CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O trabalho trata da relaÃÃo, entre a âextensÃo pesqueiraâ, que nos parece, nÃo pode ser mais, sà "pesqueira"..., e as comunidades litorÃneas no processo de desenvolvimento. Partindo do questionamento â Qual o sentido que se pode se dar a noÃÃo de âextensÃo pesqueiraâ frente à complexidade, em que hoje, estÃo inseridas as comunidades litorÃneas? â empreendemos uma incursÃo nas polÃticas pÃblicas para pesca, evidenciando que estas nÃo tÃm contribuÃdo para o desenvolvimento da pesca artesanal, privilegiando, sobretudo o setor empresarial/industrial. Visto serem permeadas pela ausÃncia de integraÃÃo entre elas; pela falta de participaÃÃo efetiva e qualificada das populaÃÃes litorÃneas na definiÃÃo desta e pela pouca relevÃncia dada as questÃes ambientais. A degradaÃÃo ambiental, a disputa pela posse e uso da terra e a exploraÃÃo predatÃria dos recursos naturais, aumentam as dificuldades na construÃÃo da sustentabilidade sÃcio-ambiental das comunidades litorÃneas. As comunidades ficam com o desafio de aumentar sua capacidade crÃtica e propositiva, para influir nas polÃticas pÃblicas, bem como, construir formas eficientes de produzir e se organizar coletivamente. Ressaltamos que um serviÃo pÃblico de extensÃo, poderia cumprir um papel importante neste processo. No entanto, diante da ausÃncia e/ou equÃvocos anteriores, este serviÃo necessitaria ser ajustado aos novos arranjos sÃcio-espaciais do novo mundo litoral. Superar o cunho tecnicista e difusionista, balizado na modernizaÃÃo conservadora e na mercantilizaÃÃo dos recursos naturais, da proposta vigente constitui condiÃÃo fundamental para a construÃÃo deste novo modelo, que tenha em seu norte referencial o desenvolvimento local e a sustentabilidade âsÃcio-espacialâ. / The work focuses on the relationship between the "fishing extension" that seems to us cannot be only "fishing" any more ..., and the coastal communities in the development process. Starting from the question - which sense can be given to the expression "fishing extension" considering the complexity in which the coastal communities are today inserted? - we first analyze public policies for fishing, proving that these have not been contributing to the development of the artisanal fishing, privileging, above all, the business and industrial sectors. The policies are characterized by the lack of integration; the lack of effective and qualified participation of the coastal populations in their definition and by the little importance given to environmental matters. The degradation of the environment, the dispute for ownership and use of the land and the predatory exploration of the natural resources increase the difficulties to achieve socio-environmental sustainability for the coastal communities. The communities face the challenge to increase their critical and propositive capacity, to influence in public policies, as well as to build efficient forms to produce and organize collectively. We point out that a public extension service could accomplish an important role in this process. However, considering the non-existence and/or previous errors, this service should be adjusted to the new socio-environmental framework of the new coastal world. To overcome the tecnicist and expansion order, based on conservative modernization and the mercantilization of the natural resources, of the current frameworkconstitutes a fundamental condition for the construction of this new model that will be guided by local development and social and spatial sustainability.

Littorals in the in the Exuma Cays, Bahamas and the Bath Plantation, Barbados are comparative in many ways. These edges of the sea have provided critical services to local people during the time of slavery and since. More than food and medicine, the littoral is the nightly sea bath, where children are instructed, and the last ecosystem effectively used by the elderly. Independence and self- respect derive from use and protection of these littoral by individuals and communities. Local patterns of conservation and use are argued to be essential in the ecological structure and functions of the littoral. Development projects and marine protected areas alike are seen as potentially breaking local ties with the littoral causing trophic skew and damaging local society. If development occurs, mitigation solutions potentially derive from legally recognizing local people as partners in the co-management of their traditional littoral. Included with this article is a presentation prepared by Drs. Brent and Richard Stoffle.

Documenting temporal changes to coastal zones is an essen­tial part of understanding and managing these environ­ments. The exclusive use of traditional surveying tools may not be practical for monitoring large, remote, or rapidly changing areas. This paper investigates the utility of multispectral Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite data for docu­menting changes to a Caribbean coastal zone using the change vector analysis processing technique. The area of study was the coastal region near the village of Buen Hombre on the north coast of the Dominican Republic. The primary habitats of interest were the intertidal mangrove for­ ests, and the shallow water seagrasses, macroalgae, and coral reefs. The change vector analysis technique uses any number of spectral bands from multidate satellite data to produce change images that yield information about both the magnitude and direction of differences in pixel values (which are proportional to radiance). The final products were created by appending color-coded change pixels onto a black-and-white base map. The advantages and limitations of the technique for coastal inventories are discussed.

This research investigates the paradox that many coastal communities in developing countries are resource rich but income poor. Another aspect of this paradox is the belief that local communities possess traditional knowledge that respects nature. This belief contrasts the fact that major tropical coastal ecosystems, namely coral reefs and mangroves, are being destroyed at rapid and increasing rates, in many cases by the people whose livelihoods depend on them. These paradoxical circumstances lead to a central question: if the sustainability of coastal resources is vital for the livelihood of local communities, why are these resources being degraded, often to the point of complete destruction? This study explores the motives and consequences of destructive methods of coastal resource utilisation and examines the potential for sustainable livelihoods based on coastal resources currently under threat from destructive use patterns. The analysis is based on a field study conducted in 2006 and 2008 in eleven sites around the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. This area is characterised by great biodiversity, including one of the highest marine biodiversities in the Asia-Pacific region. Coral and mangrove ecosystem resource use was found to be driven by different processes and activities; hence the destructive practices impacting both ecosystems were also different. Blast and poison fishing were the most widespread destructive resource use methods found for coral reefs whereas large-scale habitat conversion was responsible for mangrove ecosystem reduction. In the field both resources were found to be under enormous anthropogenic pressures, with published data suggesting that only 5.8% of Indonesian coral reefs are currently in excellent condition and only 38% of mangrove cover remaining in Sulawesi relative to that of 25 years ago. The dynamics of these coastal resources, and of their destruction, are classic examples of the ’tragedy of the commons’. Research findings further indicate that formal institutions tasked with managing these resources have not been able to promote their effective conservation. An array of competing demands and conflicting interests, coupled with inefficient institutional arrangements and under-investment, have rendered inadequate many resource management efforts, including the externally-imposed concepts, allowing destructive patterns of resource utilization to persist. Local communities are disempowered when confronted with (1) the intricate network of destructive-fishing actors targeting coral reefs, or (2) large company-government bureaucracy collusions allowing mangrove conversion. The existence of this collusive network must be considered in any effort to address problems of effective management. Empirical insights suggest that conservation at local level has to face the challenges of market-driven resource extraction at a global scale. Only when a coastal community manages to overcome the dilemma in managing common-pool resource, conservation measures can be implemented and a degree of sustainability attained. Findings from this research have important implications for the discourses on coastal resource policy and research. This research advances the discussions to the area where the core of conflict of interests among stakeholders took place, and yet has rarely been addressed previously. The synthesis from this study provides a strong basis to understand the nature of asymmetric relations amongst the resource stakeholders, and therefore will help in generating effective policies for a fairer coastal resource management regime.

This research investigates the paradox that many coastal communities in developing countries are resource rich but income poor. Another aspect of this paradox is the belief that local communities possess traditional knowledge that respects nature. This belief contrasts the fact that major tropical coastal ecosystems, namely coral reefs and mangroves, are being destroyed at rapid and increasing rates, in many cases by the people whose livelihoods depend on them. These paradoxical circumstances lead to a central question: if the sustainability of coastal resources is vital for the livelihood of local communities, why are these resources being degraded, often to the point of complete destruction? This study explores the motives and consequences of destructive methods of coastal resource utilisation and examines the potential for sustainable livelihoods based on coastal resources currently under threat from destructive use patterns. The analysis is based on a field study conducted in 2006 and 2008 in eleven sites around the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. This area is characterised by great biodiversity, including one of the highest marine biodiversities in the Asia-Pacific region. Coral and mangrove ecosystem resource use was found to be driven by different processes and activities; hence the destructive practices impacting both ecosystems were also different. Blast and poison fishing were the most widespread destructive resource use methods found for coral reefs whereas large-scale habitat conversion was responsible for mangrove ecosystem reduction. In the field both resources were found to be under enormous anthropogenic pressures, with published data suggesting that only 5.8% of Indonesian coral reefs are currently in excellent condition and only 38% of mangrove cover remaining in Sulawesi relative to that of 25 years ago. The dynamics of these coastal resources, and of their destruction, are classic examples of the ’tragedy of the commons’. Research findings further indicate that formal institutions tasked with managing these resources have not been able to promote their effective conservation. An array of competing demands and conflicting interests, coupled with inefficient institutional arrangements and under-investment, have rendered inadequate many resource management efforts, including the externally-imposed concepts, allowing destructive patterns of resource utilization to persist. Local communities are disempowered when confronted with (1) the intricate network of destructive-fishing actors targeting coral reefs, or (2) large company-government bureaucracy collusions allowing mangrove conversion. The existence of this collusive network must be considered in any effort to address problems of effective management. Empirical insights suggest that conservation at local level has to face the challenges of market-driven resource extraction at a global scale. Only when a coastal community manages to overcome the dilemma in managing common-pool resource, conservation measures can be implemented and a degree of sustainability attained. Findings from this research have important implications for the discourses on coastal resource policy and research. This research advances the discussions to the area where the core of conflict of interests among stakeholders took place, and yet has rarely been addressed previously. The synthesis from this study provides a strong basis to understand the nature of asymmetric relations amongst the resource stakeholders, and therefore will help in generating effective policies for a fairer coastal resource management regime.

SILVA, Jefferson Souza da. A "Extensão Pesqueira" no desenvolvimento das comunidades litorâneas no estado do Ceará, Fortaleza – CE, 2003. 133 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós –Graduação, PRODEMA - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2003. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-04-29T14:18:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2003_dis_jssilva.pdf: 801410 bytes, checksum: 56f6140822fe1867633aaa94d3d29a30 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-04-29T14:34:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2003_dis_jssilva.pdf: 801410 bytes, checksum: 56f6140822fe1867633aaa94d3d29a30 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:34:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2003_dis_jssilva.pdf: 801410 bytes, checksum: 56f6140822fe1867633aaa94d3d29a30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / The work focuses on the relationship between the "fishing extension" that seems to us cannot be only "fishing" any more ..., and the coastal communities in the development process. Starting from the question - which sense can be given to the expression "fishing extension" considering the complexity in which the coastal communities are today inserted? - we first analyze public policies for fishing, proving that these have not been contributing to the development of the artisanal fishing, privileging, above all, the business and industrial sectors. The policies are characterized by the lack of integration; the lack of effective and qualified participation of the coastal populations in their definition and by the little importance given to environmental matters. The degradation of the environment, the dispute for ownership and use of the land and the predatory exploration of the natural resources increase the difficulties to achieve socio-environmental sustainability for the coastal communities. The communities face the challenge to increase their critical and propositive capacity, to influence in public policies, as well as to build efficient forms to produce and organize collectively. We point out that a public extension service could accomplish an important role in this process. However, considering the non-existence and/or previous errors, this service should be adjusted to the new socio-environmental framework of the new coastal world. To overcome the tecnicist and expansion order, based on conservative modernization and the mercantilization of the natural resources, of the current frameworkconstitutes a fundamental condition for the construction of this new model that will be guided by local development and social and spatial sustainability. / O trabalho trata da relação, entre a “extensão pesqueira”, que nos parece, não pode ser mais, só "pesqueira"..., e as comunidades litorâneas no processo de desenvolvimento. Partindo do questionamento — Qual o sentido que se pode se dar a noção de “extensão pesqueira” frente à complexidade, em que hoje, estão inseridas as comunidades litorâneas? — empreendemos uma incursão nas políticas públicas para pesca, evidenciando que estas não têm contribuído para o desenvolvimento da pesca artesanal, privilegiando, sobretudo o setor empresarial/industrial. Visto serem permeadas pela ausência de integração entre elas; pela falta de participação efetiva e qualificada das populações litorâneas na definição desta e pela pouca relevância dada as questões ambientais. A degradação ambiental, a disputa pela posse e uso da terra e a exploração predatória dos recursos naturais, aumentam as dificuldades na construção da sustentabilidade sócio-ambiental das comunidades litorâneas. As comunidades ficam com o desafio de aumentar sua capacidade crítica e propositiva, para influir nas políticas públicas, bem como, construir formas eficientes de produzir e se organizar coletivamente. Ressaltamos que um serviço público de extensão, poderia cumprir um papel importante neste processo. No entanto, diante da ausência e/ou equívocos anteriores, este serviço necessitaria ser ajustado aos novos arranjos sócio-espaciais do novo mundo litoral. Superar o cunho tecnicista e difusionista, balizado na modernização conservadora e na mercantilização dos recursos naturais, da proposta vigente constitui condição fundamental para a construção deste novo modelo, que tenha em seu norte referencial o desenvolvimento local e a sustentabilidade “sócio-espacial”.

Climate change is already impacting many coastal ecosystems and the communities that depend upon them. Efforts to mitigate and adapt to it will likely further strain these socio-ecological systems. This points to the need for research that explores the socio-ecological dynamics of environmental change, in order to better understand how community resilience can best be supported during a period of rapid global environmental change. This research uses a case study of the oyster farming industry on the West Coast of British Columbia (B.C.). This thesis explores two interrelated clusters of questions: 1. How are oyster farmers on the B.C. coast perceiving and responding to environmental change, and what are the implications of this for the governance of the industry? 2. What role does—and might—the oyster farming industry play in supporting coastal sustainability in B.C., and how can researchers better support the efforts of those in the industry to solve the challenges they—and coastal communities more generally—face? Drawing on field research, including participant observation and sixteen interviews with oyster farmers and industry representatives across the region, this research finds that navigating broader social, political and economic changes is at least as important to farmers as the specific ecological changes with which they are grappling. As these findings suggest, environmental change needs to be understood within the context of the industry and culture on the coast; it should be nested within broader reforms to support the sustainability of the industry and the resilience of coastal communities to which it contributes. Furthermore, despite the myriad challenges facing oyster farmers, this research finds that they are actively seeking solutions to ameliorate the difficulties they face. In turn, environmental research and communication should consider how to better support the cultivation of environmental solutions. In summary, the research integrates the need for socio-political reform and solutions-based research and communication. It contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of how to support people and places during periods of rapid change. / Graduate

Tsunamis represent significant threats to human life and development in coastal communities. This quantitative study examines the influence of household characteristics on evacuation actions taken by 211 respondents in American Samoa who were at their homes during the 29 September 2009 Mw 8.1 Samoa Islands earthquake and tsunami disaster. Multiple logistic regression analysis of survey data was used to examine the association between evacuation and various household factors. Findings show that increases in distance to shoreline were associated with a slightly decreased likelihood of evacuation, whereas households reporting higher income had an increased probability of evacuation. The response in American Samoa was an effective one, with only 34 fatalities in a tsunami that reached shore in as little as 15 minutes. Consequently, future research should implement more qualitative study designs to identify event and cultural specific determinants of household evacuation behaviour to local tsunamis.

Home to the world’s longest coastline, Canada has experienced devastating economic and social from coastal flooding events. While there have been a variety of mitigation methods employed over the years to increase a community’s resistance to coastal hazards, it is unrealistic to think that there exists a solution to guarantee a community’s safety under all possible flood hazards. Instead, the community’s efforts to raise their resistance to flood hazards should be augmented with careful planning and management to increase a community’s resilience to flood hazards, allowing them to recover quickly after a natural disaster. The first step in elevating a community’s resilience is to better understand the expected hazards that it may experience. This thesis presents two unique case studies to better understand the flooding hazards present on the Canadian coastline. A large-scale numerical model that accounts for the presence of ice was developed to investigate storm surges in Canada’s western Arctic. It was found that the quality of the climatic forcing data used, ERA5, was poor in capturing peak wind speeds, but could be compensated for by using elevated wind drag coefficients. The use of non-traditional high-water marks such as driftwood lines were validated and were shown to significantly alter expected flood return periods compared to the return periods estimated from only the incomplete tide gauge measurements present on the Arctic coastline. The second case study extends the results of a tsunami hydrodynamic simulation on Canada’s Pacific coastline through a life safety assessment. The performance between an agent-based and GIS-based approach to modelling tsunami evacuation were directly compared and were shown to yield different magnitudes in fatality rate and facility demand, but similar trends. Both models agreed on a mitigation option that can significantly reduce the loss of life during a tsunami.

Coastal areas are vulnerable to different natural hazards, including hurricanes, cyclones, tsunami, floods, coastal erosion, and saltwater intrusion. These hazards cause extensive social, ecological, economic, and human losses. Continued climate change and sea-level rise is expected to substantially impact the people living in coastal areas. Sea level rise poses serious threats for the people living in the coastal zone, which leads to coastal erosion, inundations in the low-lying areas, tidal water encroachment and subsequent salt-water intrusion, as well as the displacement of the people living along the coast. Coastal erosion is one of the biggest environmental threats in the coastal areas globally. In Bangladesh, coastal erosion is a regularly occurring and major destructive process, impacting both human and ecological systems at sea level. The Lower Meghna estuary, located in southern Bangladesh, is among the most vulnerable landscapes in the world to the impacts of coastal erosion. Erosion causes population displacement, loss of productive land area, loss of infrastructure and communication systems, and, most importantly, household livelihoods. For a lower middle-class country, such as Bangladesh, with limited internal resources, it is hard to cope with catastrophic natural hazards, such as coastal erosion and its related consequences. This research aims to advance the scientific understanding of past and future coastal erosion risk and associated changes in land change and land cover using geospatial analysis techniques. It also aims to understand the patterns and drivers of human perception of coastal erosion risk. To place the research questions and objectives in content, Chapter 1 includes a brief introduction and literature review of the coastal erosion context in Bangladesh. Chapter 2 assesses different methods of prediction to investigate the performance of future shoreline position predictions by quantifying how prediction performance varies depending on the time depths of input historical shoreline data and the time horizons of predicted shorelines. Chapter 3 evaluates historical land loss and how well predicted shorelines predict amounts of succeeding LULC resources lost to erosion. Chapter 4 focuses on the patterns and drivers of erosion risk perception using data from spatially explicit measures of coastal erosion risk derived from satellite imagery and a random sample survey of residents living in the coastal communities. In summary, this research advances our scientific understanding of past and future coastal erosion risk and associated changes in land change and land cover using geospatial analysis techniques. It also enhances the understanding of the patterns and drivers of human perception of coastal erosion risk by combining satellite imagery and social survey data. Compared to much of the coastal erosion literature, this work draws from a 35-year time series of satellite-derived shorelines at annual temporal resolution. This time depth enables us to employ a temporal design strategy expected to yield a robust characterization of space-time erosion patterns. This study also enabled us to assess how well predicted shorelines predict amounts of succeeding LULC resources lost to erosion by using long-term historical data. The innovative we use has potential applications to other deltas and vulnerable shorelines globally. While empirical results are specific to the project's study area, results can inform the region's shoreline forecasting ability and associated mitigation and adaptation strategies. / Doctor of Philosophy / Coastal erosion is a global problem. Coastal Bangladesh has one of the highest rates of erosion in the world. Erosion causes population displacement, loss of productive land area, loss of infrastructure and communication systems, and, most importantly, household livelihoods. With an aim to advance our understanding of coastal erosion hazard, this study assessed past and future coastal erosion risk and associated changes in land change and land cover and human risk perceptions using different geospatial and statistical analysis techniques. First, different methods of coastal erosion prediction were evaluated to investigate the performance of future shoreline position predictions. Second, the historical land loss was estimated and how well predicted shorelines predict amounts of succeeding LULC resources lost to erosion were assessed. Finally, the patterns and drivers of human perception of coastal erosion risk were explored.