Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-26T16:38:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Ismael da Silva Raupp_.pdf: 11785634 bytes, checksum: df9af2077289fc6b1cfb3a3a6d6a7476 (MD5) Ismael da Silva Raupp_.pdf: 11785634 bytes, checksum: df9af2077289fc6b1cfb3a3a6d6a7476 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-26T16:38:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Ismael da Silva Raupp_.pdf: 11785634 bytes, checksum: df9af2077289fc6b1cfb3a3a6d6a7476 (MD5) Ismael da Silva Raupp_.pdf: 11785634 bytes, checksum: df9af2077289fc6b1cfb3a3a6d6a7476 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-07 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho propôs uma pesquisa interdisciplinar entre a Geologia e a Arqueologia, buscando compreender, a partir de uma perspectiva geoarqueológica, a relação entre a evolução da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul (PCRS) e a ocupação humana pretérita na área. Nossa área de estudo foi o Litoral Norte do estado, nos limites do município de Arroio do Sal, onde utilizamos o Radar de Penetração de Solo (GPR) para adquirir perfis onde foi possível identificar feições pretéritas que indicaram configurações da planície favoráveis à ocupação humana na região. A partir dos dados coletados na PCRS foi realizada uma interpretação do possível cenário no qual antigos grupos humanos viveram, mostrando a presença de antigas lagoas e lagunas hoje colmatadas. A mesma ferramenta geofísica foi utilizada em aquisições no sambaqui Marambaia I (RS-LN-312). Com as informações obtidas, criamos um mapa indicativo de locais propensos à presença de materiais arqueológicos, esperando diminuir assim erros e custos em futuras escavações e manter a integridade do sítio. / This work is an interdisciplinary research between Geology and Archeology. It aims to understand from a geoarchaelogycal perspective the relationship between the evolution of the northern portion of the coastal plain of the Rio Grande do Sul State (PCRS) and the preterit human occupation in the area. Our study area is located within the limits of the Arroio do Sal municipality. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) devices were used to acquire profiles in which were identified past coastal plain features favorable to human occupation of the region. From the data collected an interpretation of the possible scenario in which ancient human groups lived was elaborated, including the presence of currently filled back barrier lakes and lagoons. The same geophysical tool was used for subsurface acquisition in the shell mound named Marambaia I (RS-LN-312). The results have allowed the elaboration of a map of places prone to the presence of archaeological materials, hence hoping to reduce errors and costs in future excavation and therefore to preserve as much as possible the site integrity.

A conectividade é um fator chave na manutenção de metacomunidades. A conectividade hidrológica vem sendo estudada ao longo dos anos, porém poucos trabalhos de fato discriminam, apropriadamente, os conceitos de conectividade estrutural e funcional. O sistema Tramandaí possui formação geológica recente, situa-se na região do litoral norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e possui 41 lagoas conectadas por canais que foram categorizados previamente através de valores de atrito baseados no custo de dispersão dos peixes. Porém, essas conexões não foram exploradas empiricamente, com isso nosso objetivo é investigar a composição de peixes e a influência da configuração do hábitat na estruturação e dinâmica desta ictiofauna interlagunar. Foram amostrados 56 sítios ao longo de 23 conexões entre as estações quente e fria, onde foram coletados peixes com rede de arrasto e puçá e foram realizados levantamentos da estrutura de hábitat local. As análises mostraram alta correlação entre as espécies das lagoas e das conexões, indicando um efeito de massa no sistema. O tamanho das espécies foi em média pequeno, fortalecendo a ideia de que as margens de ambientes aquáticos servem de berçário e proteção contra a predação. A categorização baseada em valores de atrito prediz uma diferenciação em termos de hábitat e composição de espécies nas conexões. Além disso, foi detectada influência de fatores ambientais como temperatura, fluxo de água e transparência sobre a riqueza – sendo que a temperatura apresentou relação direta e fluxo de água e transparência relação inversa. A temperatura, galhos e troncos, largura, fluxo de água, oxigênio dissolvido e salinidade influenciaram a composição de espécies principalmente no verão. No inverno foi detectada pouca influência do hábitat sobre a composição. Estes resultados indicam que a configuração do hábitat nas conexões é importante para determinar apropriadamente a conectividade interlagunar do sistema, principalmente em períodos de grande ocupação destes ambientes. O gradiente ambiental (espacial e temporal) nas conexões, e a influência do hábitat na composição de espécies, mostram que além do modelo de efeito de massa, a seleção de espécies pelas condições de hábitat é atuante nessa metacomunidade. / The connectivity is a key factor on structuring metacommunities. The hydrological connectivity has been studied along the years, but only a few works indeed properly distinct the concepts of structural and functional connectivity. The Tramandaí system is a geological early formation located in the north coast of the Rio Grande do Sul state in Southern Brazil and has 41 costal lagoons connected by channels. These connections were categorized by friction values based on costs of dispersion for fishes. But, those connections were never explored empirically, and our goal is to investigate the fish composition and the influence of habitat configuration on the fish fauna dynamics and structure along the connections to access the more realistic functional connectivity. 56 sites in 23 connections were sampled in both warm and cold seasons, the fishes were collected by seine and dip net and also habitat surveys were conducted. The data analysis showed high correlation between the lagoons and the connections species, suggesting a mass effect in the system. The species body size were average small, empowering the idea that shore habitats works as nursery areas and for predator avoidance. The connection’s categories based on friction values indeed predict habitats and composition distinctiveness. Environmental features were detected as influent over richness, like the temperature with a direct relation and water flow and transparency in an inverse relation. The temperature, branches and trunks, width, water flow, dissolved oxygen and salinity influenced the species composition along the year and in the summer. In the winter a short influence of the habitat configuration over composition were detected. This results indicate that the habitat configuration in the connections is important to determinate properly the functional connectivity, mainly in high occupation periods in this environments, like in the summer. The environmental gradient (both temporal and spatial) in the connections, and the habitat influence over the species composition, show that not only the mass effect, but also the species sorting acts in this metacommunity.

O método Geofísico de Radar de Penetração no Solo - GPR vem contribuindo muito em estudos de zonas costeiras, sobretudo por apresentar uma resposta e uma interpretação geofísico-geológica satisfatória na grande maioria dos casos. No entanto o GPR possui algumas limitações, por utilizar de princípios físicos para sua execução algumas propriedades existentes nos materiais em subsuperfície podem causar a atenuação do sinal ou mesmo manter a onda eletromagnética confinada se igualando a uma camada guia de onda. O objetivo desse estudo é entender e inferir a partir de uma análise física e de uma interpretação geofísica-geológica quais os fatores que podem estar causando esse tipo de fenômeno. A área de estudo está localizada no Banhado do Taim uma região do extremo Sul do Brasil, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O dado utilizado neste estudo consta de um perfil de GPR obtido sobre um paleocanal que conectava a região da atual lagoa Mirim com o oceano Atlântico. Esse registro apresente dados excelentes de preenchimento de canais, porém na parte final do perfil esse registro é sombreado como se fosse adicionado um escudo bloqueador. Os resultados indicaram que esse bloqueio está relacionado à existência da camada guia de onda, que a mesma está associada a um tipo de ambiente lagunar. Esse ambiente está relacionado à presença de sedimentos finos, nos quais a fração de argila existente e a matéria orgânica misturada a um teor elevado de umidade contribuem para um alto valor de condutividade e baixa resistividade, resultando numa forte atenuação do sinal e aprisionamento da onda eletromagnética. / The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method has contributed to studies of coastal zones, especially because it presents a response and interpretation geophysicalgeological satisfactory. However, GPR has some limitations, because it uses physical principles in its execution, and some properties in subsurface materials can cause signal attenuation or even keep the electromagnetic wave confined to a waveguide layer. The objective of this study is to understand and infer from a physical analysis and a geophysical-geological interpretation the factors that cause this phenomenon. The study area is located in Banhado do Taim (marshes), a region in southernmost Brazil, state of Rio Grande do Sul. The data used in this study consists of a GPR profile obtained on paleochannels that connected the region of the current Mirim lagoon with the Atlantic Ocean. This record shows excellent channel fill data, however, in the final part of the profile, this record is shaded as if a shield were blocking the signal. Results indicate that this blockade is related to the existence of the waveguide layer, which is associated with a type of lagoon environment. This environment is related to the presence of fine sediments, in which the clay fraction and organic matter mixed with high humidity content, which contributed to the high conductivity and low resistivity value. Result is strong signal attenuation and entrapment of the electromagnetic wave

Análises palinológicas de depósitos quaternários utilizadas para elucidar questões paleoclimáticas, paleovegetacionais e paleoambientais, devido ao elevado potencial de preservação dos palinomorfos e à ampla variedade de hábitos e habitats nos quais eles são distribuídos. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta uma reconstrução paleoambiental a partir de análises palinológicas de um testemunho sedimentar com idade holocênica, perfurado na Planície Costeira de Santa Catarina, município de Garopaba, sul do Brasil. Um total de 46 amostras foi coletado ao longo dos 450 cm do testemunho (poço PCSC-3). Além disso, três datações radiocarbônicas e análises granulométricas foram realizadas. Das 46 amostras, três delas apresentaram-se escassas para as análises palinológicas e foram descartadas para as interpretações paleoambientais. Os diagramas palinológicos e a análise de agrupamento foram considerados a partir da soma total de palinomorfos (100%) O conteúdo palinológico inclui 84 táxons identificados: grãos de pólen de angiospermas (46) e gimnospermas (3), esporos de pteridófitas (16) e briófitas (2), esporos de fungos (8), cistos de algas (3), acritarcos (3), cistos de dinoflagelados (2) e palinoforaminíferos (1). Três espécimes de acritarcos são descritos e ilustrados devido à sua importância paleoambiental. A partir da análise de agrupamento, três fases palinológicas foram definidas baseadas nas mudanças nas assembleias palinológicas: Fase I, Fase II e Fase III. A Fase I é caracterizada por um paleoambiente lagunar com influência marinha desde o início de sua sedimentação (5390 anos AP), com base em ocorrências de acritarcos, cistos dinoflagelados e palinoforaminíferos. A Fase II, de 3032 anos AP até 858 anos AP, também é caracterizada por um paleoambiente lagunar; no entanto a diminuição da porcentagem de elementos marinhos e o aumento do registro de algas de água doce (Botryococcus) sugerem menor influência marinha dentro do corpo lagunar, indicando uma fase transicional entre a Fase I e Fase III. Na Fase III (últimos 856 anos) prevalece a sedimentação subaquosa, sob condições pantanosas. / Palynological analyses of Quaternary deposits are used in order to elucidate paleoclimatic, paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental issues, due to the high potential of palynomorph preservation and the wide variety of habits and habitats in which they are distributed. In this context, this study presents a paleoenvironmental reconstruction from palynological analyses of a sedimentary core of Holocene age (PCSC-3 well), drilled at the Santa Catarina Coastal Plain, municipality of Garopaba, southern Brazil. A total of 46 samples was collected for palynological analyses in the 450 cm-long core, as also three samples for radiocarbon dating and granulometric analyses. Of the 46 samples, three of them revealed scarce for palynological analysis, which were discarded for paleoenvironmental interpretations. Palynological diagrams and a clustering analysis were calculated considering the total sum of palynomorphs (100%) The palynological content includes 84 taxa related to pollen grains of angiosperm (46) and gimnosperm (3), spores of pteridophyta (16) and bryophyta (2), spores of fungi (8), algae (3), acritarchs (3), dinoflagellate cysts (2) and microforaminiferal linings (1). Three specimens of acritarchs are described and illustrated due to their paleoenvironmental importance. From the cluster analysis, three palynological phases were defined based on changes in the palynological assemblages: Phase I, Phase II and Phase III. The Phase I is characterized as a lagoonal paleoenvironment with marine influence from the beginning of the sedimentation (5390 cal yr BP), based on occurrences of acritarchs, dinoflagellate cysts and microforaminiferal linings. The Phase II (3032 yr BP until 858 cal yr BP) also is characterized by a lagoonal paleoenvironment; however the decrease in percentage of marine elements and the increase in freshwater algae record suggest less marine influence in the lagoonal body, indicating a transitional phase between the Phase I and Phase III. In Phase III (last 856 years), underwater sedimentation prevailed, under swamp-like conditions.

O conhecimento do relevo, geologia, cronologia e dos solos nos ambientes costeiros, constitui importante elemento para a interpretação, reconstituição e conservação dos mesmos. Em Bertioga-SP, alguns setores das unidades morfoestratigráficas pleistocênicas e holocênicas, que formam as planícies do litoral paulista, encontram-se preservados na paisagem. A busca pela compreensão da relação entre os solos, o relevo, a natureza e a cronologia dos sedimentos costeiros, acrescida do interesse em estudar os Espodossolos desenvolvidos sobre esses sedimentos direcionaram os objetivos deste trabalho. Para tanto, identificou-se e caracterizou-se os solos e os sedimentos sobre os quais eles se desenvolveram. A fotointerpretação, os trabalhos de campo, as análises químicas, geocronológicas (datações por TL, LOE e 14C) e a granulometria dos solos/sedimentos auxiliaram na identificação, delimitação espacial, bem como o desenvolvimento de teorias sobre a evolução dos solos sobre os depósitos sedimentares. Depósitos continentais, fluviais e marinhos foram identificados. Também foi registrada a influência das formas de relevo e da profundidade do lençol dágua na dinâmica evolutiva e distribuição espacial dos solos em cada unidade geomorfológica. Os Espodossolos, Neossolos, Organossolos, Gleissolos e Cambissolos foram as principais Ordens de solos identificadas. As diferenças topográficas, geomorfológicas e geológicas dos ambientes condicionam a quantidade de água, a fisionomia da vegetação e o conteúdo matéria orgânica nas seis principais unidades geomorfológicas identificadas na planície costeira: (a) depressões fluviolagunares caracterizadas por sedimentos orgânico-pelítico-psamíticos e Organossolos e Gleissolos; (b) terraços marinhos arenosos com predomínio de Espodossolos com ou sem horizontes cimentados (ortstein) e horizontes plácicos; (c) cristas praiais arenosas com Neossolos Quartzarênicos e Espodossolos destituídos de horizontes cimentados (ortstein); (d) rampas de colúvio, psamíticas, com Cambissolos; (e) planície fluvial de granulometria variada com Gleissolos e Neossolos Flúvicos e (f) planícies de maré, psamíticas e pelíticas, onde predominam os Organossolos e Gleissolos. Além dessas unidades, as praias recentes e os setores dominados pelos depósitos continentais colúvio-aluviais indiferenciados também foram abordados como unidades geomorfológicas individuais. A topografia das unidades geomorfológicas de origem marinha, além de indicar a cronologia dos depósitos, influencia no desenvolvimento de diferentes classes de Espodossolos. Os atributos físico-químicos e morfológicos dos Espodossolos podem auxiliar na diferenciação cronológica dos depósitos quaternários mais recentes (holocênicos). A área de ocorrência dos terraços marinhos pleistocênicos é mais extensa do que aquelas registradas nos documentos cartográficos existentes. Nos setores bem drenados dos remanescentes de terraços marinhos pleistocênicos altos, a influência das condições de relevo na pedogênese se reflete na formação dos Neossolos Quartzarênicos (RQ) a partir do desmantelamento dos Espodossolos, enquanto nos terraços marinhos holocênicos os RQ se desenvolvem, podendo evoluir para Espodossolos. / Knowledge of the chronology, relief, geology and soils in sedimentary coastal environments is relevant for their interpretation, reconstitution and conservation. In Bertioga, São Paulo State Brazil, several sections of the Pleistocene and Holocene morphostratigraphic costal plain units are preserved in the landscape. This thesis seeks the perception of the relationships between soils, geomorphology, relief and the chronology of Bertiogas coastal sand deposits as well as to study Podzols developed on them. Soils and the different sedimentary environments where these soils develop were thus identified and characterized. Photointerpretation, field work, chemical, physical and chronological (luminescence and radiocarbon dating) analysis supported the identification, spatial delimitation as well as the development of genesis theories of soils over continental, fluvial and marine deposits. Previous data additionally allowed the evaluation of the influence of relief forms and water table depth on the evolutionary dynamics of soils and on their spatial distribution pattern. The main identified orders of soils included Podzols, Arenosols, Fluvisols, Histosols, Gleysols and Cambisols. The topographic, geomorphologic and geologic differences of the environments had conditioned the amount of water, the vegetation features and the organic matter content of the following geomorphologic units: (a) lagoonal terrace depressions, characterized by organo-pelitic-psammitic sediments under Histosols and Gleysols; (b) marine terraces formed by fine to very fine sand under Podzols with and without hardpans (ortstein); (c) fine sandy beach ridges with a dominance of Arenosols and, on a secondary level, Podzols without hardpans (ortstein) and placic horizons; (d) psammitic colluvial slope deposits with Cambisols; (e) fluvial plains with varied texture and with Gleysols and Fluvisols and (f) psammitic and pelitic tidal flats, where Histosols and Gleysols predominate. Besides these units, modern beaches and sections dominated by non-differentiated colluvial-alluvial continental deposits were also analyzed as individual geomorphological units. Topography of geomorphological units from marine origin indicates the chronological sequence of deposits, in addition to influencing the development of different of Podzols, the physical, chemical and morphological properties of which allowed the chronological differentiation of modern Quaternary deposits (Holocene). The mapped area of the Pleistocene marine terraces occurrence was found to be larger than the one indicated on cartographic documents published up to the moment. In the well-drained sections of remnant soils from high Pleistocene marine terraces, the influence of the relief forms on pedogenesis is shown through the formation of Arenosols originated from the destruction of spodic horizons, whereas Arenosols in Holocene marine terrace tends to evolve into Podzols.

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating beach ridge sediments is one method for resolving barrier island growth at intermediate scales (decades-centuries), information that is lacking for Louisiana. This research combines OSL, GPR, aerial imagery, and cores to document temporal and spatial evolution of a Louisiana barrier island. Grand Isle is composed of beach ridges organized in distinct, unconformable sets that began forming 0.75 ka until 0.575 ka when deposition ceased, the ridges were partially eroded, and deposition resumed in a more eastward direction. The central ridges formed between 370±30 and 170±10 years ago at a rate of one ridge every 11.6 years with sand from the eroding Caminada headland that, with flanking barriers, forms the Bayou Lafourche transgressive depositional system. Grand Isle’s lithosome (92,600,000 cubic meters) requires an annual longshore transport of 128,625 cubic meters. The lithosome thickness (10 meters) and steady sediment supply stabilize the island relative to other Louisiana barriers.

Hurricane Hugo struck the coast of South Carolina on September 21, 1989 as a category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Landsat Thematic mapper was utilized to determine the extent of damage experienced at the Santee Experimental Forest (SEF) (a part of Francis Marion National Forest) in South Carolina. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the change detection techniques were used to determine initial forest damage and to monitor the recovery over a 22-year period following Hurricane Hugo. According to the results from the NDVI analysis the SEF made a full recovery after a 10-year period. The remote sensing techniques used were effective in identifying the damage as well as the recovery.

The effects of differential irrigation treatments on the water use of broccoli (c.v. Indurance) and carrots (c.v. Stefano) were studied in the rainy, winter season from July to September 2006 and in the dry, summer period from November 2006 to March 2007, respectively. Broccoli and carrots are produced on the Swan Coastal Plain region on Grey Phase Karrakatta Sand. Such soils generally have water holding capacities as low as 10 to 13%. This soil is typical to the Swan Coastal Plain and requires irrigation to be applied at rates of up to 150% of class A pan evaporation (Epan) to optimise growth and quality. / High spatial uniformity (an average of 90%) of water distribution (DU) was achieved with the sprinkler irrigation system. The average irrigation water use efficiencies (Eu) in both the experiments were relatively high, at 78% and 95% in broccoli and carrot trials, respectively. The numerous rainy days during the winter season affected the results of water application efficiencies (Ea) of the broccoli experiment, which ranged from 35% to 43%. This contrasted with the carrot experiment where the water application efficiencies (Ea) of the 100% Epan and Crop Factor (CF) treatments were 81% and 78%, respectively. For the carrot experiment the water application efficiencies for the 100% Epan and crop factor treatments were 14% higher than the 150% Epan treatment. These results indicate that the sprinkler irrigation systems in both experiments showed good performance makes the system suitable for experimental purposes and also for vegetable production on soils of this nature. / Despite the differences in irrigation volume, soil water contents remained very high and did not differ among treatments in both the experiments. The differential soil water stress index (DSWSI) for the 100% Epan (T1) and variable water replacement (VR) (TVR) treatments ranged from 0.74 to 1.71 for both broccoli and carrot trials. There were only small soil water tension differences among all the irrigation treatments and ranged from -2.4 kPa to -7.6 kPa, which was within the range between saturation and field capacity for sandy soil (0 to -10 kPa). / In the broccoli experiment, even though the 150% Epan (T2) irrigation treatment received 46% and 61% more irrigation than the 100% Epan (T1) and variable water replacement (TVR) irrigation treatments respectively, the treatments appeared to be largely negated by the high incidence of rainfall during the growing season. For example, the total depth of water application at 150% Epan was 13.9% and 17.2% greater than 100% Epan and TVR treatments respectively. As such the yield, biomass components and nutritional value (ascorbic acid and carotenoid content) did not vary among the treatments. However, irrigation was still required based on the set scheduling parameters and when considered in isolation of rainfall the irrigation crop water use efficiency (WUEi) on T1 and TVR treatments increased by 1.6-fold compared to T2 treatment. / For the carrot experiment the total depth of water application (rainfall and irrigation) for the 150% Epan treatment was 33% and 23% greater than at 100% Epan and Crop factor (CF) treatments, respectively. The yield (carrot roots) on a fresh weight basis (FW) for plants irrigated with the 150% of Epan and Crop factor (CF) treatments were 16% and 20% higher than the yield for plants irrigated with the 100% Epan treatment. Total (root and shoot) fresh weight of carrot plants irrigated For the carrot experiment the total depth of water application (rainfall and irrigation) for the 150% Epan treatment was 33% and 23% greater than at 100% Epan and Crop factor (CF) treatments, respectively. The yield (carrot roots) on a fresh weight basis (FW) for plants irrigated with the 150% of Epan and Crop factor (CF) treatments were 16% and 20% higher than the yield for plants irrigated with the 100% Epan treatment. Total (root and shoot) fresh weight of carrot plants irrigated with the CF treatment was 17% higher than the total fresh weight of plants irrigated with the 100% Epan treatment. However, there were no significant differences between irrigation treatments for root and total (root and shoot) mass on a dry weight basis and the ratio of carrot root to shoot, on a fresh and dry weight basis. The root lengths for plants grown with the CF and 150% Epan irrigation treatments averaged 30 cm, and were 14% larger than the root lengths for the 100% Epan treatment. The plant height for plants grown with the CF irrigation treatment was 6% higher than at the 100% Epan irrigation treatment and leaf length at the CF irrigation treatment was 12% greater than at the 150% Epan irrigation treatment. The root diameter and leaf width of carrots were not significantly different for all treatments. There were no significant differences in ascorbic acid and total carotenoid content of carrot roots among the three irrigation treatments. The average values of antioxidant content from diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, ARP (anti radical power) and total trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity were 44.83%, 0.8789 and 1.056μmol TE/g, respectively. The reduction of the irrigation level treatment from the 150% Epan water replacement to the 100% Epan water replacement increased the percentage of the DPPH scavenging by 1.55%, and total antioxidant capacity (AOC) and ARP activities by 4.19%. / On a dry weight basis, the crop water use efficiencies (WUE) (irrigation plus rain water) of carrot plants irrigated with the 100% Epan and CF treatments, were the same (0.013 g/mm). However, these were 30% greater than the WUE values of carrots irrigated with the 150% Epan treatment. On a fresh weight basis, the WUE of carrot plants irrigated with the 100% Epan and CF (0.120 and 0.132 g/mm) treatments were 14% and 26% greater than the WUE of carrot plants irrigated with the 150% Epan treatment, respectively. / An example of the diurnal trends of the carrot’s physiological responses to the irrigation treatments showed that on average, the rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 for carrot plants grown with the 150% Epan treatment was higher than the rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 at both the 100% Epan and CF treatments. However, not all the physiology measurements showed a significant difference among all the treatments. The variation in the physiological measurements was predominantly influenced by the change of temperature during the diurnal hours. / This study has proven the hypothesis that, on a free draining sandy soil, the irrigation treatments did not affect the growth and yield. However, there was a potential to reduce irrigation volumes from standard industry levels to maximise the WUE without decreasing the yield and crop quality, especially for broccoli and carrot, in Western Australia.

Mass, solute (chloride), isotope (deuterium) and thermal balances were completed at Perry Lakes, two semi-permanent 'water table' lakes near Perth, Western Australia. All balance components except groundwater discharge/recharge were measured independently. These difficult to measure groundwater components of lake-aquifer interaction were estimated by integrating mass, solute and chloride data in sequential 4 day balances spanning two years. Before urbanisation, such wetlands functioned predominantly as flow-through lakes. Now, large winter storm water inputs (and summer artificial level maintenance pumped locally from groundwater) dominate. In East Lake these inputs together comprise 42% of the annual water budget; groundwater discharge is reduced to just 2%. Even under flow-through conditions, these 'non natural' inputs are so large East Lake always tends towards a recharge state and commonly becomes a local groundwater mound. Flow-through is established in both lakes over winter. Initially each lake functions separately however as winter progresses shared capture and release zones are established. Maintenance of lake levels in early summer forces East Lake back to recharge status. Sediment heat flux (Qse) is significant in these very shallow lakes. Over summer Qse was negative, with a net movement of heat from the water into the sediments which act as a seasonal heat sink. In winter Qse was positive and stored summer heat was returned to the water column. This flux at times exceeded 40 W m-2. Evaporation was determined independently by floating pan, leaving Qse as the thermal balance residual. Ignoring Qse, annual evaporation determined by thermal balance was over estimated by 7%. Over and under estimates of individual 12 day balance period evaporation exceeded 50%. Monthly Class A (Perth airport) pan coefficients varied from 0.54 (January) to 0.86 (September). Ten empirical equations for evaporation were calibrated and compared with the East Lake floating pan. Best performer was the Makkink which tracked the floating pan closely throughout all seasons. Poorest were the Penman, DeBruin-Keijman, Priestly-Taylor and Brutsaert-Stricker which grossly over estimated late winter evaporation. Transpiration from Typha orientalis, estimated using hydrograph techniques was 43% of open water evaporation in summer and 28% annually. Temperature controlled evaporation pans (tracking lake temperature) experimentally determined the local deuterium content of lake evaporate ƒÔE, required for isotopic balances. Techniques employing pans evaporated to dryness and pans evaporated at constant volume were run in tandem continuously for two years. This study singularly integrates mass, solute and isotope balances thereby allowing groundwater components to be accurately quantified. The isotope balances are unique, being the only such balances incorporating experimentally derived local deuterium values of lake evaporate. This study represents the only thermal balance, the only accurate determination of pan-lake coefficients and the first calibration of commonly used empirical evaporation equations for Swan Coastal Plain wetlands. Groundwater levels in the western suburbs of Perth have declined over 40 years and a disproportionate larger decline now seriously threatens Perry Lakes. Modelling suggests regional groundwater extraction exceeds recharge. Wetland managers can no longer maintain East Lake via local groundwater extraction. Artificial recharge using imported surface and waste water are possible future management options.

Diatomáceas do Quaternário são indicadoras úteis de alterações de habitats locais desde ambientes terrestres até ambientes marinhos profundos, produzindo conhecimento a respeito de alterações do nível da coluna d'água em lagos, mudanças do nível relativo do mar e química da água. Embora extensamente utilizadas por pesquisadores europeus e norte americanos, no Brasil, o potencial paleontológico das diatomáceas ainda é pouco explorado, haja vista o reduzido número de trabalhos publicados em que a análise deste grupo constituiu objetivo central. Para o caso da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, o papel suplementar das diatomáceas nos estudos paleoecológicos efetivados torna-se manifesto em função do inexpressivo número de espécies citadas. Além disso, no que tange ao processamento dos dados nestes estudos, a definição de intervalos fundamentou-se em critérios subjetivos dos pesquisadores já que, exceção à parte, não são mencionados procedimentos estatísticos de exame dos resultados quantitativos. Neste contexto, executou-se pesquisa visando reconstituir os sucessivos paleoambientes do sistema lacustre Pinguela-Palmital-Malvas na porção emersa norte da Bacia de Pelotas, durante o Holoceno a partir de 89 amostras do testemunho de sondagem PM-RS-D01 com 4,87 m de profundidade total, utilizando diatomáceas como descritores. Uma maior objetividade dentro deste enfoque foi obtida pela definição de espécies indicadoras de conjuntos de unidades amostrais oriundos de níveis de particionamentos significativos em análises de agrupamento, prática importada do estudo da ecologia de espécies atuais. Desta forma, um pequeno número de espécies representativas para determinado intervalo estratigráfico atuaram como descritoras, a partir das quais inferências paleoambientais puderam ser desenvolvidas. O poço revelou as assembléias de diatomáceas fósseis mais diversificadas para estudos até então conduzidos na Planície Costeira Norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Estas refletiram essencialmente oscilações de habitats decorrentes de atores climáticos e eustáticos que marcaram de maneira evidente duas fases distintas da história evolutiva recente do Sistema Pinguela-Palmital-Malvas. Inicialmente, no período compreendido entre 4.600 +/-70 anos AP e 3.950 +/- 70 anos AP, ocorre alternância entre estratos compostos pela preponderância de tafocenoses mixohalinas e intervalos caracterizados pela supremacia de espécies dulciaqüícolas em um contexto transgressivo. Ali, os registros determinados por Actinocyclus normanii, Cyclotella striata e Diploneis smithii refletem períodos de clima mais seco, quando o volume de água doce drenado para a bacia era menor e a evaporação mais intensa. De forma inversa, Aulacoseira cf. agassizii determinou o esclarecimento de etapas de incremento do afluxo lótico por variação positiva do regime pluviométrico intensificado em decorrência do estabelecimento de condições provavelmente relacionados à vigência do fenômeno El niño. Após 3.950 +/- 70 anos AP, alterações sedimentológicas e bióticas significativas como o estabelecimento de fácies com predomínio de areias e a maior diversidade e abundância de vestígios de espécies perifíticas, caracterizam o início do processo de regressão correlacionável com o registro de diversos pesquisadores do Holoceno da Planície Costeira gaúcha. No entanto, a análise diatomológica revelou heterogeneidade ambiental inédita para o trecho, comprovando a existência de um processo constituído por, pelo menos, cinco rompimentos da tendência predominantemente regressiva bem como de momentos de russurgência de período climático úmido e seco. A manutenção da coerência das interpretações paleoambientais obtidas, quando confrontadas a estudos pregressos, e a detecção de processos originais para a região, assinalam a eficiência dos procedimentos estatísticos empregados baseados no estabelecimento de agrupamentos significativos e destaque à espécies reguladoras destes particionamentos. / Quaternary diatoms are useful indicatives of alterations occurred in local habitats, since terrestrial as well as deep marine environments, producing knowledge concerning alterations of the water column level in lakes, changes in sea level and the chemistry of the water. Although extensively utilized by European and North American researchers, the paleontologic potential of diatoms is still little explored in Brazil, taking into account the small number of papers published on the subject. In the case of the Coastal Plains of Rio Grande do Sul, the supplementary role of diatoms in paleoecological studies is expressed through the inexpressive number of species mentioned in paleolimnological publications. Furthermore, as far as data processing is concerned, the definition zones in these studies was based on subjective criteria once statistical procedures of quantitative results were not mentioned. In this context, a research was conducted aiming to reconstitute paleoenvironments of the lacustrine Pinguela-Palmital-Malvas System, on the emerged portion north of Pelotas Basin during the Holocene. This study is based on 89 subsurface samples from the PM-RSDO1 core (4,87 m of total depth), using diatoms- as descriptors. Thus, a better objectivity was obtained by defining the species indicative of sets of sampling units originated from levels of significant partitioning in grouping analyses, a practice imported from the study of actual ecology. This way, a small number of representative species of a certain stratigraphic interval acted as descriptors, from which paleonenvironmental inferences were drawn. The core revealed the most diversified assemblages of fossil diatoms for studies conducted on the Coastal Plains North of Rio Grande do Sul. Essentially, they reflected oscillations of habitats resulting from climatic and eustatic actors that clearly set two distinct phases of recent evolutionary history of the Pinguela-Palmital-Malvas System. Initially, between 4.600 +/- 70 years BP and 3.950 +/- years BP, an alternation occurred between strata constituted predominantly by mixohaline taphocenoses and intervals characterized by supremacy of freshwater species in a transgressive context. There, records of Actinocyclus normanii, Cyclotella striata and Diploneis smithili reflect periods of a drier climate as the volume of fresh water drained into the basin was smaller and evaporation was more intense. On the contrary, Aulacoseira cf. agassizii determined the clarification on stages of increment of the lotic influx through positive variation of intensive pluviometric regime due to conditions probably related to El niño phenomenon. After 3.950 +/- 70 years AP, significant sedimentological and biotic alterations, like the establishment of facies with sandy and greater diversity and abundance of signs of periphytic species characterize the beginning of the regression process likely to be correlated with the record of several researchers of the Holocene of these Coastal Plains. However, the diatomalogic analysis revealed an environmental heterogeneity unusual for that stretch, proving the existence of a process constituted of at least five ruptures on a predominantly regressive tendency, as well as moments of resurgence of a humid and dry climatic period. The maintenance of these coherent paleoenvironmental interpretations, compared with previous studies, and the discovery of original processes for the region show the efficiency of the statistical procedures here used, based on the establishment of significant groupings and the prominence of regulating species from this partitioning.