-adaptive practices of local residents. This work is a valuable foundation on which further studies can build to support policy development to protect and reserve soil-land productivity in Binh Thuan and other coastal regions of Vietnam affected by prolonged droughts. / Doctor of Philosophy / Drought is a temporal climatic event with "drier than normal" conditions. While drought can occur in any climates, it can be more extreme in arid and semi-arid areas where annual rainfall and water resources are limited. Depending on types of drought, its presences and impacts may differ: (1) meteorological drought relates to a decrease of average rainfall/snowfall may resulting in moisture stress, (2) hydrological drought leads to a reduction of streamflow and groundwater, and (3) agricultural drought influences soil-water-crop balance or vegetation health. Prolonged drought – abnormally long duration of dry conditions, coupled with unsustainable management in water and land practice may cause losses of land productivity, promote soil erosion, and result in sand dominance in coastal areas. These land degradation processes can lead to "a desert-like condition" in impacted areas. This research concerns drought and its impacts in a coastal province in South central Vietnam, Binh Thuan. The study area is distinctive because its climate is characterized as one of the driest provinces in Vietnam. Annual rainfall in the North and near the coast is less than 800 mm per year, and during the 6 months of the dry season, there is almost no rain, or less than 50 mm. Due to precipitation deficits and high surface temperatures in recent years, meteorological droughts have occurred more frequently and lasted longer, stressing water resources for vegetation, wildlife, households, and industry. Additionally, unsustainable land management, such as overgrazing, coupled with movements of sand and barren lands from the coast inland, have accelerated the risks of land degradation. This research applies an integration of geospatial technologies for monitoring drought severity and impacts on land management and illustrates how local people have adapted to droughts.