Orientador: Juliano Carlos Calonego / Banca: Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol / Banca: Newton La Scala Junior / Resumo: Em função dos solos agrícolas atuarem como fonte ou dreno dos gases do efeito estufa, dependendo das práticas de manejo utilizadas, há necessidade de determinar os sistemas que mais contribuam na redução de emissões, promovendo o acúmulo de carbono e matéria orgânica estável no solo. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as emissões oriundas de diferentes cultivos sob Sistema Semeadura Direta (SSD) e o rendimento da soja, relacionando às características físicas do solo, ao aporte de carbono dos resíduos vegetais ao solo e ao estoque de C e N do solo. O trabalho foi realizado em duas áreas de manejo em SSD por no mínimo oito anos, com diferentes rotações de culturas, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Unesp/Botucatu (SP). No experimento I, o solo do tipo Latossolo é cultivado sob SSD há doze anos, sendo as sucessões estudas nesse experimento implantadas em 2006 , e constam do cultivo de sorgo granífero (Sorghum bicolor) e braquiária (Brachiaria ruziziensis), e o consórcio de ambas no outono/inverno; e pelo cultivo de (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorgo forrageiro (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) e crotalária júncea (Crotalaria juncea L.), antecedendo a cultura da soja na safra de verão como subparcelas. O segundo experimento vem sendo conduzido desde 2003, em Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico, estruturado, de textura argilosa, e as parcelas constituídas pelas culturas de inverno triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) e girassol (Helianthus annuus L.), e as subparcelas pelos manejos de primavera envolvendo milheto (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorgo forrageiro (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) e crotalária júncea (Crotalaria juncea L.), além da escarificação, realizada em 2003 e 2009. Na safra de verão foi cultivada a soja, em todas as subparcelas. Foram analisadas as quantidades de palha produzida em cada cultivo e os aporte médios de C e N adicionados ao solo no cultivo de inverno e ... / Abstract: According to the agricultural soils to act as source or sink of greenhouse gases, due to the management practices, need to determine the systems which contribute for reducing emissions by promoting the accumulation of carbon and stable organic matter in soil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the emissions from different crops under no tillage (NT) and soybean grain yield, relating to the soil physical characteristics, the input of carbon from plant residues and the stock of C and N in the soil. The study was carried out in two management areas in NT for at least eight years, with different crop rotations at the Experimental Farm Lageado, Unesp/Botucatu (SP). In the first experiment, the soil was aRhodic Ferralsol under SSD for twelve years, and the successions studied in this experiment established in 2006 with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and brachiaria (Brachiaria ruziziensis), single or intercropped in the fall/winter, as plots. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), were cropped in the spring, in the subplots, preceding soybean crop in the summer. The second experiment has been conducted since 2003 in Red Nitossols structured, clayey, and the plots constituted by crops winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The subplots and managements spring involving pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), and chiselling pearformed in 2003 and 2009. In the summer all experimental units were cropped with soybean. We analyzed the amount of straw produced in each crop and the average input of C and N added in the soil withthe crop rotations. We determined the physical characteristics of the soil as soil bulk density, macro, micro, and total porosity at 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-80 cm layer, and the stock ... / Mestre

Resumo: A cafeicultura passou por profunda reestruturação nas últimas décadas, com mudanças significativas nas práticas de condução da lavoura. Em função dessas mudanças surgem sistemas de produção inovadores que buscam o aumento da competitividade pela melhoria da qualidade, redução de custos e intensificação da mecanização. Como estes fatores envolvem investimentos e alterações nas práticas tradicionais utilizadas, é natural que existam questões quanto à eficiência técnica e econômica, quando consideradas as características peculiares de uma dada região produtora. Dentre os sistemas existentes na cafeicultura, a produção orgânica é uma alternativa que busca a competitividade, diretamente ligada à integração dos sistemas de produção, minimizando gastos com insumos pelo aproveitamento de resíduos mediante práticas de reciclagem dos nutrientes e de matéria orgânica. O cultivo de café orgânico pode proporcionar maiores rendas ao adequar exigências de produção às características requisitadas por determinados nichos de mercados. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a eficiência (econômica e energética) de sistemas de produção de café orgânico, fazendo uso dos custos de produção e da renda bruta, respectivamente, como input e output econômico, a conversão dos insumos utilizados em unidades de energia, bem como a produção de café orgânico em grão beneficiado, respectivamente, como input e output energético. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo, foi delineado um sistema de produção a partir de levantamento de dados, informados por uma amostra de produtores em diferentes estágios de produção, que propiciaram a elaboração de uma matriz de coeficientes técnicos médios / Abstract: The coffee growing has been through a deep restructuring in the past few decades, with significant changes in the farming practices. Due to these changes innovative production systems arise, in the quest for an enlarged competitiveness by improving quality, reducing costs and increasing mechanization. Since these factors involve investments and changes in traditional practices used, it is natural that there are questions about the technical and economic efficiency when considering the peculiar characteristics of a given producing region. Among the existing systems in the coffee culture, organic production is an alternative that aims the competitiveness, directly linked to the integration of production methods, minimizing costs of supplies by the use of waste and manure and the recycling of nutrients and organic matter. The cultivation of organic coffee can provide higher incomes to suit production requirements to the characteristics required for certain niche markets. The objective of this study was to estimate the efficiency (both economic and energetic) of organic coffee production systems, making use of production costs and gross income, respectively, as economic input and output, the conversion of raw materials used in energy units, as well as the and the production of processed organic coffee beans, respectively, as energetic input and output. For the development of the study, outlined a system of production from survey data, reported by a sample of producers in different stages of production, which enabled the development of a matrix of technical coefficients average / Orientador: Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini / Coorientador: Osmar de Carvalho Bueno / Banca: Luis Carlos Ferreira de Almeida / Banca: Silvia Angelica D.Carvalho / Mestre

Orientador: Raquel Ghini / Banca: Antonio Carlos Maringoni / Banca: Flávia Rodrigues Alves Patrício / Resumo: O clima do planeta vem se alterando gradativamente nas últimas décadas em consequência da intensificação das atividades antrópicas, como a queima de combustíveis fósseis e mudanças no uso da terra, que são responsáveis por alterações em diversos componentes do ambiente, como o dióxido de carbono (CO₂), o ozônio (O3) e a radiação ultravioleta-B (UV-B). Considerando que o CO2 é o gás de efeito estufa que tem maior destaque devido ao maior volume de emissões, os efeitos do aumento da concentração de CO₂ do ar (duas condições: ambiente e elevada em relação à concentração de CO₂ do ar) foram avaliados sobre os problemas fitossanitários e o crescimento de plantas jovens de café em duas cultivares (Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 e Obatã IAC 1669-20) durante o primeiro ano de injeção do gás em FACE ("Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment"). O experimento foi realizado no campo experimental da Embrapa Meio Ambiente, em Jaguariúna, (latitude 22°71'90''S, longitude 47°02'10''W, altitude de 570 m), sendo composto por 12 parcelas octogonais com laterais de quatro metros e 10 metros de diâmetro. A injeção de CO2 é feita no período diurno, das 7 às 17h, em seis parcelas por meio de bicos injetores localizados nos lados das parcelas a 0,5m de altura do solo. A injeção só é feita com ventos entre 0,5 e 4,5 m/s controlada por meio de válvulas. O monitoramento e o controle do sistema são realizados por uma rede de comunicação sem fio. O aumento da concentração de CO2 do ar não teve efeito sobre o crescimento das plantas jovens de café para as duas cultivares para as variáveis: número total de folhas, número total de ramos e diâmetro do colo. Apenas o número total de nós e a altura das plantas apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The earth's climate has been changing gradually over the last decades as a result of the intensification of human activities such as burning fossil fuels and changes in land use, which are responsible for changes in various components of the environment, such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), ozone (O3) and ultraviolet B (UV-B). Considering that CO2 is the greenhouse gas that is more prominent due to higher emissions, the effects of increasing the concentration of CO₂ in the air (two conditions: environment and high relative concentration of CO₂ air) were evaluated on the phytosanitary problems and growth young coffee plants in both cultivars (Catuai Vermelho IAC 144 and Obatã IAC 1669-20) during the first year of gas injection in FACE ("Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment"). The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Embrapa Environment in Jaguariuna, (latitude 22°71'90'' S, longitude 47°02'10''W, altitude 570 m), comprising 12 plots octagonal side four meters and 10 meters in diameter. The CO2 injection is made during the day, from 7 to 17h, in six installments through nozzles located on the sides of the plots at 0.5 m height from the ground. The injection is made only with winds between 0.5 and 4.5 m/s controlled by valves. The monitoring and control system are realized by a network of wireless communication... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciani-Fatima-Lopes-Dias.pdf: 238149 bytes, checksum: 34bce2b7a20fba706891b9121d3dd9e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The coffee is one of the main item of exportation together, with the sugar and the cotton. Organic agriculture became a market in expansion, with great perspectives for the producer. The organic coffee is a differentiated product, of bigger added value, whose market has grown and if fortified throughout the years. Although the coffee to be an old culture, studies on its physical properties are limited and dispersed. The knowledge of the physical characteristics of the products harvested in Brazil is essential for the project, construction and operation of cleanness equipment, drying, classification, storage and industrialization, as well as for the existing equipment adaptation already aiming at to the biggest income and rationalization of energy use. In such a way, this work had as objective to determine some physical properties of grains of organic and conventional coffee. Sphericity and circularity, granular specific mass, porosity and terminal speed had been determined. The work was lead in the laboratories of the UNIOESTE -Cascavel. They had been used supreme of organic and conventional coffee (Coffea arabica, L.) in the stadium coconut, gotten next to the Emater. From the gotten results, it can be concluded that the measure of the ortogonals axles did not present significant difference, when comparative the varieties and the types of treatments. Fruits of coffee in the types organic and conventional and the variety, had not presented difference in the circularity determination. The found values of apparent and real specific mass had been similar to the described ones for other authors, however, comparing the organic coffee with the conventional, it did not have difference of values. The Catuaí variety organic treatment, presented greater average value of porosity, however significant difference between organic and conventional coffee in the two analyzed varieties was not observed. The organic treatments had presented, in the determination of terminal speed, values about 9% superiors to the conventionals / O café é um dos principais ítens de exportação juntamente, com o açúcar e o algodão. A agricultura orgânica tornou-se um mercado em expansão, com grandes perspectivas para o produtor. O café orgânico é um produto diferenciado, de maior valor agregado, cujo mercado tem crescido e se fortalecido ao longo dos anos. Apesar do café ser uma cultura antiga, estudos sobre suas propriedades físicas são limitados e dispersos. O conhecimento das características físicas dos produtos colhidos no Brasil é essencial para o projeto, construção e operação de equipamentos de limpeza, secagem, classificação, armazenagem e industrialização, bem como para a adaptação de equipamentos já existentes visando ao maior rendimento e racionalização de uso de energia. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar algumas propriedades físicas de grãos de café orgânico e convencional. Foram determinadas a esfericidade e circularidade, massa específica granular, porosidade e velocidade terminal. O trabalho foi conduzido nos laboratórios da UNIOESTE - Cascavel-PR. Foram utilizados grãos de café (Coffea arábica, L.) orgânico e convencional no estádio coco, obtidos junto à Emater. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a medida dos eixos ortogonais não apresentou diferença significativa, quando comparadas as variedades e os tipos de tratamentos. Frutos de café nos tipos orgânico e convencional e a variedade, não apresentaram diferença nas determinações de circularidade. Os valores de massa específica aparente e real encontrados foram semelhantes aos descritos por outros autores, no entanto, comparando-se o café orgânico com o convencional, não houve diferença de valores. A variedade Catuaí tratamento orgânico, apresentou maior valor médio de porosidade, contudo não observou-se diferença significativa entre café orgânico e convencional nas duas variedades analisadas. Os tratamentos orgânicos apresentaram, nas determinações de velocidade terminal, valores cerca de 9% superiores aos convencionais

O aproveitamento da palha do café por meio da conversão térmica apresenta-se com uma alternativa para o problema ambiental de descarte e queimadas a céu aberto, evitando a emissão dos gases poluentes na atmosfera, mais conhecidos como gases do efeito estufa (GEE), agregando valor aos resíduos. A palha do café, também conhecida como casca do café, foi utilizada in natura, e submetida à pirólise em reator de leito fixo, em escala laboratorial. Os experimentos foram realizados em sistema de bateladas, uma vez que o equipamento é totalmente fechado; a massa de palha do café utilizada foi de 54g e parâmetros como pressão de alimentação do gás de aquecimento (5,5 Kgf/cm2), taxa de aquecimento (20 °C/min), temperatura de operação do reator de pirólise (Tmáx = 708 0C) e rendimento gravimétrico tanto da fase sólida quanto da fase líquida, foram estudados definindo as melhores condições de controle do processo. Várias caracterizações utilizando as seguintes técnicas: análise imediata, análise elementar, análise térmica (TG/DTG e DSC) e GC/MS foram realizadas com a palha do café, para que fossem inferidos parâmetros de partida para a pirólise da biomassa. Os produtos sólido (cinzas), líquido (bio-óleo) e gasoso foram coletados avaliando-se os rendimentos e relacionando-os com os parâmetros previamente estabelecidos, sendo submetidos a análises com o objetivo de obter informações que possam contribuir para a sua melhor utilização. Quanto à caracterização dos produtos sólidos, os mesmos apresentaram alto poder calorífico, podendo ser utilizado como combustível. A fração liquida é composta basicamente de hidrocarbonetos oxigenados e aromáticos, caracterizando o bio-óleo como insumo para indústria química. O hidrogênio, objetivo deste trabalho, foi obtido em frações significativas e os resultados mostraram que a temperatura, bem como a taxa de aquecimento influem no rendimento do mesmo. / The use of coffee straw through the thermal conversion is presented as an alternative to the environmental problem of disposal and burning in the open, avoiding the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, better known as greenhouse gases (GHGs), and adding value to waste. The coffee straw, also known as \"shell\" coffee, was used in nature, and subjected to a fixed bed pyrolysis reactor at laboratory scale. The experiments were carried out in batch system, once the equipment is completely closed; the coffee straw weight used was about 54g and parameters such as feed pressure process (5.5 kgf/cm2), heating rate (20 0C/min), the operating temperature pyrolysis reactor (Tmax = 708 °C) and gravimetric yield of both the solid phase and liquid phase were studied by defining the best conditions for the process control. Several characterizations using the following techniques: proximate analysis, elemental analysis (CHN), thermal analysis (TG / DTG and DSC), and GC-MS analysis were performed with coffee straw, to be inferred starting parameters for the pyrolysis of biomass. The solid product (ash), liquid (bio-oil) and gases were collected by assessing incomes and linking them with the previously established parameters, being subjected to analysis in order to obtain information that can contribute to improved utilization. The solid products characterization, presented a high calorific value and can be used as fuel. The liquid fraction is composed primarily of aromatics and oxygenated hydrocarbons, characterizing the bio-oil as a feedstock for chemical industry. Hydrogen, objective of this study was obtained in significant fractions, the results showed that the temperature and the heating rate improves the hydrogen yield.

Although China is generally known as a tea-consuming country, both the production and consumption of coffee in China has seen double-digit growth in the last decade. This upward trend is projected to continue as long as investment is sustained and levels of disposable income continue to increase. In this rapidly expanding market, it is important for coffee producers and retailers in China to understand the preferences of emerging Chinese coffee consumers. Using survey data from Hubei and Zhejiang, China, we apply a Tobit regression model to analyze Chinese coffee consumers. Results show that the length of time consumers have been regularly drinking coffee, their self-assessed knowledge of coffee, and their taste preferences with regard to a variety of coffee products are all important factors in explaining Chinese coffee consumer trends. We suggest that coffee producers and retailers in China focus on improving the quality of their products to achieve long-term success.

Stockholders invest billions of dollars in the purchase of new corporate coffee stock while producers of these commodities exist in poverty of developing nations. Corporate managers may miss the opportunities for offering humanitarian aid if potential stockholders do not know of corporate social change initiatives. Little research in the influence of socially conscious initiatives exists in the coffee sector and none concentrating on socially conscious initiative announcements. If a relationship exists between socially conscious initiative announcements and stock investments, then managers could justify funding social change initiatives. This quantitative study used a 5 day pre and post event study methodology including t tests, ANOVAs, and regressions examining five companies with 138 individual announcements from 5 coffee companies between 2011 and 2015. The independent variables were socially conscious initiative announcements regarding separate initiatives in the Wall Street Journal and differing socially conscious initiatives in the Washington Post. The dependent variables were abnormal changes in the Standard and Poor coffee corporate closing prices. This study used the Weighted Average Cost of Capital, the Capital Asset Pricing Model, and the Fama-French 3 Factors Model to demonstrate abnormal positive stock abnormalities. resulting in statistically significant positive findings pre and post publication in the five companies examined. Further research could use different time periods or media outlets. Similar findings could support advantages for investors and managers for aiding struggling coffee producers enticing other corporations to follow suit leading to beneficial worldwide social good development.

Genetic consistency within varieties is essential to quality assurance for any agricultural product. While the Australian coffee industry targets high quality coffee, there is observed morphological variation within coffee varieties in New South Wales plantations. This variability may result from environmental, genetic and/or management factors. Genetic factors can be tested by molecular markers which can also shed light on the questions concerning crop quality management. A review of the literature showed low genetic variation in C. arabica. Hence four different molecular marker systems were used in this study to detect possible genetic variation within and between varieties of local coffee grown in Northern New South Wales (NNSW), Australia. Genetic variation in eighty-four seed propagated coffee (C. arabica) accessions, mainly from two commercial varieties (K7 and CRB) in NNSW, were tested using various PCR-based marker systems (RAPDs, ISSRs, SSRs and AFLPs). Eleven accessions from Central Highland, Vietnam, were used as reference material. While RAPD and ISSR did not distinguish intra-varietal molecular variation, SSR and AFLP data revealed the degree of genetic variability and the relationship among individuals within and between coffee varieties. Despite observed morphological variation within supposedly single variety plantations in NNSW, the genetic variation, measured by genetic distance, revealed in this study was very low (K7: 0.193; CRB: 0.205). There exists genetic variation between different farms sharing the same cultivar (K7) which suggests differences in the management of plantation establishment and sourcing of trees. The genetic variability is not aligned with off-type individuals observed in K7, but is with off-type CRB plants which is probably due to inter-varietal hybrids from unintentional outcrossing. The mean level of genetic identity between cultivars derived from the two distinct types of C. arabica is moderate (0.641). Although genetic variation within and among arabica cultivars is low, sufficient DNA polymorphism was found among some C. arabica accessions to allow differentiation. The results in this study suggested that even the elite cultivars, which have been exposed to intensive selection, still show a certain degree of genetic variation amongst individuals within each cultivar even though C. arabica is a predominantly selfing species and has a narrow genetic foundation. The congruence between AFLP and SSR data sets suggests that either method individually, or a combination, is applicable to genetic studies of coffee. SSR alone clearly distinguished and revealed inter-varietal heterogeneity but were more powerful when combined with AFLP.

This thesis is concerned with the use of natural waste materials, specifically used tea leaves and coffee grounds, as adsorbents for the removal of trace metals from water, e.g. in waste water treatment. Trace metals such as lead, mercury, zinc, copper, nickel and cadmium are released to the environment in waste water as a result of human activities, and generate concern because of their potential toxicity, persistence and tendency to become concentrated in food chains. While there are many conventional methods for removing these metals from waste water, such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, membrane technologies and electrochemical treatment, these processes can be expensive. Thus in recent years there has been increasing interest in low cost adsorbent materials as alternative adsorbents, particularly waste natural products such as rice hulls and spent coffee grounds. Most of the research reported in this thesis has been conducted with spent coffee grounds, both grounds produced by leaching of commercial ground coffee and spent grounds obtained from the manufacture of instant coffee. However, some preliminary work was also conducted using spent tea leaves. In the initial work, the adsorption of the metal ions Cu�⁺, Zn�⁺, Cd�⁺ and Pb�⁺ by these adsorbents was investigated using batch adsorption methods to determine the effects of pH, metal ion concentration, adsorbent concentration and other factors such as temperature and metal ion competition. The competitive effects of soluble material leached from the adsorbents that also bind metal ions were studied. The adsorption of the metal ions was found to follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. However, the maximum adsorption density was found to depend on the concentration of coffee adsorbent present. Further investigation indicated that this was a result of flocculation of the coffee solids, which acted to reduce the available surface area and thus the maximum density of adsorption sites. This was confirmed using a dispersant to break up the flocculated solids. Column adsorption studies showed that metal ions adsorbed by coffee grounds could be quantitatively leached in dilute acid solution without any loss of subsequent adsorption properties, thus promoting efficient re-use of the column for many adsorption cycles. The adsorbent was also found to be largely unaffected by biological degradation. A prototype waste water treatment column was used to treat tap water samples, with and without known additions of metal ions. The results showed that the grounds efficiently adsorbed trace metal contaminants at levels as low as [mu]g L⁻�. The acid base chemistry of both tea leaves and coffee grounds, and the soluble materials leached from the fresh tea and coffee, were studied using potentiometric titration. In addition the stoichiometry of H⁺ released during metal ion adsorption was also investigated. The latter results indicated that the stoichiometry of metal ion adsorption is not simple, i.e. it probably involves more than one type of adsorption site. The results of this thesis suggest that the use of waste coffee grounds shows considerable promise for the treatment of waste water containing trace metals, and provides an alternative commercial use for such exhausted coffee materials.

Abstract: Background: Sweden is one of the biggest coffee consuming countries in Europe with the average annual coffee consumption per capita as high as 8.2kg. This mass consumption of coffee therefore creates high level of competition amongst coffee providers in the Swedish coffee market. There are numerous coffee shops and even some food chains and retail stores selling their own brand of coffee. This study will focus on Generation Y, as they will soon be the majority of consumers. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and analyze what factors affect Generation Y’s loyalty to coffee shops and examine what forms the basis of Generation Y’s loyalty for coffee shops. Methodology: In this thesis, the research method is based on a quantitative approach using a questionnaire to collect data. The findings are established by using both existing literature and primary data. The questionnaire consists of 432 respondents and 400 respondents’ data was used to answer the research question. The respondents consist only of Generation Y who has lived in Sweden for longer than six months. Conclusion: This study has shown that the most important factor that affects people of Swedish Generation Y to become loyal customers to coffee shops is being provided a comfortable and suitable environment. The second important factor is product quality. The third factor is service. However, for those who are students and unemployed Swedish Generation Y, price is also a factor that could influence their loyalty. Moreover, Coffee shops can use loyalty programs to get their customers’ higher customer loyalty. Key words: Coffee shops, Generation Y, Customer loyalty, Customer satisfaction