Multimedia in E-Learnign and Cognitive Overload / Multimedia has infused itself into all aspects of education be it online, distance or in the face-to-face classroom. Its presence has become ubiquitous in education and yet has it really benefitted students to the degree it could? This paper utilizes a review of the literature to define the role of multimedia in e-learning then looks at how multimedia fits into basic pedagogy, learning theory and learning styles. An examination of how multimedia optimally could be incorporated into the curriculum is also conducted. Finally a look at cognitive overload is undertaken to determine if there is such as thing as too much of a good thing; can instructors end up confusing students with poorly designed multimedia presentations? There are many tools to use to present multimedia lessons however, this does not mean they all need to be used in a single lesson, and selecting the right multimedia tool, and content is imperative to ensure learning goals are met. Careful selection and attention to instructional design remains the key determinant in successful learning models and the incorporation of multimedia should be used with basic instructional pedagogy in mind.

The present study investigated whether there is a relationship between workload and cognitive overload with self-efficacy, perfectionism, and psychological resilience as possible moderators. Cognitive Load Theory states that individuals have a finite amount of working memory. When the working memory load has reached its maximum, individuals experience cognitive overload. Employees with a higher workload receive higher amounts of information, increasing their cognitive load, thus being more likely to reach cognitive overload. However, self-efficacious individuals, perfectionists, and resilient individuals are more motivated to reach their goals and will persevere despite obstacles. Therefore, I proposed that perceived workload and perceived cognitive overload would be correlated and that self-efficacy, perfectionism, and resilience would moderate that relationship. Using a web-based questionnaire, 278 adults working at least 25 hours per week were given a series of self-report measures about their perceived workload, cognitive overload, self-efficacy, perfectionism, and resilience. Workload was found to be positively correlated with cognitive overload, but self-efficacy, perfectionism, and resilience did not moderate the relationship between workload and cognitive overload. Subsequent analyses provide limited support that level of education moderates the workload-cognitive overload relationship. As personal characteristics do not moderate the relationship between workload and cognitive overload, management in organizations will want to explore different ways to affect the perceived workload of their employees.

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Den ökande digitaliseringen i matematikklassrum på gymnasiet ställer allt högre krav på eleverna. Enligt de senaste bestämmelserna ska nationella prov inom några få år genomföras digitalt. Detta innebär att eleverna kommer att behöva skriva in sina lösningar på datorer. Detta arbete är uppdelat i två delar. Syftet med första delen är att undersöka om det förekommer en synlig påverkan på elevernas prestation i matematik på gymnasiet beroende på om de löser problem på papper eller på dator. Denna del skapas med hjälp av tidigare forskning i detta område och går ut på att eleverna genomför två prov där de använder sig av antingen papper eller datorer för att lösa problem. Syftet med andra delen är att ta fram rekommendationer som bör underlätta för lärare att introducera eleverna till att skriva matematik på datorer. För denna del i arbetet genomförs intervjuer med lärare och elever på en gymnasieskola. Resultat från prov, i första delen av arbetet, visar att eleverna presterar sämre i grupper där de inte är vana med att arbeta på datorer. Svar från intervjun i andra delen visar att det finns många aspekter som läraren behöver tänka på när eleverna ska börja arbeta med datorer i matematikundervisningen. Utifrån intervjuer formas rekommendationer för lärare som redovisas i detta arbete. Sammanfattningsvis visar detta arbete att eleverna behöver mer övning för att kunna prestera lika bra på dator som de skulle göra om de löser problem på papper. Eftersom studien genomfördes på en gymnasieskola behövs det mer forskning som undersöker om samma trend kan ses i andra gymnasieskolor. / The increasing digitalisation in mathematics classrooms places ever higher demands on students. According to the latest regulations, national tests must be carried out digitally in a few years. This means that students will need to enter their solutions on computers. This work is divided into two parts. The purpose of the first part is to investigate whether there is a visible impact on students' performance in mathematics in high school, depending on whether they solve problems on paper or on a computer. This part is created with the help of a literature study and involves the students completing two tests where they use either paper or computers to solve problems. The purpose of the second part is to produce recommendations that should make it easier for teachers to introduce students to writing mathematics on computers. For this part of the work, the interviews were conducted with teachers and students at a high school. The results from tests, in the first part of the work show that the students perform worse in groups where they are not used to working on computers. Answers from the interview in the second part show that there are many aspects that the teacher needs to keep in mind when students start working with computers in mathematics teaching. Based on interviews, recommendations are formed for teachers that are presented in this work. In summary, this work shows that students need more practice to be able to perform as well on a computer as they would if they solved problems on paper. Since the study was conducted at one high school, more research is needed that examines whether the same trend can be seen in other high schools.

This dissertation examines the impact of trauma on information-seeking behaviors and decision-making processes. Essay 1 includes a qualitative analysis of the transcripts obtained from interviews with four military service members diagnosed with PTSD. The results showed that 75% of this small sample population exhibited addictive behavior that was presented in their information behaviors. All four members indicated that the excessive extent to which they seek information is related to the perceived importance of the information and their level of trust in the sources. Low trust in information sources increases the number of sources searched for validation in this population. Essay 2 involved the collection and analysis of survey data. The results of the stepwise backward regression show that two trauma variables (adult sexual assault, sudden fear) have a significant combined negative effect on decision-making in this population. The analysis and results of a different survey are presented in Essay 3. The stepwise logistic regression analysis results conducted on the summated scales developed showed a strong positive link between trust in scientific experts for scientific information and the dichotomous dependent variable trust in social media for news. The research conducted in this dissertation extends the understanding of how trauma affects people's information-seeking habits and decision-making processes. The findings have implications for how to communicate, policies relevant to information dissemination, and mental health measures. Future research is suggested to understand these behaviors and potential treatments better.

This study aims to investigate how companies perceived as sustainable by consumers engage in sustainability communication on social media. An abundance of information is common in today's digitized society - how do you as a company push through the noise - especially, with a serious message that does not belong on social media? The basis for determining which companies succeed in their sustainability communication is based on the Sustainable Brand Index Report from 2022. The selection and criteria resulted in three companies from three different industries for our analysis: Naturkompaniet, Systembolaget and MAX Burgers. We have reviewed all companies' Instagram and after the selection, 5 Instagram posts from each company are analyzed. The analysis is based on theories about sustainable communication, emotions and cognitive load on the part of the recipient. Models that are explained and intended to be the basis for results and analysis are the Affect–reason–involvement model (ARI model) and the Communication via Syncretic and Analytic Cognition Scale (CASC scale) as well as the Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing (LC4MP). To answer the research question "How do Systembolaget, Naturkompaniet and MAX Burgers present their sustainability communication on Instagram?" and the sub-question "How do Systembolaget, Naturkompaniet and MAX Burgers use emotional aspects and how do they take into account the recipients' cognitive load in their sustainability communication on Instagram?" in relation to the theories, we use a thematic content analysis. The analysis resulted in four overarching themes found: Behavior Change, Memorable, Encouraging and Serious Undertone. The conclusion is that companies that carry out successful sustainability communication present their messages in a simple way which is easy to understand, often with humorous elements and relatable factors.