Background: The selection of a developmental time metric is useful in understanding causal processes that underlie cognitive change, and for the identification of potential moderators of cognitive decline. We examined various conceptualizations of developmental time (e.g., chronological age, measurement occasion, time-in-study, and time-to-attrition), and moderators of cognitive decline that are associated with CNS functioning (e.g., intraindividual variability and chronic health conditions). Methods: Participants were 304 community-dwelling Caucasian older adults (208 women and 96 men), aged 64 to 92 (M = 74.02, SD = 5.95) in a longitudinal study. HLM models were fit to examine patterns and moderators of cognitive change. Results: Time-to-attrition was associated with significant cognitive decline. Greater intraindividual variability, a behavioural indicator of CNS deficits, was associated with impaired performance on executive functioning and episodic memory measures. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the importance of selecting an appropriate time metric in order to address the possible causal mechanisms underlying the association between cognitive loss and selective attrition (i.e., CNS integrity).

This study aimed to understand subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and functional difficulties in older age cohorts with depressive symptoms, using one scoping review and two empirical studies. We implemented the six steps of Arksey and O'Malley's procedure for the scoping review. We used the population, concept, and context (PCC) inclusion and exclusion criteria in the literature search across MEDLINE via Ebscohost, PubMed, and PsycINFO for articles published on ADL/IADL indicators of SCD in older adults with depressive symptoms and that published in English language journals from January 2011 to November 2021. The two empirical studies used the 2019 wave of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey dataset of older adults aged 65 and ≥ 80 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We used multiple regression and the bias-corrected percentile bootstrap with 5000 samples using standard path-analytic approaches for the moderated mediation for the two empirical studies. Findings supported that instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) presented more difficulties for older adults with SCD than the basic activities of daily living (B-ADLs), given that IADLs require more cognitive capabilities than B-ADLs. Environmental factors like healthcare access and subjective functional difficulties predicted SCD by mentally unhealthy day (MUD) mediation and age cohort moderation. The middle age cohort (70–74) had the most pronounced effects of the MUDs mediation in the relationship between healthcare access and IADLs in older adults with SCD. The younger-old (65–69) showed more substantial MUD mediation effects in the relationship between subjective functional difficulties and SCD. Worse SCD was associated with being Asians, female older adults, and at lower education years and income levels. Findings profiled SCD indicators in daily living activities across age cohorts and the mentally unhealthy days presentation. We extend the chronic stress theory predictions on accentuated emotional vulnerability from increased functional difficulties, compounding SCD.

No description available.

Yes / It is unclear whether people with dementia (PwD) have more negative attitudes toward own aging (ATOA) than people without dementia and what factors influence ATOA among PwD. We investigated whether PwD have more negative ATOA than individuals without dementia and whether cognition and dementia subtype are associated with ATOA in PwD. Data from the IDEAL and PROTECT studies were used to compare ATOA between 1502 PwD (mean (SD) age = 76.3 (8.5)) and 6377 individuals without dementia (mean (SD) age = 66.1 (7.1)). Linear regressions and ANOVA were used. PwD reported slightly more negative ATOA than people without dementia; this relationship disappeared after controlling for depression and self-rated health. In PwD more positive ATOA showed negligible associations with better general cognition, memory performance, verbal fluency, and visuospatial ability. However, after adjusting for covariates only better visuospatial ability predicted more positive ATOA. Additional analyses showed that before and after controlling for covariates, individuals with poorer self-reported visual acuity have more negative ATOA. Amongst dementia subtypes, people with Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies reported most negative ATOA. ATOA between PwD and people without dementia do not differ. ATOA in PwD appear to be affected not by cognitive impairment but by other characteristics that vary across dementia subtypes. Among PwD, those with Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies may have higher risk of experiencing negative ATOA due to the motor and visual impairments that they experience. / Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life: living well with dementia. The IDEAL study’ was funded jointly by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) through grant ES/L001853/2. The IDEAL-2 study’ is funded by Alzheimer’s Society, grant number 348, AS-PR2-16-001

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), presents a significant health burden globally, affecting millions of individuals, especially in the elderly population. While its association with cardiovascular diseases and cognitive impairments is well-documented, further research on the precise influence of glucose control on cognitive outcomes in elderly T2DM patients is necessary. This scoping review aims to address this gap by investigating the impact of HbA1c levels representing glycemic control on the risk of developing cognitive impairments in elderly patients with T2DM. A literature search was conducted on MEDLINE and eligible studies involved T2DM patients aged 60 or older, with documented cognitive function and glycemic status. Screening and selection processes were conducted following PRISMA guidelines, and three relevant articles were selected for review. Most of the findings suggest a possible association between higher HbA1c levels and cognitive decline. Such results provide valuable insights regarding medical approaches focusing on glucose control that could be created to prevent and delay cognitive decline in T2DM patients.

Introdução: o Diabetes Mellitus é uma epidemia mundial de incidência crescente e alta morbi-mortalidade. Apesar de a neuropatia diabética ser a complicação neurológica mais comum, é crescente o conhecimento de que existe um acometimento do sistema nervoso central, notadamente no que concerne às alterações cognitivas. Objetivos: investigar, por meio de duas tarefas cognitivas objetivas, simples, rápidas, de baixo custo e de fácil aplicação, diferenças entre pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 (DM1) e controles quanto a medidas de atenção e impulsividade, componentes-chave das funções executivas tradicionalmente avaliados por questionários subjetivos, longos, de difícil reprodutibilidade e que exigem psicólogos treinados; correlacionar as diferenças encontradas com características clínicas; explorar as correlações entre as duas tarefas. Métodos: Foram comparados os desempenhos de 20 pacientes com DM1 e 20 controles, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 12 e 15 anos, utilizando a tarefa Agir-Não Agir e uma tarefa de Labirintos, e verificadas correlações entre eles. Resultados: o grupo DM1 teve mais respostas antecipatórias (RA) na tarefa Agir-Não Agir (p<0,05) e fez mais mudanças de trajetória nos Labirintos (p <0,01). Houve correlação entre hipoglicemias não-graves e RA (p=0,01), e entre hipoglicemias graves e número de toques nas paredes dos labirintos (p <0,05). HbA1c> 9% correlacionou-se com um maior número de becos sem saída nos labirintos (p <0,05). Os parâmetros mostraram-se coerentes dentro de cada tarefa e entre elas. Conclusões: Encontramos indicadores de desatenção e impulsividade coexistindo no DM1, o primeiro estando mais relacionado à hiperglicemia, e o último à hipoglicemia. Investigações adicionais são necessárias para estudar o declínio cognitivo associado ao diabetes por meio de avaliações mais objetivas, e avaliar a confiabilidade e as propriedades psicométricas das tarefas aqui propostas. / Background : Diabetes Mellitus is a worldwide epidemic of increasing incidence and high morbidity and mortality. Although diabetic neuropathy is the most common neurological complication, the knowledge that there is an involvement of the central nervous system is increasing, especially in relation to cognitive changes. Aims: To investigate with two simple, inexpensive, rapid, objective and easy-to-apply tasks, differences between patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and controls in outcome measures of attention and impulsivity, key-executive function components traditionally assessed by subjective and long questionnaires of difficult reproducibility that require trained psychologists; to correlate the alterations with clinical characteristics; to explore correlations between the tasks. Methods: We compared the scores of 20 T1DM to 20 controls, both sexes, aged 12 to 15 years, using a Go-NoGo and a Maze task, and verified correlations between them. Results: T1DM group had more anticipatory answers (AA) in Go-NoGo task (p<0,05) and made more direction changes in Mazes (p<0,01). There was correlation between non-severe hypoglycaemias and AA (p=0,01), and between severe hypoglycaemias and number of touches in Mazes’ walls (p<0,05). HbA1c>9% correlated to a greater number of alleys in Mazes (p<0,05). The tasks’ parameters were coherent among each task and between them. Conclusions: We found indicators of inattention and impulsivity coexisting in T1DM, the first more related to hyperglycaemia and the later to hypoglycemia. Further research is needed to study diabetes-associated cognitive decline with more objective parameters and evaluate the reliability and psychometric properties of the tasks herein proposed. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Background: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD), i.e., the self-perceived feeling of worsening cognitive function, may be the first notable syndrome of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. However, not all individuals with SCD progress. Stability of SCD, i.e., repeated reports of SCD, could contribute to identify individuals at risk, as stable SCD may more likely reflect the continuous neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Methods: Cox regression analyses were used to assess the association between stability of SCD and progression to MCI and dementia in data derived from the population-based Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA75+). Results: Of 453 cognitively unimpaired individuals with a mean age of 80.5 years (SD = 4.2), 139 (30.7 %) reported SCD at baseline. Over the study period (M = 4.8 years, SD = 2.2), 84 (18.5 %) individuals had stable SCD, 195 (43.1 %) unstable SCD and 174 (38.4 %) never reported SCD. Stable SCD was associated with increased risk of progression to MCI and dementia (unadjusted HR = 1.8, 95 % CI = 1.2–2.6; p < .01), whereas unstable SCD yielded a decreased progression risk (unadjusted HR = 0.5, 95 % CI = 0.4–0.7; p < .001) compared to no SCD. When adjusted for baseline cognitive functioning, progression risk in individuals with stable SCD was significantly increased in comparison to individuals with unstable SCD, but not compared to individuals without SCD. Conclusions: Our results, though preliminary, suggest that stable SCD, i.e., repeated reports of SCD, may yield an increased risk of progression to MCI and dementia compared to unstable SCD. Baseline cognitive scores, though within a normal range, seem to be a driver of progression in stable SCD. Future research is warranted to investigate whether stability could hold as a SCD research feature.

Contexte : La plainte subjective de mémoire correspond à la perception de difficultés de mémoire par le sujet, alors que les performances mnésiques objectives, évaluées par un bilan neuropsychologique, sont normales. Notre recherche visait premièrement à identifier les déterminants psychologiques de la plainte subjective de mémoire et deuxièmement, à évaluer les effets d'un programme psychoéducatif dédié à cette plainte, le programme PrévMém. Méthodologie : Les participants, qui tous se plaignaient de leur mémoire, ont été recrutés soit par les neurologues d'un service spécialisé dans la mémoire, soit par le biais d'une complémentaire santé. Un bilan neuropsychologique permettait de confirmer l'absence de troubles objectifs de mémoire. Des évaluations psychologiques (plainte de mémoire, métamémoire, dépression, anxiété, schémas précoces inadaptés de Young) par auto-questionnaires informatisés ont eu lieu avant le programme (n=144), à la fin du programme (n= 104) puis un an après la fin de celui-ci (n=34). Un bilan neuropsychologique était à nouveau réalisé un an après la fin du programme. Le programme PrévMém consistait en 5 séances de deux heures en groupe, à raison d'une séance par semaine animées par différents professionnels de santé. Résultats : A l'entrée du programme, les facteurs les plus prédictifs de la plainte de mémoire étaient les schémas de Young, en particulier celui de dépendance / incompétence. De plus, les personnes qui ont été recrutées par le biais d'une consultation dans un service hospitalier spécialisé, se distinguaient des autres par un niveau plus élevé de plainte de mémoire et de symptomatologie anxio-dépressive. Le programme PrévMém a permis de diminuer significativement le niveau de plainte de mémoire, le perfectionnisme mnésique et les inquiétudes envers la maladie d'Alzheimer. Conclusion : Notre étude a confirmé l'influence des facteurs psychologiques sur la plainte de mémoire et a mis en lumière la valeur prédictive du schéma cognitif dépendance / incompétence. Elle a également montré l'intérêt d'une prise en charge psychoéducative. Les résultats suggèrent d'introduire, dans de futures interventions psychothérapeutiques, un travail cognitif ciblé sur ce schéma de dépendance / incompétence. / Background: Subjective memory complaint refers to self-experienced memory difficulties while having normal performances on standardized neuropsychological tests. Our study aimed firstly to identify the psychological predictors of subjective memory complaint and secondly to assess the effects of a psychoeducational program dedicated to this complaint, the PrévMém program. Methods: The participants, who all voiced a memory complaint, were recruited either by neurologists from a memory clinic, or through a health insurance plan. A neuropsychological assessment was performed to confirm the absence of memory impairment. The participants were administered computerized self-report psychological assessments (memory complaint, metacognition, depression, anxiety, Young early maladaptive schemas) before the program (n = 144), at the end of the program (n = 104), and finally one year later (n = 34). Another neuropsychological assessment was also performed one year after the end of the program. The PrévMém program consisted of 5 weekly 120-minute sessions, in a group setting, led by different health professionals. Results: At the time of entrance into the program, the best determinants of subjective memory complaint were the Young early maladaptive schemas, more specifically that measuring dependence /incompetence. In addition, participants who were recruited through the memory clinic differed from the others in that they showed a higher level of memory complaint and a higher level of anxiety and depression. The PrévMém program significantly reduced the memory complaint, memory "perfectionism" and concerns towards Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion: Our study confirmed the influence of psychological factors on memory complaints and highlighted the predictive value of the dependence / incompetence cognitive schema. It also underscores the value of a psychoeducational intervention. Our results suggest that it may be worthwhile to introduce cognitive restructuring that targets the schema of dependence/incompetence in future psychotherapeutic interventions.

Il existe plusieurs causes de déclin cognitif pathologique chez la personne âgée. La plus répandue est la démence de type Alzheimer (DTA). Les traumatismes craniocérébraux (TCC), notamment ceux subis en âge avancé, seraient eux aussi une cause de déclin cognitif chez l’individu âgé. Malgré l’augmentation de la littérature portant sur le TCC au cours du vieillissement et la DTA, bien peu d’études s’entendent sur le risque de développer la DTA suite à un TCC, de même que sur les facteurs associés. Encore moins d’études se sont penchées sur l’identification des profils neuropsychologiques typiques de ces deux conditions neurologiques afin de mieux les départager et ainsi faciliter le diagnostic différentiel, notamment à la suite d’un TCC. Les cliniciens sont en effet de plus en plus amenés à se positionner sur le pronostic et le devenir des patients TCC sans nécessairement toujours avoir accès à leur historique médical ou à leurs vulnérabilités pré- accidentelles. De fait, bon nombre de personnes âgées en perte d’autonomie et qui subissent un TCC n’ont pas été préalablement dépistées pour un trouble neurodégénératif, et l’accident de même que l’hospitalisation sont ainsi les facteurs déclencheurs d’une investigation plus poussée. Afin de répondre, d’une part, à la question du risque de développer la DTA suite à un TCC en âge avancé et d’autre part, d’outiller les cliniciens à poser un diagnostic différentiel, notamment en identifiant la présence potentielle d’une DTA prémorbide à un TCC, la présente thèse vise à identifier les caractéristiques liées au TCC qui sont associées au risque de développer une démence de type Alzheimer, et à comparer les profils neuropsychologiques des patients TCC âgés des patients DTA et des individus sains. La thèse est composée d’une revue systématique et d’un article empirique. Le premier article avait pour objectif d’identifier les caractéristiques liées au TCC qui sont associées au risque de développer une démence de type Alzheimer. Une revue systématique regroupant un total de dix- huit études a été effectuée afin d’identifier si la sévérité du TCC et la présence d’une perte de conscience et d’une amnésie post-traumatique (APT) étaient susceptibles de prédire le risque de développer la DTA. Aucune tendance significative n’est ressortie de cette analyse, ni la sévérité, ni la présence d’une perte de conscience, ni l’APT et ni le résultat à l’ÉCG ont été identifiés comme facteurs pronostics importants. La discussion de cette revue systématique soulève principalement les différences sur les plans de la méthodologie des études incluses dans la revue et des obstacles liés à la comparaison de ces dernières et propose des recommandations pour les futures études sur le sujet. Le deuxième article avait pour but de caractériser les profils neuropsychologiques des individus âgés souffrant d’un TCC léger (TCCL) (N= 24) des individus souffrant de la DTA en stade léger (N= 29) et des individus âgés sains (N= 24). Pour les deux groupes neurologiques, des variables influençant les performances neuropsychologiques ont également été explorées. La mémoire verbale, la mémoire visuelle, l’accès lexical, les fonctions exécutives, la mémoire de travail, la vitesse de traitement de l’information, les symptômes anxieux et les symptômes dépressifs ont été évalués. L'âge et le niveau de scolarisation, la sévérité du TCCL (c.-à.-d. mesurée en fonction du résultat sur l’Échelle de Coma de Glasgow (ÉCG)), le nombre de jours suivant le TCCL (mesure du temps de récupération) et le site de la lésion cérébrale traumatique ont aussi été explorés comme potentiels prédicteurs des performances neuropsychologiques chez les individus TCCL et les individus atteints de DTA (c.-à.-d. l'âge et le niveau de scolarisation ont été explorés pour ce groupe). Tel qu’attendu, les résultats démontrent des profils neuropsychologiques distincts entre les patients TCCL âgés, les patients DTA et ceux présentant un vieillissement normal. Les troubles mnésiques se sont avérés plus importants chez le groupe DTA que chez les deux autres groupes alors que les symptômes d’anxiété et de dépression se sont avérés plus élevés chez le groupe TCCL que chez les deux autres groupes. En outre, pour le groupe TCCL, seul le niveau d’éducation et le temps de récupération se sont révélés comme étant des facteurs contribuant de manière significative à certaines fonctions cognitives alors qu’aucune variable n’a été associée aux fonctions cognitives chez le groupe DTA. En somme, ces résultats sont d’une grande importance sur le plan clinique considérant l’augmentation de la population âgée à prévoir lors des prochaines années qui amènera les cliniciens à devoir se positionner sur le devenir des patients présentant un déclin cognitif, de même que sur les plans d’intervention à privilégier chez ces clientèles neurologiques. / There are many causes of cognitive decline in older adults. The most prevalent is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Another common cause of cognitive decline in older adults is traumatic brain injury (TBI). Advanced age and cognitive decline in the elderly are also risk factors for falls. Thus, among some elderly individuals, AD and TBI may be comorbid conditions. It seems that TBI increases the risk of AD, but this link is still poorly understood in the literature. Despite the increase prevalence of TBI and AD in recent years, very few studies agree on the effect of TBI on the risk of developing AD and the associated risk factors. Also, few studies have looked at the neuropsychological profiles associated with those two neurological conditions in order to aid in differential diagnosis. This thesis aims to identify the characteristics linked to TBI which are associated with the risk of developing Alzheimer's type dementia, to characterize the neuropsychological profile of elderly TBI patients, AD patients and healthy individuals, as well as to identify the factors influencing the cognitive functions. The thesis includes one systematic review and one empirical study. The first investigates if certain traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related variables can predict the risk of developing post-TBI Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in adults. A total of 18 studies were included in the review. Specific TBI-related variables, such as TBI severity, loss of consciousness (LOC) and post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) were documented as possible predictors of AD. Failure to establish such a link may be related to methodological differences within and across studies. The aim of the second article was to assess the differences in neuropsychological profiles of older adults with mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) and with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The sample included older adults with mTBI (n = 24), older adults with AD (n = 29), and healthy older adults (n = 24). A battery of cognitive tests and standardized questionnaires were administered to all participants in a standardized fashion during a neuropsychological evaluation. Demographic and injury factors were examined as potential predictors of cognitive outcomes. Results revealed group differences across all cognitive functions. Also, the number of years of education and the number of days since the accident were associated with some cognitive functions for the TBI group. However, no variable was associated with cognitive functioning in the AD group. Although this thesis does not clearly identify the factors related to TBI that would increase the risk of developing AD, it demonstrates that a TBI in old age can impair cognitive functioning. The neuropsychological profiles of elderly patients with mTBI differ significantly from that of AD patients and normal aging. This thesis also highlights that the recovery time as well as the level of education seem to be protective factors following mTBI for some cognitive functions. These results are of great importance considering that the population of seniors will increase considerably over the next decades and will lead clinicians to have to take a position on the diagnosis and the future of patients.

No description available.