O município do Guarujá, localizado na Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista (litoral central de São Paulo) tem como principais atividades econômicas o Complexo Portuário-Retroportuário de Santos-Cubatão-Guarujá, o Pólo Polindustrial de Cubatão e o turismo de segunda residência. A cidade recebe, anualmente, grande população turística, cuja quantidade de pessoas pode variar de acordo com os períodos de temporada, feriados prolongados e fins de semana ensolarados. Nos períodos de maior aporte a infra-estrutura local torna-se insuficiente e inadequada para suportar a demanda. O presente estudo visa estudar esses limites e fazer uma análise mais detalhada dos fenômenos socioeconômicos ligados à capacidade de carga de três praias próximas ao centro urbano, Pitangueiras, Astúrias e Tombo, esta última recentemente agraciada com o selo internacional de qualidade Bandeira Azul. A metodologia prevê a avaliação das diferentes capacidades de carga (Capacidades de Carga Física, Capacidade de Carga Econômica, Capacidade de Carga Ecológica, Capacidade de Carga Social e Capacidade de Carga Recreativa), por meio de seus indicadores. / The city of Guarujá, located in the Santos Metrpolitan Region (central coast of São Paulo) has as its maisn economic activities of the Port Complex-Retroportuário Santos-Cubatão-Guarujá, the Pole Poleindustrial Cubatão tourism and second homes. The city receives annually, a large tourist population, which many people may vary according to the periods of the seasons, long weekends and weekends sunn. In peiods of greater contribution to local infrastructure becomes insufficient and inadequate to support the demand. This study aims to study those boundaries and make a more detailed analysis of the socio-economic phenomena related to the load capacity of tree beaches near the city centers. Pitangueiras, Asturias and Tombo, the latter recently awarded the international seal of quality Blue Flag. The methodology provides for the evaluation of different load capacities (Load Capacities Load Capacity Recreation), through its indicators.

Burgeoning coastal development, recreational use, and the future affects of climate change are placing increasing strain on regulators to manage risk associated with coastal hazards. Low-lying coastal communities in particular are vulnerable to a range of natural hazards including coastal erosion, storm surge inundation, tsunami and water safety that come with varying levels of risk to life and property. New Zealand's coastal hazard monitoring network is patchy and resources are limited. As a consequence there is considerable potential for coastal communities are going to need to take a more active role in monitoring their environment and building data bases and knowledge that can be used to better manage their coast. This paper describes simple methodologies based on the needs of various community groups and sound science principles that can be used to monitor beaches and the coastal environment. By employing these tools councils, technical experts and community groups will be able to make better-informed decisions for managing activities in the coastal environment. One of the keys to the successful uptake of a monitoring programme by a community group is its relevance to the group. The programme and the tools provided must fit the interests, needs, capability and resources of the group. This project develops tools for coastal monitoring and targets coastal community groups such as Coast Care, Coastal Hapu, Secondary Schools, and Surf Life Saving Clubs. The monitoring methodologies have been developed in consultation with Tainui ki Whaingaroa hapu, Raglan Area School, and the Waikato Beach Care and Coast Care Bay of Plenty. Successful methodologies for measuring changes on the coast are also those that are matched to the type of beach, use appropriate equipment, collect structured data, provide data to which analysis can be applied, incorporate local knowledge of the environment, and feed results back to the community and other interested parties such as councils and science organisations. This project provides the target groups with simple monitoring methodologies, field forms/checklists, and appropriate survey and measurement equipment (which have undergone field trials) to carry out coastal monitoring. A web-based facility has been developed to input, check and store data; and provide immediate feedback using graphs and images. It also provides background information on coastal processes relevant to monitoring programmes. In this manner, a scientifically robust data set is collected and stored within a secure and future proofed archive, providing valuable information to coastal groups for years to come. Although the primary objective of this research is to develop a means for coastal communities to monitor changes in their environment, there are additional benefits associated with engaging communities in the study of their environment. These benefits include increasing awareness of coastal hazards, capacity building, providing valuable educational resources, and improving the temporal and spatial data coverage of information for the New Zealand coastline.

Sargassum fluitans and natans, types of brown algae, wash up on Galveston Island, Texas annually from May to August. Sargassum smells bad, hurts tourism and impairs sea turtle hatchings. Coastal managers are confronted with the difficult choice of cleaning Sargassum off the beach or leaving it alone. The current beach management practice is to rake the algae with tractors and deposit it at the base of the dunes. The environmental impacts of raking and ecological benefits of Sargassum are unknown. The Galveston Island Park Board of Trustees (GIPBT) used to rake all beaches under their management before Hurricane Alicia in 1983. Then, citizens started to complain that raking was causing erosion. Now, there are people who argue for both raking and leaving the beach alone. Environmental policies require complex decisions that take into consideration social, economical, ecological, and cultural values. The GIPBT initiated the Sargassum Policy Committee to gain knowledge of different stakeholder values and scientific research to develop beach management. The first study analyzed elevation changes over a year period on raked and unraked beaches on both the West and East end of Galveston Island. The Analysis ofVariance results indicated that there is not a difference in elevation changes between the raked and unraked beaches over a year.The second study analyzed the effects of Sargassum on the dune plant Panicum amarum. Plants were asexually grown in a greenhouse in sand without (control) and with Sargassum. The effects of small versus large amounts, top versus mixed with sand and washed versus unwashed Sargassum were tested. The results indicated that the addition of Sargassum increased plant growth. The treatments with large amounts of Sargassum and unwashed treatments showed significant growth changes at the 95% confidence level. The last component analyzed the collaborative potential of the Sargassum Policy Committee through observations of meetings and surveys of the members. Daniel and Walker’s Progressive Triangle was used to assess the relationship, procedural and substance dimensions of collaborative learning. Then, suggestions were made for increasing collaboration. The combination of scientific research and stakeholder values has resulted in the creation of sound beach management.

Sargassum fluitans and natans, types of brown algae, wash up on Galveston Island, Texas annually from May to August. Sargassum smells bad, hurts tourism and impairs sea turtle hatchings. Coastal managers are confronted with the difficult choice of cleaning Sargassum off the beach or leaving it alone. The current beach management practice is to rake the algae with tractors and deposit it at the base of the dunes. The environmental impacts of raking and ecological benefits of Sargassum are unknown. The Galveston Island Park Board of Trustees (GIPBT) used to rake all beaches under their management before Hurricane Alicia in 1983. Then, citizens started to complain that raking was causing erosion. Now, there are people who argue for both raking and leaving the beach alone. Environmental policies require complex decisions that take into consideration social, economical, ecological, and cultural values. The GIPBT initiated the Sargassum Policy Committee to gain knowledge of different stakeholder values and scientific research to develop beach management. The first study analyzed elevation changes over a year period on raked and unraked beaches on both the West and East end of Galveston Island. The Analysis ofVariance results indicated that there is not a difference in elevation changes between the raked and unraked beaches over a year.The second study analyzed the effects of Sargassum on the dune plant Panicum amarum. Plants were asexually grown in a greenhouse in sand without (control) and with Sargassum. The effects of small versus large amounts, top versus mixed with sand and washed versus unwashed Sargassum were tested. The results indicated that the addition of Sargassum increased plant growth. The treatments with large amounts of Sargassum and unwashed treatments showed significant growth changes at the 95% confidence level. The last component analyzed the collaborative potential of the Sargassum Policy Committee through observations of meetings and surveys of the members. Daniel and Walker’s Progressive Triangle was used to assess the relationship, procedural and substance dimensions of collaborative learning. Then, suggestions were made for increasing collaboration. The combination of scientific research and stakeholder values has resulted in the creation of sound beach management.

This dissertation focuses on both a hydrodynamic and geomorphological study of the Mgeni Estuary. Within the hydrodynamic study, the channel discharge, suspended sediment fluxes and estuary bed sediment characteristics and dynamics were established. Within the geomorphological study, cross-shore topographical surveying of the lower estuary region, measurement of slope angles and surface sediment characteristics were established. The results of this study illustrate strong seasonal variability. Maximum channel discharges, suspended sediment concentrations and fluxes occur during the summer months, as a result of large amounts of rainfall. Furthermore, maximum suspended sediment concentrations and fluxes occur during spring tides, as a result of a greater tidal range, which enhances bed sediment re-suspension via concomitant increased turbulence. Generally, maximum fluxes occur along the flood tide and ebb tide, during spring tides and neap tides, respectively, which suggest that the estuary is a sink for marine sediment during spring tides and an exporter of sediment during neap tides. The estuary bed sediments are very well sorted and predominantly classified as near-symmetrical, as a result of strong tidal currents that constantly transport and re-work the sediments. On average, the bed sediments are medium sand and in all probability are largely derived from the marine environment. Estuary bed sediments contain negligible mud and organic contents, which as research suggests, is common in such highenergy estuary mouths. Apart from the seasonal variability, the survey profiles and surface sediments illustrate alongshore and cross-shore variations. The profiles become flatter and finer from the Beachwood Mangroves section of the barrier towards the estuary mouth in the south, as a result of sheltering due to the engineered groyne, conforming to Bascom (1959) and Komar’s (1998) sheltered and exposed coasts concept. The survey profiles conform to the summer and winter profiles put forward by Dardis and Grindley (1988). The winter profiles consist of higher, distinct berms and berm crests, as well as vertical erosional faces, whilst the summer profiles are lower, flatter, and consist of unclear berms and berm crests. Sediments are coarsest along the lagoonward slope and finest within the estuary. A strong, positive correlation was generated between slope angle and mean grain size. Despite the low organic contents, the estuary sediments consist of the highest values of organic matter, with the beach and barrier sediments displaying negligible amounts. Thus, the Mgeni can be classified as a very dynamic and active zone. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2009.

The aim of this review is to gave a detailed overview of the status of aquaculture in the Western Indian Ocean Region. Emphasis is based on the legislation, cultured species and candidate species for aquaculture. The review also describes the most recommended species for aquaculture in the region in terms of biology, environmental constraints and factors that inhibit a successful growth. This review covers the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) countries: South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya. Madagascar, Mauritius and Seychelles. Different sources of information are used such as annual reports of each country from Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). governmental reports, counties profiles available m the internet. Extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems are the most practiced in the WIO countries. Little information is available regarding the environmental impacts associated with aquaculture. The region presents a good potential for developing mariculture. although manculture activities are not yet developed and cannot satisfy the local and international demand for aquatic products. South Africa presents a noticeable development in rearing abalone Haliori: midae while Madagascar and Mozambique the marine shnmp Penaeus monodon. P monodon is the main species reared in the WIO region. Marine species are the most recommended for the region, as opposed to freshwater species, due to the vast coastline. Generally, improvements in the current legislation relating to aquaculture are needed in most of the WIO countries. Mozambique and Madagascar present significant progress in the development of legal framework relating to aquaculture; however, similar efforts have been seen in all countries evaluated. The results of the SWOT (Strengths, Weakness. Opportunities, and Threats) analyses show that the major strength presented by the region is the availability of suitable areas for the aquaculture development. The main strengths regarding aquaculture are the availability of good water quality and Government commitment in developing the sector. The WIO region presents good opportunity to improve the coordination between institutions, avoiding duplications m the process of application for permits. The weaknesses are related mostly to the lack of aquaculture development plans and. although many countries have come as far as drafting such plans, the implementation thereof is still low. The review provides an overview of the current status of aquaculture in the WIO region as well as provides re commendations for best aquaculture pracnces and species that are economically and ecologically suitable. Recommendations are made based on the SWOT analyses for the individual WTO countries from well established aquaculture practicing countries. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.

Coastal lagoon systems are complex and dynamic environments that respond rapidly to the changes of fluvial, marine, climatic and anthropogenic influences. The purpose of this research was to investigate the morphology and dynamics of the New River Lagoon before and after the implementation of engineering outlet management using a methodological framework to analyse active process environments. This information was then used to determine the functional effectiveness of engineering management at reducing the risk of flooding and erosion to the local community and imposing minimal impacts on the environmental integrity of the lagoon system. This investigation used a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the morphology and dynamics of the New River Lagoon in relation to active process environments. Outlet dynamics, lagoon channel structure and adjacent shoreline stability were assessed over a decadal timescale prior to engineering management by analysing temporal aerial photographs. Following engineering management, the hydrology of the lagoon was investigated, along with the relationship between morphological changes to the artificial lagoon outlet and changes in lagoon hydrology, local wave climate and local precipitation levels. Water depth, conductivity and temperature records were used to explain lagoon hydrology and Global Navigation Satellite Surveying (GNSS) and weekly oblique photographs were used to explain and document changes in outlet morphology. Wave and rainfall data were used to explain the balances between marine and fluvial environments and their affects on outlet dynamics. Significant changes in lagoon morphology and dynamics were observed at the New River Lagoon between pre- and post-management periods, with the former considered more stable in terms of outlet migration patterns and hydrodynamics. The lagoon outlet prior to engineering management showed morphological characteristics similar to hapua-type systems, migrating along the coastline and forming shore-parallel outlet channels in response to the dominance of a strong longshore drift of sediment. Current outlet dynamics are restricted by artificial outlet management and typically cycle intermittently between open/closed phases in response to variable levels of rainfall and marine sediment supply; characteristics similar to Intermittently Open/Closed Lagoons (ICOLs) found in areas of Australia and South Africa. Hydrologically, the lagoon is considered to be located on a continuum between hapua and estuaries during pre- and post-management periods due to intermittent tidal influences. However, artificial outlet management has significantly increased the frequency and duration of tidal exchange, which now classifies the New River lagoon closer to an estuarine environment. The artificial lagoon outlet and associated breakwater were effective at flushing high flows of water during the study period. However, the outlet was prone to blockage and migration; two morphological states capable of causing flooding. Currently, the greatest risks to flooding at the lagoon are flash floods, following dry periods where marine sediment has established a solid barrier across the outlet, during which water levels are already elevated. Increases in tidal influences, lower lagoon water levels and an increase in lagoon salinity are a direct result of engineering management intervention. An increase in freshwater flushing through the lagoon outlet and deepened of the outlet channel to below sea level, allows for pronounced tidal influences during outlet opening. Restriction of the lagoon outlet from forming a natural migration outlet channel in the direction of littoral drift has meant the outlet is most often oriented perpendicular to the sea, as appose to at an angle away from the direction of incoming waves and currents, further increasing tidal influences. In order to make sustainable management decisions, future management of the lagoon system must weight-up the effects of a high energy coastline to the integrity of the engineering structure, the impact of the structure on the lagoons environmental integrity and the outlets ability to become unstable and cause a flood risk. The findings of this research have improved the understanding of the New River Lagoon system, and its response to engineering management intervention, while adding to the understanding of river-mouth lagoon systems both nationally and internationally.

O município do Guarujá, localizado na Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista (litoral central de São Paulo) tem como principais atividades econômicas o Complexo Portuário-Retroportuário de Santos-Cubatão-Guarujá, o Pólo Polindustrial de Cubatão e o turismo de segunda residência. A cidade recebe, anualmente, grande população turística, cuja quantidade de pessoas pode variar de acordo com os períodos de temporada, feriados prolongados e fins de semana ensolarados. Nos períodos de maior aporte a infra-estrutura local torna-se insuficiente e inadequada para suportar a demanda. O presente estudo visa estudar esses limites e fazer uma análise mais detalhada dos fenômenos socioeconômicos ligados à capacidade de carga de três praias próximas ao centro urbano, Pitangueiras, Astúrias e Tombo, esta última recentemente agraciada com o selo internacional de qualidade Bandeira Azul. A metodologia prevê a avaliação das diferentes capacidades de carga (Capacidades de Carga Física, Capacidade de Carga Econômica, Capacidade de Carga Ecológica, Capacidade de Carga Social e Capacidade de Carga Recreativa), por meio de seus indicadores. / The city of Guarujá, located in the Santos Metrpolitan Region (central coast of São Paulo) has as its maisn economic activities of the Port Complex-Retroportuário Santos-Cubatão-Guarujá, the Pole Poleindustrial Cubatão tourism and second homes. The city receives annually, a large tourist population, which many people may vary according to the periods of the seasons, long weekends and weekends sunn. In peiods of greater contribution to local infrastructure becomes insufficient and inadequate to support the demand. This study aims to study those boundaries and make a more detailed analysis of the socio-economic phenomena related to the load capacity of tree beaches near the city centers. Pitangueiras, Asturias and Tombo, the latter recently awarded the international seal of quality Blue Flag. The methodology provides for the evaluation of different load capacities (Load Capacities Load Capacity Recreation), through its indicators.

Magister Legum - LLM / The purpose of the study is to outline the relevant legislation and assess whether it is adequately applied to protect the 240 km coastline with its associated sensitive ecosystems; in particular, as assessment will be made of the By-law.

No description available.